SPITBOL ( Sp eedy I mplemen t ation of SNO BOL ) is a compiled implementation of the SNOBOL4 programming language . Originally targeted for the IBM System/360 and System/370 family of computers, it has now been ported to most major microprocessors including the SPARC . It was created by Robert Dewar and Ken Belcher, who were then at the Illinois Institute of Technology .
91-506: Prior to the development of SPITBOL, SNOBOL4 was thought to be slow, memory -intensive, and impossible to compile due to its dynamic nature. While delayed binding prevents everything from being determined at compile time, SPITBOL adopts various strategies for making decisions as early as possible. Recent versions of the SPITBOL compiler are available. Since 2001 the source code for the original SPITBOL 360 compiler has been made available under
182-582: A car phone in 1984, while its first handheld mobile phone called the SH-100 was made in 1988. It expanded to other markets during the 1990s. Its first smartphone was the Samsung SPH-i300 in 2001. During the early 2000s Samsung popularised the clamshell ("flip phone") design, and the SGH-T100 was the first ever "true color" mobile phone and the firm's first to sell over 10 million handsets. In
273-456: A 40 percent market share worldwide and as of 2018 has a 98% share of the global AMOLED market. The company generated $ 100.2 million out of the total $ 475 million revenues in the global OLED market in 2006. As of 2006, it held more than 600 American patents and more than 2,800 international patents, making it the largest owner of AMOLED technology patents. Samsung's current AMOLED smartphones use its Super AMOLED trademark, with
364-563: A few dozen or few hundred bits of such memory could be provided. The first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube . It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode-ray tube . Since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access. The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around
455-469: A global recall of the product and a temporary halt in production. Despite the setback, Samsung recovered by launching successful products such as the Galaxy S8 and Galaxy Note 8 in 2017, which helped restore consumer confidence. During this time, Samsung continued its push into new markets. In November 2016, it announced its acquisition of Harman International Industries for $ 8bn, marking a major step into
546-470: A hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as "RAM" by many developers, even though the various subsystems can have very different access times , violating the original concept behind the random access term in RAM. Even within a hierarchy level such as DRAM, the specific row, column, bank, rank , channel, or interleave organization of the components make the access time variable, although not to
637-542: A key supplier of Apple components as of October 2013, manufacturing the A7 processors inside the iPhone 5S model. From 2000 to 2003, Samsung maintained a net earnings growth of over 5%, even as 16 of South Korea's 30 largest companies collapsed following a financial crisis. In 2005, Samsung surpassed its Japanese rival, Sony , for the first time, becoming the 20th most popular global consumer brand according to Interbrand rankings. In 2007, Samsung overtook Motorola to become
728-532: A leading corporation together, but they were not rivals, as they had been in talks for a time until they finally merged. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Samsung sold personal computers under the Leading Technology brand. However, the equipment was manufactured by Samsung, and the FCC filings from this period typically refer to Samsung products. In 1988, Samsung Electronics launched its first mobile phone in
819-424: A memory capacity that is a power of two. Usually several memory cells share the same address. For example, a 4 bit "wide" RAM chip has four memory cells for each address. Often the width of the memory and that of the microprocessor are different, for a 32 bit microprocessor, eight 4 bit RAM chips would be needed. Often more addresses are needed than can be provided by a device. In that case, external multiplexors to
910-484: A new semiconductor manufacturing facility in Taylor, Texas , part of its strategy to expand its chip production capabilities amid the global semiconductor shortage. At CES 2024, Samsung demonstrated Ballie, an AI-powered home robot designed to assist with daily tasks, monitor pets, and integrate with smart home appliances. Samsung has been working to meet sustainability goals and reduce its environmental impact. In 2023,
1001-404: A portion of a computer's RAM, allowing it to act as a much faster hard drive that is called a RAM disk . A RAM disk loses the stored data when the computer is shut down, unless memory is arranged to have a standby battery source, or changes to the RAM disk are written out to a nonvolatile disk. The RAM disk is reloaded from the physical disk upon RAM disk initialization. Sometimes, the contents of
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#17327724557631092-498: A press release for its curved display technology with the Galaxy Round smartphone model. The press release described the product as the "world's first commercialized full HD Super AMOLED flexible display". The manufacturer explains that users can check information such as time and battery life when the home screen is off, and can receive information from the screen by tilting the device. Samsung's mobile cell business began with
1183-555: A relatively slow ROM chip are copied to read/write memory to allow for shorter access times. The ROM chip is then disabled while the initialized memory locations are switched in on the same block of addresses (often write-protected). This process, sometimes called shadowing , is fairly common in both computers and embedded systems . As a common example, the BIOS in typical personal computers often has an option called "use shadow BIOS" or similar. When enabled, functions that rely on data from
1274-542: A single MOS transistor per capacitor. The first commercial DRAM IC chip, the 1K Intel 1103 , was introduced in October 1970. Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) was reintroduced with the Samsung KM48SL2000 chip in 1992. Early computers used relays , mechanical counters or delay lines for main memory functions. Ultrasonic delay lines were serial devices which could only reproduce data in
1365-491: A switch that lets the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitor's state of charge or change it. As this form of memory is less expensive to produce than static RAM, it is the predominant form of computer memory used in modern computers. Both static and dynamic RAM are considered volatile , as their state is lost or reset when power is removed from the system. By contrast, read-only memory (ROM) stores data by permanently enabling or disabling selected transistors, such that
1456-408: A technological lead sometime in the future. This patient vertical integration strategy of manufacturing components has borne fruit for Samsung in the late 2000s. A complementary brand leadership strategy was also initiated by chairman Lee when he declared 1996 to be the "Year of Design Revolution" at Samsung. His objective was to build Samsung design capabilities as a competitive asset and transform
1547-611: A thousand bits, but it was much smaller, faster, and more power-efficient than using individual vacuum tube latches. Developed at the University of Manchester in England, the Williams tube provided the medium on which the first electronically stored program was implemented in the Manchester Baby computer, which first successfully ran a program on 21 June, 1948. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for
1638-583: Is a South Korean multinational major appliance and consumer electronics corporation founded on 13 January 1969 and headquartered in Yeongtong District , Suwon , South Korea. It is currently the pinnacle of the Samsung chaebol , accounting for 70% of the group's revenue in 2012, and has played a key role in the group's corporate governance due to cross ownership . It is majority-owned by foreign investors. As of 2019, Samsung Electronics
1729-615: Is a type of flip-flop circuit, usually implemented using FETs . This means that SRAM requires very low power when not being accessed, but it is expensive and has low storage density. A second type, DRAM, is based around a capacitor. Charging and discharging this capacitor can store a "1" or a "0" in the cell. However, the charge in this capacitor slowly leaks away, and must be refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh process, DRAM uses more power, but it can achieve greater storage densities and lower unit costs compared to SRAM. To be useful, memory cells must be readable and writable. Within
1820-464: Is also the world's largest semiconductor memory manufacturer and from 2017 to 2018, was the largest semiconductor company in the world, briefly dethroning Intel , the decades-long champion. Samsung Electronics has assembly plants and sales networks in 76 countries and employs more than 260,000 people. However, in 2024, Samsung Eletronics lost its No.1 position in global smartphone shipments and semiconductor sales. Samsung Electric Industries
1911-471: Is approximately 50 millimeters (1.97 inches). While reducing the thickness substantially, the company maintained the performance of previous models, including Full HD 1080p resolution, 120 Hz refresh rate, and 5000:1 contrast ratio. On 6 September 2013, Samsung launched its 55-inch curved OLED TV (model KE55S9C) in the United Kingdom with John Lewis. In October 2013, Samsung disseminated
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#17327724557632002-403: Is far more expensive than the dynamic RAM used for larger memories. Static RAM also consumes far more power. CPU speed improvements slowed significantly partly due to major physical barriers and partly because current CPU designs have already hit the memory wall in some sense. Intel summarized these causes in a 2005 document. First of all, as chip geometries shrink and clock frequencies rise,
2093-468: Is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires less dynamic power than DRAM. In modern computers, SRAM is often used as cache memory for the CPU . DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and capacitor pair (typically a MOSFET and MOS capacitor , respectively), which together comprise a DRAM cell. The capacitor holds a high or low charge (1 or 0, respectively), and the transistor acts as
2184-489: Is reduced by the size of the shadowed ROMs. The ' memory wall is the growing disparity of speed between CPU and the response time of memory (known as memory latency ) outside the CPU chip. An important reason for this disparity is the limited communication bandwidth beyond chip boundaries, which is also referred to as bandwidth wall . From 1986 to 2000, CPU speed improved at an annual rate of 55% while off-chip memory response time only improved at 10%. Given these trends, it
2275-423: Is the processor-memory performance gap, which can be addressed by 3D integrated circuits that reduce the distance between the logic and memory aspects that are further apart in a 2D chip. Memory subsystem design requires a focus on the gap, which is widening over time. The main method of bridging the gap is the use of caches ; small amounts of high-speed memory that houses recent operations and instructions nearby
2366-540: Is the world's second-largest technology company by revenue, and its market capitalization stood at US$ 520.65 billion, the 12th largest in the world. It ranks as the world's largest manufacturer of smartphones since 2011 — starting with the original Samsung Solstice , and most notably its Samsung Galaxy brand and its flagship Galaxy S series — and has also been the largest television manufacturer since 2006, both of which include related software and services like Samsung Pay and TV Plus . The company pioneered
2457-578: The Atanasoff–Berry Computer , the Williams tube and the Selectron tube . In 1966, Robert Dennard invented modern DRAM architecture for which there is a single MOS transistor per capacitor. While examining the characteristics of MOS technology, he found it was capable of building capacitors , and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, while
2548-558: The GNU General Public License . MACRO SPITBOL is an implementation of SPITBOL written in the 1970s by Robert Dewar and Anthony P. McCann. MACRO SPITBOL is coded in MINIMAL, an assembly language for an abstract machine. The instruction set is carefully defined to allow some latitude in its implementation, so that hardware operations favorable to string processing can be exploited. An implementation of MINIMAL that
2639-592: The Samsung Wave S8500 and Samsung i9000 Galaxy S being launched in June 2010. In January 2011, it announced its Super AMOLED Plus displays – which offer several advances over the older Super AMOLED displays – real stripe matrix (50 percent more sub pixels), thinner form factor, brighter image and an 18 percent reduction in energy consumption. In October 2007, Samsung introducing a ten-millimeter thick, 40-inch LCD television panel, followed in October 2008 by
2730-587: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)'s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Samsung's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 2nd in the world, with 3,093 patent applications being published during 2020. This position is up from their previous ranking as 3rd in 2019 with 2,334 applications. By 2004 Samsung was the world's-largest manufacturer of OLEDs, with
2821-466: The phablet form factor with the Galaxy Note family. Samsung is also a major vendor of washing machines , refrigerators , computer monitors and soundbars . Samsung Electronics is also a major manufacturer of electronic components such as lithium-ion batteries , semiconductors , image sensors , camera modules , and displays for clients such as Apple , Sony , HTC , and Nokia . It
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2912-418: The semiconductor business by acquiring Korea Semiconductor, which was on the verge of bankruptcy while building one of the first chip-making facilities in the country at the time. Soon after, Korea Telecommunications, an electronic switching system producer and a Samsung Group company, took over the semiconductor business and became Samsung Semiconductor & Communications. In February 1983, Lee, along with
3003-432: The 1960s with bipolar memory, which used bipolar transistors . Although it was faster, it could not compete with the lower price of magnetic core memory. In 1957, Frosch and Derick manufactured the first silicon dioxide field-effect transistors at Bell Labs, the first transistors in which drain and source were adjacent at the surface. Subsequently, in 1960, a team demonstrated a working MOSFET at Bell Labs. This led to
3094-505: The BIOS's ROM instead use DRAM locations (most can also toggle shadowing of video card ROM or other ROM sections). Depending on the system, this may not result in increased performance, and may cause incompatibilities. For example, some hardware may be inaccessible to the operating system if shadow RAM is used. On some systems the benefit may be hypothetical because the BIOS is not used after booting in favor of direct hardware access. Free memory
3185-544: The Baby, the Baby was a testbed to demonstrate the reliability of the memory. Magnetic-core memory was invented in 1947 and developed up until the mid-1970s. It became a widespread form of random-access memory, relying on an array of magnetized rings. By changing the sense of each ring's magnetization, data could be stored with one bit stored per ring. Since every ring had a combination of address wires to select and read or write it, access to any memory location in any sequence
3276-577: The Galaxy S5, followed by the Galaxy S6 and Galaxy S6 Edge in 2015, both of which featured a significant redesign and introduced the concept of curved screens. The same year, Samsung also entered the rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) market by acquiring the smart home company SmartThings . In 2016, Samsung faced one of its most publicized crises when its Galaxy Note 7 devices began to overheat and catch fire due to defective batteries. This led to
3367-509: The Japanese companies, a decision that led to a significant amount of anti-Japanese public outcry and huge backlashes from the competitors fearing the outright subordination of the industry by the Japanese. The strategy was able to take off only after the government and Samsung declared that the company would exclusively focus on exports. Toshio Iue , the founder of Sanyo , played a role as an advisor to Lee Byung-chul , Samsung's founder, who
3458-453: The MOS transistor could control writing the charge to the capacitor. This led to his development of a single-transistor DRAM memory cell. In 1967, Dennard filed a patent under IBM for a single-transistor DRAM memory cell, based on MOS technology. The first commercial DRAM IC chip was the Intel 1103 , which was manufactured on an 8 μm MOS process with a capacity of 1 kbit , and
3549-489: The RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called memory modules or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can be quickly replaced should they become damaged or when changing needs demand more storage capacity. As suggested above, smaller amounts of RAM (mostly SRAM) are also integrated in the CPU and other ICs on the motherboard , as well as in hard-drives, CD-ROMs , and several other parts of
3640-444: The RAM device, multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry is used to select memory cells. Typically, a RAM device has a set of address lines A 0 , A 1 , . . . A n {\displaystyle A_{0},A_{1},...A_{n}} , and for each combination of bits that may be applied to these lines, a set of memory cells are activated. Due to this addressing, RAM devices virtually always have
3731-587: The SP95 memory chip for the System/360 Model 95 . Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) allowed replacement of a 4 or 6-transistor latch circuit by a single transistor for each memory bit, greatly increasing memory density at the cost of volatility. Data was stored in the tiny capacitance of each transistor, and had to be periodically refreshed every few milliseconds before the charge could leak away. Toshiba 's Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator , which
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3822-540: The South Korean market. Sales were initially poor, and by the early 1990s, Motorola held a market share of over 60 percent in the country's mobile phone market compared to just 10 percent for Samsung. Samsung's mobile phone division also struggled with poor quality and inferior products until the mid-1990s, and exit from the sector was a frequent topic of discussion within the company. Lee Kun-Hee decided that Samsung needed to change its strategy. The company shelved
3913-497: The United States. While many other handset manufacturers focused on one or two operating systems, Samsung for a time used several of them: Symbian , Windows Phone , Linux-based LiMo , and Samsung's proprietary TouchWiz , Bada and Tizen . By 2013 Samsung had dropped all operating systems except Android phone and Windows Phone. That year Samsung released at least 43 Android phones or tablets and two Windows Phones. At
4004-419: The automotive technology sector, particularly in connected car solutions. In 2017, Samsung reported record profits driven by its semiconductor business, particularly memory chips. By 2018, the company had solidified its position as one of the leading global manufacturers of semiconductors, overtaking Intel as the world's largest semiconductor supplier. In 2021, Samsung announced plans to invest $ 17bn to build
4095-479: The board of the Samsung industry and corporation agreement and help by sponsoring the event, made an announcement later dubbed the "Tokyo declaration", in which he declared that Samsung intended to become a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) vendor. One year later, Samsung announced that it had successfully developed a 64 kb DRAM, reducing the technological gap between the companies from first-world countries and
4186-653: The company announced a partnership with British Gas to integrate its services into Samsung's SmartThings app, helping users reduce energy consumption through smarter home management. As part of the partnership, British Gas began offering Samsung's energy-efficient heat pumps to support the UK's 2050 net-zero goals. In 2024, Samsung continues to be a leader in consumer electronics, semiconductors, and AI development, shaping technology through its innovations in smart homes, connected devices, and sustainable energy solutions. As of January 2024 In mid-November 2021, Samsung Electronics
4277-477: The company devised a plan to sponsor major sporting events. One such sponsorship was for the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano , Japan. As a chaebol , Samsung Group wielded wealth that allowed the company to invest and develop new technology rather than build products at a level that would not have a detrimental impact on Samsung's finances. Samsung had a number of technological breakthroughs, particularly in
4368-431: The company into a global brand-design leader. However, this effort required major changes in corporate culture, processes, and systems. By integrating a comprehensive design management system and strategy into the corporate culture, Samsung was successful in developing an award-winning product design portfolio by the late 1990s, resulting in significant brand equity growth. As Samsung shifted away from consumer markets,
4459-465: The company's future, stating, "Samsung Electronics' future is not guaranteed, as most of our flagship products will be obsolete within ten years." Samsung has since set ambitious goals, aiming for $ 400bn in annual revenue within a decade, with 24 global research and development centers contributing to these efforts. In 2011, Samsung sold its hard disk drive (HDD) operations to Seagate Technology for $ 1.4 billion in cash and stock. In 2012, Kwon Oh-hyun
4550-405: The computer system. In addition to serving as temporary storage and working space for the operating system and applications, RAM is used in numerous other ways. Most modern operating systems employ a method of extending RAM capacity, known as "virtual memory". A portion of the computer's hard drive is set aside for a paging file or a scratch partition , and the combination of physical RAM and
4641-448: The development of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) memory by John Schmidt at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1964. In addition to higher speeds, MOS semiconductor memory was cheaper and consumed less power than magnetic core memory. The development of silicon-gate MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) technology by Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968 enabled the production of MOS memory chips . MOS memory overtook magnetic core memory as
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#17327724557634732-408: The device are used to activate the correct device that is being accessed. RAM is often byte addressable, although it is also possible to make RAM that is word-addressable. One can read and over-write data in RAM. Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of processor registers , on- die SRAM caches, external caches , DRAM , paging systems and virtual memory or swap space on
4823-437: The dominant memory technology in the early 1970s. Integrated bipolar static random-access memory (SRAM) was invented by Robert H. Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963. It was followed by the development of MOS SRAM by John Schmidt at Fairchild in 1964. SRAM became an alternative to magnetic-core memory, but required six MOS transistors for each bit of data. Commercial use of SRAM began in 1965, when IBM introduced
4914-486: The end of the third quarter of 2010, the company had surpassed the 70 million unit mark in shipped phones, giving it a global market share of 22 percent, trailing Nokia by 12 percent. Overall, the company sold 280 million mobile phones in 2010, corresponding to a market share of 20.2 percent. The company overtook Apple in worldwide smartphone sales during the third quarter 2011, with a total market share of 23.8 percent, compared to Apple's 14.6 percent share. Samsung became
5005-410: The extent that access time to rotating storage media or a tape is variable. The overall goal of using a memory hierarchy is to obtain the fastest possible average access time while minimizing the total cost of the entire memory system (generally, the memory hierarchy follows the access time with the fast CPU registers at the top and the slow hard drive at the bottom). In many modern personal computers,
5096-406: The field of memory which are commonplace in most electrical products today. This includes the world's first 64 MB DRAM in 1992, 256 MB DRAM in 1994, and 1 GB DRAM in 1996. In 2004, Samsung developed the world's first 8 GB NAND flash memory chip, and a manufacturing deal was struck with Apple in 2005. A deal to supply Apple with memory chips was sealed in 2005, and Samsung remains
5187-1347: The financial year ending 31 December): The company focuses on four areas: digital media, semiconductors , telecommunication networks, and LCD digital appliances. The digital-media business area covers computer devices such as laptop computers and laser printers ; digital displays such as televisions and computer monitors; consumer entertainment devices such as DVD players , MP3 players , and digital camcorders ; home appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, air purifiers , washing machines, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners and robot vacuum cleaners . The semiconductor-business area includes semiconductor chips such as SDRAM , SRAM , NAND flash memory ; smart cards ; mobile application development , mobile application processors ; mobile TV receivers; RF transceivers; CMOS Image sensors, Smart Card IC , MP3 IC, DVD/Blu-ray Disc/HD DVD Player SOC, and multi-chip package (MCP). The telecommunication-network-business area includes multi-service DSLAMs and fax machines; cellular devices such as mobile phones, PDA phones, and hybrid devices called mobile intelligent terminals (MITs); and satellite receivers . The LCD business area focuses on producing TFT-LCD and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panels for laptops, desktop monitors, and televisions. Samsung Print
5278-696: The form of integrated circuit (IC) chips with MOS (metal–oxide–semiconductor) memory cells . RAM is normally associated with volatile types of memory where stored information is lost if power is removed. The two main types of volatile random-access semiconductor memory are static random-access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). Non-volatile RAM has also been developed and other types of non-volatile memories allow random access for read operations, but either do not allow write operations or have other kinds of limitations. These include most types of ROM and NOR flash memory . The use of semiconductor RAM dates back to 1965 when IBM introduced
5369-412: The fundamental building block of computer memory . The memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores one bit of binary information and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage level) and reset to store a logic 0 (low voltage level). Its value is maintained/stored until it is changed by the set/reset process. The value in the memory cell can be accessed by reading it. In SRAM, the memory cell
5460-678: The gap between RAM and hard disk speeds, although RAM continues to be an order of magnitude faster, with single-lane DDR5 8000MHz capable of 128 GB/s, and modern GDDR even faster. Fast, cheap, non-volatile solid state drives have replaced some functions formerly performed by RAM, such as holding certain data for immediate availability in server farms - 1 terabyte of SSD storage can be had for $ 200, while 1 TB of RAM would cost thousands of dollars. Samsung Electronics Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. ( SEC ; stylised as SΛMSUNG; Korean : 삼성전자 ; RR : Samseong Jeonja ; lit. Tristar Electronics)
5551-465: The joint venture Samsung-NEC with Japan's NEC Corporation and Sumitomo Corporation to manufacture home appliances and audiovisual devices . Samsung-NEC later became Samsung SDI, the group's display and battery business unit. In 1973, Samsung and Sanyo created Samsung-Sanyo Parts, the predecessor of Samsung Electro-Mechanics . By 1981, Samsung Electric had manufactured over 10 million black-and-white televisions . In 1974, Samsung Group expanded into
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#17327724557635642-545: The means of producing inductance within solid state devices, resistance-capacitance (RC) delays in signal transmission are growing as feature sizes shrink, imposing an additional bottleneck that frequency increases don't address. The RC delays in signal transmission were also noted in "Clock Rate versus IPC: The End of the Road for Conventional Microarchitectures" which projected a maximum of 12.5% average annual CPU performance improvement between 2000 and 2014. A different concept
5733-436: The memory cannot be altered. Writable variants of ROM (such as EEPROM and NOR flash ) share properties of both ROM and RAM, enabling data to persist without power and to be updated without requiring special equipment. ECC memory (which can be either SRAM or DRAM) includes special circuitry to detect and/or correct random faults (memory errors) in the stored data, using parity bits or error correction codes . In general,
5824-590: The mid-2000s the SGH-D500 popularised the slider form factor, and later slider products such as the E250 were hits. In 2006 Samsung's X820 with a depth of 6.9 mm was the thinnest phone, and for many years its successor U100 would remain the skinniest at just 5.9 mm. In 2007 it launched the slate style touchscreen phone F700 which would precede its increasingly relevant touch phones such as Tocco and Omnia . Samsung overtook declining Motorola to become
5915-467: The monolithic (single-chip) 16-bit SP95 SRAM chip for their System/360 Model 95 computer, and Toshiba used bipolar DRAM memory cells for its 180-bit Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator , both based on bipolar transistors . While it offered higher speeds than magnetic-core memory , bipolar DRAM could not compete with the lower price of the then-dominant magnetic-core memory. In 1966, Dr. Robert Dennard invented modern DRAM architecture in which there's
6006-443: The order it was written. Drum memory could be expanded at relatively low cost but efficient retrieval of memory items requires knowledge of the physical layout of the drum to optimize speed. Latches built out of triode vacuum tubes , and later, out of discrete transistors , were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers . Such registers were relatively large and too costly to use for large amounts of data; generally only
6097-571: The paging file form the system's total memory. (For example, if a computer has 2 GB (1024 B) of RAM and a 1 GB page file, the operating system has 3 GB total memory available to it.) When the system runs low on physical memory, it can " swap " portions of RAM to the paging file to make room for new data, as well as to read previously swapped information back into RAM. Excessive use of this mechanism results in thrashing and generally hampers overall system performance, mainly because hard drives are far slower than RAM. Software can "partition"
6188-415: The physical location of data inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage media (such as hard disks and magnetic tape ), where the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement. In today's technology, random-access memory takes
6279-577: The processor, speeding up the execution of those operations or instructions in cases where they are called upon frequently. Multiple levels of caching have been developed to deal with the widening gap, and the performance of high-speed modern computers relies on evolving caching techniques. There can be up to a 53% difference between the growth in speed of processor and the lagging speed of main memory access. Solid-state hard drives have continued to increase in speed, from ~400 Mbit/s via SATA3 in 2012 up to ~7 GB/s via NVMe / PCIe in 2024, closing
6370-449: The production of many under-selling product lines and instead pursued a process of designing and manufacturing components and investing in new technologies for other companies. In addition, Samsung outlined a 10-year plan to shrug off its image as a "budget brand" and to challenge Sony as the world's largest consumer electronics manufacturer. It was hoped that, in this way, Samsung would gain an understanding of how products are made and give
6461-435: The same type, simply because it takes longer for signals to traverse a larger circuit. Constructing a memory unit of many gibibytes with a response time of one clock cycle is difficult or impossible. Today's CPUs often still have a mebibyte of 0 wait state cache memory, but it resides on the same chip as the CPU cores due to the bandwidth limitations of chip-to-chip communication. It must also be constructed from static RAM, which
6552-400: The term RAM refers solely to solid-state memory devices (either DRAM or SRAM), and more specifically the main memory in most computers. In optical storage, the term DVD-RAM is somewhat of a misnomer since, it is not random access; it behaves much like a hard disc drive if somewhat slower. Aside, unlike CD-RW or DVD-RW , DVD-RAM does not need to be erased before reuse. The memory cell is
6643-558: The transistor leakage current increases, leading to excess power consumption and heat... Secondly, the advantages of higher clock speeds are in part negated by memory latency, since memory access times have not been able to keep pace with increasing clock frequencies. Third, for certain applications, traditional serial architectures are becoming less efficient as processors get faster (due to the so-called von Neumann bottleneck ), further undercutting any gains that frequency increases might otherwise buy. In addition, partly due to limitations in
6734-425: The world's first 7.9-mm panel. Samsung developed panels for 24-inch LCD monitors (3.5 mm) and 12.1-inch laptops (1.64 mm). In 2009, Samsung succeeded in developing a panel for forty-inch LED televisions, with a thickness of 3.9 millimeters (0.15 inch). Dubbed the "Needle Slim", the panel is as thick (or thin) as two coins put together. This is about a twelfth of the conventional LCD panel whose thickness
6825-634: The world's largest smartphone manufacturer in 2012, with the sales of 95 million in the first quarter. During the third quarter of 2013, Samsung's smartphone sales improved in emerging markets such as India and the Middle East, where cheaper handsets were most popular. As of October 2013, the company offers 40 smartphone models on its US website. In 2019, Samsung announced that it has ended production of mobile phones in China, due to lack of Chinese demand. As of 2019 Samsung employs over 200,000 employees in
6916-641: The world's second largest mobile phone marker during 2007. Presently, Samsung's flagship mobile handset line is the Samsung Galaxy S series of smartphones, which many consider a direct competitor of the Apple iPhone . It was initially launched in Singapore, Malaysia and South Korea in June 2010, followed by the United States in July. It sold more than one million units within the first 45 days on sale in
7007-475: The world's second-largest smartphone manufacturer. By 2009, Samsung achieved $ 117bn in revenue, overtaking Hewlett-Packard to become the world's largest technology company by sales. However, Samsung faced legal challenges in 2009 and 2010 when the U.S. and the EU fined the company—along with other memory chip manufacturers—for involvement in a price-fixing scheme that occurred between 1999 and 2002. In 2010, Samsung
7098-440: The young electronics maker from more than a decade to approximately four years. In the process, Samsung used technologies imported from Micron Technology of the U.S for the development of DRAM and Sharp Corporation of Japan for its SRAM and ROM . In 1988, Samsung Electric Industries merged with Samsung Semiconductor & Communications to form Samsung Electronics, as before that, they had not been one company and had not been
7189-447: Was Samsung's 64 Mbit DDR SDRAM chip, released in June 1998. GDDR (graphics DDR) is a form of DDR SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM), which was first released by Samsung as a 16 Mbit memory chip in 1998. The two widely used forms of modern RAM are static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM). In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a six- transistor memory cell , typically using six MOSFETs. This form of RAM
7280-453: Was a novice in the electronics business. In December of the same year, Samsung Electric established a joint venture named Samsung-Sanyo Electric with Sanyo and Sumitomo Corporation . This is the direct predecessor of today's Samsung Electronics. The joint venture's early products were electronic and electrical appliances including televisions, calculators , refrigerators , air conditioners, and washing machines. In 1970, Samsung established
7371-662: Was appointed CEO of Samsung Electronics. He announced his resignation in 2017, citing an "unprecedented crisis." His departure signaled the transition to a leadership structure with three co-CEOs, which lasted until 2021, when Kyung Kye-Hyun and Han Jong-hee were appointed as new CEOs after a company-wide reorganization. In 2014, Samsung made headlines by introducing the Samsung Galaxy S4 , a new entry in its Galaxy smartphone series, and successfully tested enhanced 5G technology. From 2014 onward, Samsung expanded its presence in technology markets. In April 2014, Samsung launched
7462-656: Was designed for interpretation on microcomputers was done by translating MINIMAL into MICRAL using a translator that was itself implemented in SPITBOL. The MICRAL version of MACRO SPITBOL, together with the MICRAL interpreter ran in under 40K bytes. This extreme object code compression of MICRAL is achieved using a set of machine code macro substitutions that minimizes the space required for the object code and macro table. The complexity of known algorithms for an optimal solution to this problem are high, but efficient heuristics attain near-optimal results. The source code for MACRO SPITBOL
7553-463: Was established as an industrial part of Samsung Group on 13 January 1969 in Suwon , South Korea. At the time, Samsung Group was known to the South Korean public as a trading company specialized in fertilizers and sweeteners. Despite the lack of technology and resources, falling shorter even than the domestic competitors, Samsung Group improved its footing in the manufacturing industry by cooperating with
7644-501: Was established in 2009 as a separate entity to focus on B2B sales and released a broad range of multifunctional devices , printers, and more. As of 2018, Samsung sold its printing business to HP . Samsung Electronics produces LCD and LED panels, mobile phones, memory chips, NAND flash , solid-state drives , televisions, digital cinema screens, laptops and many more products. The company previously produced hard-drives and printers. Samsung consistently invests in innovation. In 2021,
7735-493: Was expected that memory latency would become an overwhelming bottleneck in computer performance. Another reason for the disparity is the enormous increase in the size of memory since the start of the PC revolution in the 1980s. Originally, PCs contained less than 1 mebibyte of RAM, which often had a response time of 1 CPU clock cycle, meaning that it required 0 wait states. Larger memory units are inherently slower than smaller ones of
7826-453: Was granted immunity from prosecution by the EU for acting as an informant during the investigation into the LCD price-fixing cartel , leading to the implication of other companies, including LG Display and HannStar. Despite its continuous growth, Samsung has been portrayed as financially insecure. In 2010, after returning from temporary retirement, chairman Lee Kun-hee expressed concern about
7917-410: Was introduced in 1965, used a form of capacitor-bipolar DRAM, storing 180-bit data on discrete memory cells , consisting of germanium bipolar transistors and capacitors. While it offered higher speeds than magnetic-core memory, bipolar DRAM could not compete with the lower price of the then dominant magnetic-core memory. Capacitors had also been used for earlier memory schemes, such as the drum of
8008-460: Was possible. Magnetic core memory was the standard form of computer memory until displaced by semiconductor memory in integrated circuits (ICs) during the early 1970s. Prior to the development of integrated read-only memory (ROM) circuits, permanent (or read-only ) random-access memory was often constructed using diode matrices driven by address decoders , or specially wound core rope memory planes. Semiconductor memory appeared in
8099-510: Was ranked second in the 'Best Global Brands' by YouGov a market research firm, after placing fourth in the 2020 ranking. In June 2022, PricewaterhouseCoopers ranked Samsung Electronics 22nd on their global top 100 companies by market capitalization. The company slid seven notches from the 2021 rankings due to global inflation , the Russian invasion of Ukraine , and global monetary tightening. The key trends for Samsung Electronics are (as of
8190-433: Was released in 1970. The earliest DRAMs were often synchronized with the CPU clock (clocked) and were used with early microprocessors. In the mid-1970s, DRAMs moved to the asynchronous design, but in the 1990s returned to synchronous operation. In 1992 Samsung released KM48SL2000, which had a capacity of 16 Mbit . and mass-produced in 1993. The first commercial DDR SDRAM ( double data rate SDRAM) memory chip
8281-426: Was released under the GNU General Public License on April 17, 2009. Random access memory Random-access memory ( RAM ; / r æ m / ) is a form of electronic computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code . A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of
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