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44-692: Initial discussions in the Electric Power Research Institute 's Infrastructure Working Council meetings regarding issues related to three-phase charging in North America led to the development of J3068. There was a lack of non-proprietary, UL listed equipment that could be legally used in the United States. Some large electric vehicles were being charged without using ground fault protection, and without connectors that automatically de-enegerize when disconnected from

88-531: A J1772 EVSE using an adapter.   While adapters are not ideal, manufacturer specific adapters might be useful and are allowed in some countries according to IEC.  Such an adapter should be rated for 80 amps, as there is no practical way to signal the adapter's current rating.   On 7 November 2018, Greenlots announced a project to provide charging infrastructure for all electric Volvo Trucks in Southern California. "According to Greenlots,

132-416: A NACS to CCS1 adapter. Ford's announcement began a rapid shift in the industry, with many other vehicle manufacturers making similar announcements between May and December 2023. The adoption by almost all other EV manufacturers in North America is considered acknowledgement that Tesla's Superchargers were the most reliable and most widely-available, and that the design of the connector was superior. It also

176-749: A Quebec-based EV charging station company with over 90,000 chargers. EV fast-charger company FreeWire Technologies also announced plans to equip its battery-integrated Boost Chargers with NACS plugs by mid-2024. BC Hydro , Blink Charging , ChargePoint , Electrify America , and EVgo have also announced plans to add NACS connectors to their charging networks. In September 2023, hotel chain Hilton Worldwide announced an agreement with Tesla to install chargers with 20,000 NACS connectors across 2,000 of its properties in North America by 2025. Several equipment manufacturers have announced that they plan to add NACS connectors to their products. As of June 2023

220-528: A competing charging standards body in late 2022 because, at the time of its announcement, it had not gone through a process to be published or recognized by a standards development organization . The process to be published or recognized is collaborative and allows all interested parties to contribute their ideas. The Charging Interface Initiative (CharIN), the association responsible for the competing Combined Charging System (CCS), criticized Tesla's process of developing NACS, but subsequently recognized that while

264-1029: A few Tesla charging connector adapters to legacy CHAdeMO -standard charging stations. These included the ONroute rest stop network in Ontario, Canada, where a Tesla adaptor was permanently attached to a CHAdeMO cord, and REVEL opened a charging station in Brooklyn , New York for a while after they were denied a license to operate a Tesla ride-hailing fleet in New York City. Ivy Charge in Ontario, Canada, announced plans to include CCS1-to-Tesla adaptors for some of their stations. Also EVgo , who added optional Tesla adaptors to CHAdeMO cords. In June 2023, EVgo announced it will add NACS connector support to more of its chargers. In June 2023 several other EV charging station providers also announced plans to add NACS connector support to their chargers. These include FLO ,

308-477: A single button located on the top center of the handle. When the button is depressed, a UHF signal is emitted. When the connector is locked in place, the signal commands the vehicle to retract the latch holding the connector in place. When the connector is not locked in place, the signal commands the nearby vehicle to open the door covering the inlet. The NACS uses a five-pin layout—the two primary pins are used for both AC charging and DC fast charging: Pin usage

352-684: A temporary solution, in part to gain access to several billion dollars of infrastructure build-out subsidies available from the US Federal government for charging stations that include the CCS1 connectors during the mid-2020s. Tesla developed a proprietary charging connector for the Tesla Model S in 2012 and used it on all of their subsequent EVs: the Model X , Model 3 , Model Y , and Cybertruck . As part of its business strategy, Tesla also built

396-455: Is backward compatible with the former. No maximum current rating is specified by the NACS. Any amount of current is allowed so long as the temperature of the connector's interface does not exceed 105 °C. Tesla claims to have operated the connector at upwards of 900 amperes continuously. The current version 3 Tesla Supercharger can deliver up to 250 kW of power, but this is not

440-559: Is an electric vehicle (EV) charging connector standard maintained by SAE International . Developed by Tesla, Inc. , it has been used by all North American market Tesla vehicles since 2021 and was opened for use by other manufacturers in November 2022. It is backwards compatible with the proprietary Tesla connectors made before 2021. Between May 2023 and February 2024, almost all other vehicle manufacturers have announced that their electric vehicles in North America will be equipped with

484-802: Is at 6V level (similar to "State C" in J1772). The upcoming second edition of SAE J3068 recommends a slightly different Pilot circuit from the one defined in SAE J1772 to improve compatibility with PWM signaling. ≤ 480 / 277 V > 480 / 277 V † Power transfer using LIN-CP can exceed the current-coded limit of 63/70A: SAE J3068 has additional requirements on the coupler proximity circuit (aka vehicles with Type 2 inlets in North America) that allow them to be interoperable SAE J3400 and SAE J1772 EVSE for both AC and DC power transfer which monitor proximity.  Also, SAE J3068 has additional requirements on

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528-586: Is defined in SAE J1772 and IEC 61851-1 Annex A with an analog control pilot, and is used with a variety of single-phase AC grid voltages lower than 250 VAC. LIN-CP ( L ocal I nterconnect N etwork on the C ontrol P ilot ) was originally specified in IEC 61851-1 Annex D in Edition 3. Unlike PLC over Control Pilot (IEC 15118-2), LIN CP is designed to be a low-cost digital upgrade for the analog PWM controls. LIN-CP

572-448: Is expected to be a stable source of recurring revenue for Tesla from the other manufacturers. On June 27, 2023, SAE International announced that they would standardize the connector as SAE J3400. In August 2023, Tesla issued a license to Volex to build NACS connectors. The technical information report was published by SAE on December 18, 2023. The recommended practice, which changed the acronym to mean "North American Charging System",

616-638: Is similar to the approach used by Tesla based on J2411 (Single-wire CAN), but maintains the CP voltage levels from analog PWM to be compatible with existing EVSE safety models. LIN transceivers used for J3068 must have an extended supply range. For example, the TI SN65HVDA100-Q1 operates from 5V to 27V. The extended voltage range is required because the LIN transceiver must operate when the Control Pilot

660-606: Is the same as the SAE J1772 connector when used for AC charging. In May 2023, the Ford Motor Company became the first large automaker to announce that it would use NACS with its electric vehicles. Starting in 2025, new Ford electric vehicles will have native NACS charge ports and in 2024 prior electric Ford models will be able to connect to NACS chargers by use of a NACS to CCS1 adapter. Between June 2023 and February 2024, several other automakers and automotive groups announced that they would also equip their EVs sold in

704-748: The Supercharger network across the United States. As part of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law passed in 2021, the US Government announced it would offer US$ 7.5 billion in federal subsidies to build out a nationwide network of fast chargers at least every 50 miles along America’s major roads. One requirement to access the funding was that the chargers must be accessible by multiple brands of electric cars. In response, in November 2022, Tesla supplanted its previous proprietary charging connector, sometimes informally called

748-614: The UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science , led the initiative, proposed by Congress, to create an independent research and development organization to support the electricity sector and address its technical and operational challenges. In 1972, at a formal hearing of the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee , Starr presented a vision for the Electric Power Research Institute to serve Congress's mandate for objective, scientific research. Starr served as

792-559: The CCS-equipped networks combined. At the time it was seen as a last-ditch effort to save the Tesla connector. In May 2023, Ford Motor Company became the first large automaker to announce that it would use NACS with its electric vehicles. The company announced that starting in 2025, all new Ford electric vehicles will have native NACS charge ports and starting in 2024, prior models will be able to connect to NACS chargers by use of

836-912: The EV and EVSE are described separately in terms of the signals they can see on the API. The details of how the LIN signals are sent between the EV and EVSE are assumed to be handled by commercial LIN software. IEC 61851-1:2017 Annex D does not presume that a commercial LIN development package is used to implement the standard. It leaves the decision how to implement the standard to the developer. Differences in logic and nomenclature between J3068 and 61851-1 Annex D are detailed in J3068 (2018) Appendix F. J3068 states that it aims to cover three-phase equipment which meets applicable North American listing standards. The core standards for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment in North America are tri-national standards for Mexico, Canada, and

880-914: The IEC 62196-2 250 VAC single-phase rating even though the 480 VAC three-phase model explicitly supports the operating voltage rating. Given that a 480Y/277 VAC three-phase wye-connected four-wire supply is a common configuration supplied by utilities at commercial locations – under SAE J3400 and SAE J3068 the implied higher rating is taken; thus allowing single-phase charging at 277 VAC nominal for North American application. Also, SAE J3400 electric vehicles in North America are required to support power transfer under PWM-CP at 277 VAC. Under SAE J3400 and SAE J3068 EVSE cannot use PWM-CP controls when nominal system voltages exceed 480Y/277 VAC (single-phase 277 VAC). digital communication (e.g. LIN-CP) shall be used when these voltage limits are exceeded (e.g. 600Y/347 VAC – chiefly Canadian). Basic AC charging

924-513: The Mennekes connector. The control protocol is a variation of LIN which retains the analog voltage level signaling from SAE J1772 . The positive level of the LIN signal waveform can change from 12 volts to 9 or 6 volts (known as State A, State B, and State C in J1772). An earlier version of this LIN-based control protocol was published in Annex D of IEC 61851 edition 3. Major contributors to

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968-718: The NACS charge port, starting in 2025. Several electric vehicle charging network operators and equipment manufacturers have also announced plans to add NACS connectors. After initial testing allowing non-Tesla EVs to use Tesla Supercharger stations in Europe in December 2019, Tesla began to test a proprietary dual-connector " Magic Dock " connector at select North American Supercharger locations in March 2023. Magic Dock allows for an EV to charge with either an NACS or Combined Charging System (CCS) version 1 connector, which would provide

1012-489: The North American market with NACS charge ports starting in 2025. Adapters will be available for older models. The automakers that committed to this transition are: As of February 2024 , Mitsubishi Motors is the only legacy automaker who has not announced that it will adopt NACS. Prior to the NACS being made an open standard in late 2022, several electric vehicle charging network operators had added

1056-447: The Tesla charging standard, with a new "North American Charging Standard" (NACS) and opened the standard to make the specifications available to other EV manufacturers. Unlike the Tesla proprietary connector which uses CAN bus to communicate, NACS uses the same ISO 15118 protocol as CCS, making any CCS vehicle electrically compatible with NACS. Only a simple pass-through adapter is needed to make CCS vehicles compatible with NACS. On

1100-450: The United States. See CANENA . They are essentially equivalent documents with different names in each country. The J3068 connector is mechanically identical to the Type 2 connector , because it makes direct references to IEC 62196 -2 and -3. Additionally, SAE J3068 supports voltage ratings which align with North American grid voltages and EVSE standards. IEC 62196-2 standard defines

1144-559: The University of Delaware's Transport Electrification Center have posted a reference implementation at GitHub SAE J3068 reference implementation which includes hardware and software. An alternative LDF may be needed for LIN stacks that don't support the same signal appearing in multiple frames. See the Transport Electrification Center Blog for a link. A proprietary version is in use in "behind

1188-507: The connector does not use the CCS standard, it does use the same standard communications protocols created for CCS. In June 2023, SAE International announced that it would begin the process to formally standardize the NACS. On July 11, 2023, SAE created a task force to handle further development of the standard and to publish it under the SAE J3400 moniker. A "Technical Information Report" −

1232-530: The development of this protocol include ABB in Sweden, the University of Delaware , Vattenfall Sweden, Mack Trucks / Volvo Trucks North America and others. SAE J3068 (2018) is written from the point of view of a developer using a commercial LIN development package with API support for LIN functionality (which is familiar to embedded controller programming teams in the automotive industry). The behavior of

1276-592: The energy industry, including reliability, efficiency, affordability, health, safety, and the environment. EPRI's principal offices and laboratories are located in Palo Alto, California ; Charlotte, North Carolina ; Knoxville, Tennessee ; Washington, DC ; and Lenox, Massachusetts . In November 1965, the Great Northeastern Blackout left 30 million people in the United States without electricity. Historic in scale and impact, it demonstrated

1320-476: The fence" applications in North America using protocol version 253. The intention is to deprecate this version when the increased functionality is added to SAE J3068 in an updated edition of the recommended practice in the near future. Electric Power Research Institute EPRI , is an American independent, nonprofit organization that conducts research and development related to the generation , delivery, and use of electricity to help address challenges in

1364-499: The first President of EPRI for five years and formally retired at age 65, but continued to work at EPRI for the next 30 years. According to EPRI's 2018 Research Portfolio, EPRI's work encompasses research in technology, the workforce, operations, systems planning and other areas that guide and support the development of new regulatory frameworks, market opportunities, and value to energy consumers. EPRI's generation research focuses on information, processes and technologies to improve

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1408-1136: The flexibility, reliability, performance, and efficiency of the existing fossil-fueled and renewable energy generating fleet. EPRI conducts research on nuclear cost-effective technologies, technical guidance, and knowledge transfer tools to help maximize the value of existing nuclear assets and inform the deployment of new nuclear technology. EPRI's distributed energy resources and customer research area focuses on distributed energy resource (DER) integration, efficient electrification, connectivity and information technology enabling an integrated grid and cyber security guidance. The transmission, distribution, and substation research focuses on improving transmission asset management analytics, technology for mobile field guides, robotics and sensors to automate asset inspections, and improving understanding of electromagnetic pulse (EMP). EPRI researches and develops early-stage and breakthrough technologies that could lead to promising concepts, new knowledge, and potential breakthroughs. SAE J3400 The North American Charging System ( NACS ), standardized as SAE J3400 ,

1452-458: The infrastructure proximity circuit (aka socket-outlets EVSE in North America) that allow them to support 48 A carry-along cable assemblies. Both side of the proximity circuit can optionally support 12V power-over-prox (see SAE 3068/2). SAE J3068, references SAE J3400 for DC power transfer with the appropriate adjustments for the coupler proximity circuit. Depending on the topology of the vehicle on-board charger, it may be possible to charge from

1496-567: The list includes ABB , BTC Power, Tritium and Wallbox. Other charging standards for high-power DC charging of electric vehicles include: As of November 2021, Tesla's Supercharger network was the largest DC fast-charging network in the US. However, other BEV competitors in the USA were previously unable to take advantage of the Supercharger network before the release of "Magic Dock." Tesla cars, on

1540-438: The maximum the NACS connector is capable of. When AC power is used, the NACS system can deliver up to 80 amperes at 277 volts (a voltage derived from a three-phase commercial power supply at 480 volts). However, in a common configuration, NACS provides up to 48 amperes of current at 240 volts (the typical residential voltage of the North American split-phase electric power system), i.e. 11.5 kW. The NACS connector has

1584-511: The nation's growing dependence upon electricity and its vulnerability to power loss. The event marked a watershed moment for the U.S. electricity sector and triggered the creation of the Electric Power Research Institute. Following the blackout, leaders in Congress held hearings in the early 1970s about the lack of research supporting the power industry . Dr. Chauncey Starr, then the Dean of

1628-538: The other hand, Tesla vehicles built prior to 2021 are incompatible with CCS and require an ECU retrofit to become compatible with CCS. However, the Tesla Supercharger network remains backward compatible with the prior proprietary standard. Tesla argued that NACS should become the connector of choice because it is more compact, Tesla vehicles outnumber CCS-equipped vehicles by a margin of two-to-one, and Tesla's Supercharging network has 60% more stalls than all

1672-414: The other hand, came bundled with a SAE J1772 adapter – which allowed Tesla owners to take advantage of the large number of slower Level 2 AC charging stations that are fitted with J1772 plugs. A review of the images of the competing charging standards shows that the NACS connector is the most compact. Tesla's decision to name its connector the "North American Charging Standard" was initially criticized by

1716-509: The prior six months retrofitting stalls with new electronics to allow them to communicate with CCS-equipped vehicles while remaining backward compatible with the proprietary CAN bus communications. Tesla says it plans to eventually retrofit all of its charging stalls with the new electronics. The NACS connector can support both AC charging and DC fast charging. NACS connector exists in two different configurations, one that supports up to 500 volts and another that supports up to 1,000 volts and

1760-727: The project will be one of the first in North America to demonstrate a new heavy-duty vehicle charging standard, SAE J3068, in real-world applications." See press release . Rema USA has ANSI/UL 2251 (USA) and CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 282 (Canada) listed AC 6 63A 480VAC three-phase cordsets (52.3 kW), and two DC 8 1000VDC cordsets at 125A and 200A. See Underwriters Laboratories listing number E338388. Nuvve offers three-phase AC EVSE certified to UL and European standards with support for up to 480/277 VAC at 120 amps with SAE J3068 and IEC 61851-1 Annex D compliance, in addition to J1772 and Annex A support at lower voltages. See Maryland Electrical Testing Labs listing number E114798. Developers at

1804-689: The rated operating voltage for AC basic vehicle interface as 250 VAC for single-phase and 480VAC for three-phase, and three-phase EVSE and single-phase vehicles are required to be interoperable. This implies a single-phase EV should be able to charge from a 480VAC three-phase EVSE; however this is mathematically incongruent with the 250 VAC single-phase limit. 250 ⋅ 3 = 433 V A C {\displaystyle 250\cdot {\sqrt {3}}=433V_{AC}} 277 ⋅ 3 = 480 V A C {\displaystyle 277\cdot {\sqrt {3}}=480V_{AC}} This means that 480/277 VAC EVSE would exceed

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1848-511: The technical capability for almost all battery electric vehicles the chance to charge. While most of Tesla's North American V3 Supercharger locations currently provide exclusively NACS connectors — only 10 locations supported the CCS+NACS Magic Dock as of June 2023, increasing to 42 near the end of the year — it is expected that Tesla will outfit many North American Supercharger stations with both connector standards after 2023 as

1892-451: The vehicle. Therefore, SAE authorized a new task force to develop a standard that focused on heavy and medium duty applications, and more generally any vehicle charging at commercial and industrial locations or other places where 3φ power (three-phase) is available and preferred. Early within the development of the standard, it was decided that the J3068 connector and inlet would expand upon Europe's IEC 62196 type 2 connector also known as

1936-721: Was published by SAE on September 30, 2024. After widespread industry adoption of the NACS by a large number of automotive manufacturers throughout 2023, the US government stated public support for the NACS standard in December 2023. As a result, the Federal Highway Administration will develop detailed regulations on how the new SAE-standard NACS plug fits into the $ 7.5 billion charging network infrastructure buildout subsidies program. Tesla officially opened up more than 15,000 charging stalls to Ford owners on February 29, 2024. The company said its technicians had spent

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