76-902: SA1 Swansea Waterfront ( colloquially : SA1 ) is the marketing name given to the brownfield development area in the northern part of Swansea Docks , Wales . The area lies directly to the southeast of Swansea city centre . It is bordered by the Fabian Way to the north, and includes the Prince of Wales Dock. The development will be a commercial and residential mix. The forecast outputs are 2,900 new jobs, about 2,000+ new apartments and houses, 65,000 m (700,000 sq ft) of business/offices; 29,000 m (312,000 sq ft) of commercial leisure; 26,400 m (284,200 sq ft) of hotel development; 23,200 m (249,700 sq ft) of institutional facilities; 1,015 m (10,930 sq ft) of onshore marina facilities. As of June 2020, completed projects include: Projects under construction or in
152-497: A centralised system of local government officially called local administration as it is a branch of the Executive . The country is divided into 27 governorates ( محافظة muḥāfaẓah ; Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [moˈħɑfzˤɑ] ; genitive case : muḥāfaẓat [moˈħɑfzˤet] ; plural: محافظات muḥāfaẓāt [moħɑfˈzˤɑːt] ), the top tier of local administration. A governorate
228-470: A federal republic operates three tiers of government: federal (or central), states and local government. The country's constitution provides for each local government (which exists in a single tier countrywide), and its development areas and autonomous communities created by individual state legislation to have democratically elected local government heads. There is a ministry (or bureau) of local government and chieftaincy affairs in each state charged with
304-642: A 17.5:1 return on dollars invested on brownfield redevelopment. A 2014 study of EPA brownfield cleanup grants from 2002 through 2008 found an average benefit value of almost $ 4 million per brownfield site (with a median of $ 2,117,982). To expedite the cleanup of brownfield sites in the US, some environmental firms have teamed up with insurance companies to underwrite the cleanup and provide a guaranteed cleanup cost to limit land developers' exposure to environmental remediation costs and pollution lawsuits. The environmental firm first performs an extensive investigation generally in
380-483: A Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as Mayor). Some districts, incorporating large metropolitan areas, are called City Districts. A City District may contain subdivisions called Towns and Union Councils. Council elections are held every four years. District Governments also include a District Coordination Officer (DCO), who is a civil servant in-charge of all devolved departments. Currently,
456-479: A [local] jurisdiction that has adequate political, administrative, and fiscal autonomy and authority to respond to the needs and priorities of its constituents". Questions regarding the empowerment of local government institutions, the structure and nature of local political leadership, and the extent of local self-governance and municipal autonomy are key questions of public administration and governance. Local elections are held in many countries. Egypt has
532-441: A chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of 12) in every union for female candidates. Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. The cities with a city corporation, having mayoral elections, include Dhaka South, Dhaka North, Chittagong, Khulna, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Barisal, Rangpur, Comilla and Gazipur. Other major cities, these and other municipalities electing
608-563: A former industrial dump site in Oakland County, Michigan . The intent is to see if the plants can serve two purposes simultaneously: assist with phytoremediation, and contribute to the economical production of biodiesel and/or ethanol fuel . The regeneration of brownfields in the United Kingdom and in other European countries has gained prominence due to greenfield land restrictions as well as their potential to promote
684-704: A historical inventory named BASIAS, maintained by the Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maitrise de l'Energie (ADEME). Developing brownfield land is considered by the public as one of the most popular ways to increase housing in Hong Kong . The Liber Research Community has found 1,521 hectares of brownfield land in Hong Kong, and has found that almost 90% of existing uses of the land could easily be moved into multi-story buildings, freeing up land that could be used efficiently for housing. In June 2021, Liber Research Community and Greenpeace East Asia collaborated and found
760-418: A mayor and councilors for each ward, include Mymensingh, Gopalganj, Jessore, Bogra, Dinajpur, Saidapur, Narayanganj, Naogaon and Rangamati. Both the municipal heads are elected for a span of five years. The administrative divisions of Brunei mainly consist of daerah , mukim and kampung or kampong . They are organised hierarchically, with daerah being the first level and kampong the third level. All
836-454: A new total of 1,950 hectares of brownfield sites, 379 more hectares than the government was previously able to locate. Germany loses greenfields at a rate of about 1.2 square kilometres per day for settlement and transportation infrastructure. Each of the approximately 14,700 local municipalities is empowered to allocate lands for industrial and commercial use. Local control over reuse decisions of German brownfield sites ( Industriebrache )
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#1732771872861912-556: A property where expansion, redevelopment or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant or contaminant. This comports well with an available general definition of the term, which scopes to "industrial or commercial property". The term brownfield first came into use on June 28, 1992, at a U.S. congressional field hearing hosted by the Northeast Midwest Congressional Coalition. Also in 1992,
988-809: A risk of pollution, from industrial use. The specific definition of brownfield land varies and is decided by policy makers and land developers within different countries. The main difference in definitions of whether a piece of land is considered a brownfield or not depends on the presence or absence of pollution. Overall, brownfield land is a site previously developed for industrial or commercial purposes and thus requires further development before reuse. Examples of post industrial brownfield sites include abandoned factories , dry cleaning establishments, and gas stations . Typical contaminants include hydrocarbon spillages, solvents and pesticides , asbestos , and heavy metals like lead . Many contaminated post-industrial brownfield sites sit unused because
1064-408: A score of contamination, with 5,300 active contaminated sites, 2,300 suspected sites and 15,000 listed as closed because remediated or no action was necessary. The provincial governments have primary responsibility for brownfields. The provinces' legal mechanisms for managing risk are limited, as there are no tools such as "No Further Action" letters to give property owners finality and certainty in
1140-687: A separate level of government, provided they are also able to raise and spend some funds on their own initiative and own responsibility." Other definitions for local governments are less prescriptive and emphasize the political or representative nature of local governments. For instance, OECD defines local governments as "decentralized entities whose governance bodies are elected through universal suffrage and which has general responsibilities and some autonomy with respect to budget, staff and assets." The Local Public Sector Alliance defines local government institutions as "a corporate body (or institutional unit) that performs one or more public sector functions within
1216-599: A smaller number of loya jirga delegates— according to allotted numbers assigned to each district. The delegates then took part in the Loya Jirga. The warlords who rule various regions of the country exert local control. The transitional government is attempting to integrate local governing authorities with the central government, but it lacks the loyalty from the warlords necessary to its governing authority. More traditional elements of political authority—such as Sufi networks, royal lineage, clan strength, age-based wisdom, and
1292-655: A three-tier system of local self-government in rural areas in India; The Israeli Ministry of Interior recognizes four types of local government in Israel: Since the Meiji restoration , Japan has had a local government system based on prefectures . The national government oversees much of the country. Municipal governments were historical villages. Now mergers are common for cost effective administration. There are 47 prefectures . They have two main responsibilities. One
1368-603: A wide range of services to local residents," while "the scope of their authority is generally much less than that of central government or state governments, and they may or may not be entitled to levy taxes." They are often heavily dependent on grants (transfers) from higher levels of government, and they may also act, to some extent, as agents of central or regional governments. They should also be able to appoint their own officers, independently of external administrative control. Even when local governments act as agents of central or state governments to some extent, they can be treated as
1444-438: Is globalization of industry. This directly affects brownfield reuse, such as limiting the effective economic life of the use on the revitalized sites. Canada has an estimated 200,000 "contaminated sites" across the nation. As of 2016 , Canada had about 23,078 federally recognized contamination sites, from abandoned mines, to airports, lighthouse stations, and military bases, which are classified into N 1,2,or 3, depending on
1520-697: Is a critical factor. Industrial sites tend to be remote due to zoning laws, and incur costly overhead for providing infrastructure such as utilities, disposal services and transportation. In 1989, a brownfield of the Ruhrgebiet became Emscher Park . In the UK , centuries of industrial use of lands which once formed the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution have left entire regions in a brownfield status. There are legal and fiscal incentives for brownfield redevelopment. Remediation laws are centered on
1596-844: Is a repurposed used landfill that is converted to a solar array solar farm . In the United States, Brownfield regulation and development is governed mainly by state environmental agencies in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1995, the EPA launched the Brownfields Program, which was expanded in 2002 with the Brownfields Law . The EPA and local and national governments can provide technical help and some funding for assessment and cleanup. From 2002 through 2013,
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#17327718728611672-586: Is administered by a governor , who is appointed by the President of Egypt and serves at the president's discretion. Governors have the civilian rank of minister and report directly to the prime minister , who chairs the Board of Governors and meets with them on a regular basis. The Minister of Local Development coordinates the governors and their governorate's budgets. In recent years , Mali has undertaken an ambitious decentralization program, which involves
1748-529: Is available for redevelopment so is a small subset of all land that would be considered brownfield. There is also brownfield capacity in areas in which the green belt is in danger, for example in Northwest England, where local authorities have identified enough brownfield land to provide for 12 years of housing demand. The UK government has recognised the ecological importance of brownfield sites and has afforded some protection to such habitats through
1824-405: Is divided into several unions , with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, which are further divided into mahallas . There are no directly elected officials at the divisional or district levels, although elected chairs of subdistricts also sit on district councils. Direct elections are held for each union (or ward), electing
1900-421: Is extracted from soils and treated, which has the effect of removing contaminants from the soils and groundwater beneath a site. Binders can be added to contaminated soil to prevent chemical leaching. Some brownfields with heavy metal contamination have even been cleaned up through an innovative approach called phytoremediation , which uses deep-rooted plants to soak up metals in soils into the plant structure as
1976-567: Is mediation between national and municipal governments. The other is area wide administration. Local government is the lowest level in the system of government in Malaysia —after federal and state. It has the power to collect taxes (in the form of assessment tax), to create laws and rules (in the form of by-laws) and grants licenses and permits for any trade in its area of jurisdiction, in addition to providing basic amenities, collecting and managing waste and garbage as well as planning and developing
2052-622: Is no single, commonly accepted definition of the term, the most precise definition of local governments is provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) , which divides the general government sector into three sub-sectors (central, state, and local government) and defines local governments as "institutional units whose fiscal, legislative, and executive authority extends over the smallest geographical areas distinguished for administrative and political purposes." The IMF further notes that local governments "typically provide
2128-461: Is projected to be complete in 2022. In July 2015 the $ 86,847,474 contract "to relocate the historic low-level radioactive waste and marginally contaminated soils from an existing waste management facility on the shoreline of Lake Ontario to the new, state-of-the-art facility about a kilometre north of the current site." was undertaken. There is also "$ 1.8 billion for general inventory sites" and "$ 200 million for other sites." The same report claimed
2204-421: Is related to federal government activities or national security. See Natural Resources Canada (2012) While Denmark lacks the large land base which creates the magnitude of brownfield issues facing countries such as Germany and the U.S., brownfield sites in areas critical to the local economies of Denmark's cities require sophisticated solutions and careful interaction with affected communities. Examples include
2280-844: Is the lowest administrative level in Brunei and headed by a ketua kampong or village head. Its population varies from a few hundreds to tens of thousands. The subdivisions of Georgia are autonomous republics ( Georgian : ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა , avtonomiuri respublika ), regions (მხარე, mkhare ), and municipalities (მუნიციპალიტეტი, munits'ipaliteti ). Local government is the third tier of government in India , after Union Government and State Government . The urban local bodies (municipalities) are for urban governance and panchayati raj institutions (panchayats) for rural governance. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): Rural Local Bodies: Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), knowns as " Panchayats " are
2356-454: Is through the land use planning system when a new land use is being considered. Local government List of forms of government Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of governance or public administration within a particular sovereign state . Local governments typically constitute a subdivision of a higher-level political or administrative unit, such as a nation or state. Local governments generally act within
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2432-658: The Environmental Protection Act 1990 ; responsibility falls on local authorities to create a "contaminated land register". For sites with dubious past and present uses, the Local Planning Authority may ask for a desktop study, which is sometimes implemented as a condition in planning applications. However by definition land that is derelict or underused is highly unlikely to be determined as contaminated land – primarily due to risks to human health. The key regulation of brownfield land
2508-712: The United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan . The Creekside Discovery Centre in Deptford , London is an urban wildlife centre encompassing brownfield habitats. United States estimates suggest there are over 500,000 brownfield sites contaminated at levels below the Superfund caliber (the most contaminated) in the country. While historic land use patterns created contaminated sites, the Superfund law has been criticized as creating
2584-705: The barangay . The country remains a unitary state and the National Government continues to have strong influence over local government units. A province is led by a governor along with the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Council) composed of board members. A mayor leads a city or municipality while the Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council) and the Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Council) constitute
2660-431: The brownfield phenomenon where investment moves to greenfields for new development due to severe, no-fault liability schemes and other disincentives. The Clinton-Gore administration and US EPA launched a series of brownfield policies and programs in 1993 to tackle this problem. Acquisition, adaptive re-use, and disposal of a brownfield site requires advanced and specialized appraisal analysis techniques. For example,
2736-522: The contamination on local brownfield sites, to quantify the cleanup costs in an effort to move the redevelopment process forward. Therefore, federal and state programs have been developed to help developers interested in cleaning up brownfield sites and restoring them to practical uses. In the process of cleaning contaminated brownfield sites, previously unknown underground storage tanks , buried drums or buried railroad tank cars containing wastes are sometimes encountered. Unexpected circumstances increase
2812-452: The highest and best use of the brownfield site may be affected by the contamination, both before and after remediation. Additionally, the value should take into account residual stigma and potential for third-party liability. Normal appraisal techniques frequently fail, and appraisers must rely on more advanced techniques, such as contingent valuation , case studies, or statistical analyses. A 2011 University of Delaware study has suggested
2888-410: The urban renaissance . Development of brownfield sites also presents an opportunity to reduce the environmental impact on communities, and considerable assessments need to take place in order to evaluate the size of this opportunity. Many contaminated brownfield sites sit unused for decades because the cost of cleaning them to safe standards is more than the land would be worth after redevelopment, in
2964-519: The EPA awarded nearly 1,000 clean-up grants for almost $ 190 million. It can also provide tax incentives for cleanup that is not paid for outright; specifically, cleanup costs are fully tax-deductible in the year they are incurred. Many of the most important provisions on liability relief are contained in state codes that can differ significantly from state to state. In the United Kingdom, regulation of contaminated land comes from Part IIA of
3040-680: The Mayor is the supreme of each local government which is elected every 5 (Five) year by local public. Local government is the third tier of government in Pakistan , after Federal Government and Provincial Government. There are three types of administrative unit of local government in Pakistan: There are over five thousand local governments in Pakistan. Since 2001, these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by
3116-562: The Parliamentary Budget Officer estimated that the "total liability for remediating Canada's contaminated sites reported in the public accounts [was] $ 4.9 billion." The report listed significant sites called the Big Five with a liability of $ 1.8 billion: Faro mine , Colomac Mine , Giant Mine , Cape Dyer-DEW line and Goose Bay Air Base . The Port Hope, Ontario site has a liability of $ 1 billion. Port Hope has
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3192-499: The Peshawar parties to ensure access to weapons that were doled out to the parties by the government of Pakistan for distribution to fighters inside Afghanistan. The Taliban set up a shura (assembly), made up of senior Taliban members and important tribal from the area. Each shura made laws and collected taxes locally. The Taliban set up a provisional government for the whole of Afghanistan, but it did not exercise central control over
3268-751: The Philippines. There was an attempt to institute an autonomous region in the Cordillera , but that failed and instead the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) was established. Local governments have limited taxing authority. Most of their funds come from the national government via the Internal Revenue Allotment There are three levels of local government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia :
3344-654: The Powers of Nazim are also held by the DCO. Local government in the Palestinian National Authority -controlled areas are divided into three main groups: Municipal councils, village council and local development committees. The Local Government Code of 1991 provides for the three levels of Local Government Units or LGUs in the Philippines : (1) the province (2) city and municipality , and (3)
3420-563: The Soviet occupation and the development of country-wide resistance, local areas came increasingly under the control of mujaheddin groups that were largely independent of any higher authority; local commanders, in some instances, asserted a measure of independence also from the mujaheddin leadership in Pakistan, establishing their own systems of local government, collecting revenues, running educational and other facilities, and even engaging in local negotiations. Mujaheddin groups retained links with
3496-464: The Superfund. As of September 2023, the EPA estimates that the EPA Brownfields program has resulted in 134,414 acres of land readied for reuse. Mothballed brownfields are properties that the owners are not willing to transfer or put to productive reuse. Brownfield status is a legal designation which places restrictions, conditions or incentives on redevelopment and use on the site. In
3572-921: The United Kingdom, brownfield land and previously developed land (PDL) have the same definition under the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). The government of the United Kingdom refers to them both as: "Land which is or was occupied by a permanent structure, including the curtilage of the developed land (although it should not be assumed that the whole of the curtilage should be developed) and any associated fixed surface infrastructure." They exclude land that: "is or has been occupied by agricultural or forestry buildings; has been developed for minerals extraction or waste disposal by landfill purposes where provision for restoration has been made through development control procedures; land in built-up areas such as private residential gardens, parks, recreation grounds and allotments; and land that
3648-612: The United States. Dayton , like many other cities in the region, is developing Tech Town in order to attract technology-based firms to Dayton and revitalize the downtown area. In Homestead, Pennsylvania , the site once occupied by Carnegie Steel has been converted into a successful commercial center, The Waterfront . Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , has successfully converted numerous former steel mill sites into high-end residential, shopping, and offices. Examples of brownfield redevelopment in Pittsburgh include: A Solar landfill
3724-806: The administrative divisions are under direct governance of the government through the Ministry of Home Affairs. There are four districts in Brunei: Brunei-Muara , Belait , Tutong and Temburong . The administrative level of mukim lies below the district. At present, there are 38 mukims, with 17 in Brunei-Muara, 8 in Tutong, 8 in Belait and 5 in Temburong District. A mukim is headed by a penghulu. A village (Malay: kampung or kampong)
3800-556: The area under its jurisdiction. Gaunpalika (Rural Council) and Nagarpalika (Municipal council) are the local level divisions in Nepal . Which is ruled by third level of government after Federal and Provincial government. In Nepal there are total 753 local levels government (including 6 Metropolises , 11 Sub-metropolises , 276 Municipalities and 460 Gaunpalikas ). And there are total 6,743 wards are formed under these 753 local levels. These local government are ruled by local leaders and
3876-429: The assessment, cleanup, and revitalization of brownfields as well as unique technical and program management experience, and public and environmental health expertise to individual brownfield communities. The motivation for this act was the success of the EPA's brownfields program, which it started in the 1990s in response to several court cases that caused lenders to redline contaminated property for fear of liability under
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#17327718728613952-545: The capital district of Bamako , seven regions subdivided into 46 cercles, and 682 rural community districts (communes). The state retains an advisory role in administrative and fiscal matters, and it provides technical support, coordination, and legal recourse to these levels. Opportunities for direct political participation, and increased local responsibility for development have been improved. In August–September 1998, elections were held for urban council members, who subsequently elected their mayors. In May/June 1999, citizens of
4028-483: The cercles will be reinstituted (formerly grouping arrondissements) with a legal and financial basis of their own. Their councils will be chosen by and from members of the communal councils. The regions, at the highest decentralized level, will have a similar legal and financial autonomy, and will comprise a number of cercles within their geographical boundaries. Mali needs to build capacity at these levels, especially to mobilize and manage financial resources. Nigeria as
4104-533: The city council, the municipal council and the municipality. The city council is the highest level of local government. The municipal councils began in 2005 and is the second level of local government. The municipality is the third level of local government. There are 178 municipalities across the kingdom. The first began in Jeddah during the Othmanic period. Each municipality is run by its city's mayor. Collectively,
4180-704: The cleaning costs may be more than the land is worth after redevelopment . Previously unknown underground wastes can increase the cost for study and clean-up. Depending on the contaminants and damage present adaptive re-use and disposal of a brownfield can require advanced and specialized appraisal analysis techniques. The Federal Government of Canada defines brownfields as "abandoned, idle or underutilized commercial or industrial properties [typically located in urban areas] where past actions have caused environmental contamination, but which still have potential for redevelopment or other economic opportunities." The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defined brownfield as
4256-661: The cleanup and redevelopment of former and current ship building facilities along Copenhagen 's historic waterfront. Laws in Denmark require a higher degree of coordination of planning and reuse than is found in many other countries. In France, brownfields are called friches industrielles and the Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement Durable et de l'Énergie (MEDDE) maintains a database of polluted sites named BASOL, with "more than 4,000 sites", of about 300,000 to 400,000 potentially polluted sites total (around 100,000 ha), in
4332-662: The cleanup and reuse process. Yet, Canada has cleaned up sites and attracted investment to contaminated lands such as the Moncton rail yards. A strip of the Texaco lands in Mississauga is slated to be part of the Waterfront Trail . However, Imperial Oil has no plans to sell the 75-acre (30 ha) property which has been vacant since the 1980s. According to their 2014 report on federally listed contaminated sites,
4408-445: The communes elected their communal council members for the first time. Female voter turnout was about 70% of the total, and observers considered the process open and transparent. With mayors, councils, and boards in place at the local level, newly elected officials, civil society organizations, decentralized technical services, private sector interests, other communes, and donor groups began partnering to further development. Eventually,
4484-552: The cost for study and clean-up. As a result, the cleanup work may be delayed or stopped entirely. To avoid unexpected contamination and increased costs, many developers insist that a site be thoroughly investigated (via a Phase II Site Investigation or Remedial Investigation) prior to commencing remedial cleanup activities. As of 2006 the Atlantic Station project in Atlanta , was the largest brownfield redevelopment in
4560-743: The first detailed policy analysis of the issue was convened by the Cuyahoga County, Ohio Planning Commission. EPA selected Cuyahoga County as its first brownfield pilot project in September 1993. The term applies more generally to previously used land or to sections of industrial or commercial facilities that are to be upgraded. In 2002, President George W. Bush signed the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act (the "Brownfields Law") which provides grants and tools to local governments for
4636-575: The following subdivisions: The rayons are further divided into municipalities ( Bələdiyyə ). Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions, each named after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka , Khulna , Rajshahi , Sylhet , Rangpur and Mymensingh Division . Divisions are divided into zila . There are 64 zila in Bangladesh, each further divided into upazila or thana . The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas,
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#17327718728614712-412: The form of desk studies and potentially further intrusive investigation. Innovative remediation techniques used at distressed brownfields in recent years include in situ thermal remediation, bioremediation and in situ oxidation . Often, these strategies are used in conjunction with each other or with other remedial strategies such as soil vapor extraction . In this process, vapor from the soil phase
4788-457: The individual considers himself to belong, whether a subtribe, village, valley, or neighborhood. Local governing authority relies upon these forms of identity and loyalty. Armenia is subdivided into eleven administrative divisions . Of these, ten are provinces, known as marzer ( մարզեր ) or in the singular form marz ( մարզ ) in Armenian . Azerbaijan is administratively divided into
4864-537: The inventory currently lists 24,990 contaminated sites." The federal government exercises some control over environmental protection, the "provincial and territorial governments issue the bulk of legislation regarding contaminated sites." Under the Shared-Responsibility Contaminated Sites Policy Framework (2005), the government may provide funding for the remediation of nonfederal sites, if the contamination
4940-531: The kingdom's municipalities make up the Ministry of Municipality and Rural Affairs (MoMRA). The Republic of China government in Taiwan consists of special municipality governments, provincial city governments and county governments for their local governments. They also have councils in each of those three local government levels. Turkey has two levels of local government; provinces (Turkish: iller) and districts (Turkish: ilçeler). The territory of Turkey
5016-587: The largest volume of historic low-level radioactive wastes in Canada, resulting from "radium and uranium processing in Port Hope between 1933 and 1988 by the former Crown corporation Eldorado Nuclear Limited and its private sector predecessors. By 2010 it was projected that it would cost well over a billion dollars for the soil remediation project, it was the largest such cleanup in Canadian history. The effort
5092-619: The legislative branches of a city and municipality, respectively. A barangay is headed by the Barangay Captain and the Barangay Council . Barangays can be further divided into puroks and sitios but their leadership is unelected. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also provides for the existence of autonomous regions. The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) is the only autonomous region in
5168-456: The like—still exist and play a role in Afghan society. Karzai is relying on these traditional sources of authority in his challenge to the warlords and older Islamist leaders. The deep ethnic, linguistic, sectarian, tribal, racial, and regional cleavages present in the country create what is called "Qawm" identity, emphasizing the local over higher-order formations. Qawm refers to the group to which
5244-559: The local shuras. The process of setting up the transitional government in June 2002 by the Loya Jirga took many steps involving local government. First, at the district and municipal level, traditional shura councils met to pick electors—persons who cast ballots for Loya Jirga delegates. Each district or municipality had to choose a predetermined number of electors, based on the size of its population. The electors then traveled to regional centers and cast ballots, to choose from amongst themselves
5320-492: The pipeline include: A war memorial stands in the square between the two Technium buildings. commemorating the Merchant Navy seamen of Swansea during World War II. 51°37′14″N 3°55′26″W / 51.62044°N 3.92392°W / 51.62044; -3.92392 Brownfield land Brownfield is previously-developed land that has been abandoned or underutilized, and which may carry pollution , or
5396-471: The plant grows. After they reach maturity, the plants – which now contain the heavy metal contaminants in their tissues – are removed and disposed of as hazardous waste. Research is under way to see if some brownfields can be used to grow crops, specifically for the production of biofuels . Michigan State University , in collaboration with DaimlerChrysler and NextEnergy, has small plots of soybean , corn , canola , and switchgrass growing in
5472-1110: The powers and functions assigned to them by law or directives of a higher level of government. In federal states , local government generally comprises a third or fourth level of government, whereas in unitary states , local government usually occupies the second or third level of government. The institutions of local government vary greatly between countries, and even where similar arrangements exist, country-specific terminology often varies. Common designated names for different types of local government entities include counties , districts , cities , townships , towns , boroughs , parishes , municipalities , municipal corporations , shires , villages , and local government areas . The same term may be used in different countries to refer to local governance institutions with vastly different institutional features, powers, or functions. In addition to general-purpose local governments, some countries have special-purpose local governments ( special districts ), such as independent school districts , elected water boards , or local service districts . Although there
5548-529: The premise that the remediation should leave land safe and suitable for its current or intended use. In 2018, the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) reported that the 17,656 sites (covering over 28,000 hectares of land) identified by English local planning authorities on their Brownfield Land Registers would provide enough land for a minimum of 1 million homes, which could rise to over 1.1 million once all registers are published. The registers contain land that
5624-463: The process becoming involuntary parks as they grow over. However, redevelopment has become more common in the first decade of the 21st century, as developable land has become less available in highly populated areas, and brownfields contribute to environmental stigma which can delay redevelopment. Also, the methods of studying contaminated land have become more sophisticated and costly. Some states and localities have spent considerable money assessing
5700-504: The responsibility of administration at that level. Nigeria has a total of 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). South Africa has a two-tiered local government system comprising local municipalities which fall into district municipalities, and metropolitan municipalities which span both tiers of local government. Afghanistan was traditionally divided into provinces governed by centrally appointed governors with considerable autonomy in local affairs. There are currently 34 provinces. During
5776-952: Was previously developed but where the remains of the permanent structure or fixed surface structure have blended into the landscape in the process of time." Generally, post industrial brownfield sites exist in a city's or town's industrial section, on locations with abandoned factories or commercial buildings, or other previously polluting operations like steel mills , refineries or landfills . Small brownfields also may be found in older residential neighborhoods, as for example dry cleaning establishments or gas stations produced high levels of subsurface contaminants. Typical contaminants found on contaminated brownfield land include hydrocarbon spillages, solvents , pesticides , heavy metals such as lead (e.g., paints), tributyl tins , and asbestos . Old maps may assist in identifying areas to be tested. The primary issue facing all nations involved in attracting and sustaining new uses to brownfield sites
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