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45-535: The SPLA–N has suffered from factionalism. Two factions, SPLM-N (Agar) and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) were engaged in fighting each other and against the government of Sudan , from approximately 2017-2019. As of 2023, the al-Hilu faction was fighting the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), while the leader of the Agar faction was appointed into the military-run government. The SPLM-N was founded by the organizations of

90-452: Is divided into eighteen states, each of which were governed by a governor and council of ministers, each member of each state of council of ministers were appointed by the president of the country. The elections of governors was different from others, the president picks three people who he decided will be running against each other, the one who wins at least 50% popular vote is the governor of that state. If no one wins at least 50% popular vote,

135-594: Is the secretary-general. As of 2017, Abdelaziz al-Hilu heads the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) faction. As of May 2019, Yasir Arman was the deputy chair of SPLM-N (Agar) until he split 'amicably' from the group in August 2022 following disagreements with Agar over the October 2021 coup, to form the SPLM-N (Arman) faction. Government of Sudan The Government of Sudan is the federal provisional government created by

180-592: The Constitution of Sudan having executive, parliamentary, and the judicial branches. Previously, a president was head of state , head of government , and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces in a de jure multi-party system . Legislative power was officially vested in both the government and in the two houses – the National Assembly (lower) and the Council of States (upper) – of

225-490: The Interim National Constitution , each state had its own legislative, executive, and judicial organs. The state-empowered local government and state constitutions determined the organization and electoral procedures for local government. Each state was headed by a governor and a state council of ministers. The governor, together with the state council of ministers, exercised the executive powers of

270-727: The Nuba Mountains and surrounding areas. Disputes over the rightful government of Blue Nile State led to a resumption of violence in late August/early September 2011. In September and October the SPLA-N formed a government based in Kurmuk , which took control of large parts of the state. The conflict in the Blue Nile has raised fears of a new refugee crisis and a return to civil war. In September 2012, Amnesty International reported that SPLM-N teacher and activist Jalila Khamis Koko

315-618: The Sudanese civil war , Malik Agar was appointed as deputy head of the Transitional Sovereignty Council on 19 May by de facto leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan . He replaced General Mohamed Hamdan "Hemedti" Dagalo , who launched the conflict in April as leader of the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF). On 8 June, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) began mobilizing around Kadugli, moving into several army camps and prompting

360-859: The Transitional Military Council (TMC). Negotiations between the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) led to the July Political Agreement and the August Draft Constitutional Declaration, which gave the FFC the choice of the ministers of the transitional government, with the sovereignty council holding the right to veto nominations, apart from the defence and interior ministers, who are to be selected by military members of

405-400: The election scheduled to follow the transition period. The 2018–19 Sudanese protests led to the 11 April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état which overthrew President Omar al-Bashir and dissolved his Cabinet. The Defense Minister who led the coup was removed on 14 April 2019. The sustained civil disobedience by Sudanese citizens that preceded the April coup d'état continued, in opposition to

450-503: The transition to democracy in Sudan through peaceful means. Under the terms of the agreement, the factions that signed would be entitled to three seats on the sovereignty council , a total of five ministers in the transitional cabinet and a quarter of seats in the transitional legislature . At a regional level, signatories would be entitled to between 30-40% of the seats on transitional legislatures of their home states or regions. During

495-631: The 2019–2020 Sudanese Revolution phase of the Sudanese peace process , the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) continued to insist on secularisation of the state as a requirement for a peace deal. The August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration , signed by military and civilian representatives during the 2018–19 Sudanese Revolution , requires that a peace agreement for resolving the War in Darfur and the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile be made within

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540-641: The August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration defines the procedures which led to the nomination of Abdalla Hamdok as Prime Minister, and up to 20 Ministers in the Cabinet, during late August 2019, for the 39-month democratic transition . The Sudanese Women's Union protested against this. Under Article 19 of the Draft Constitutional Declaration, the ministers of the Transitional Cabinet are ineligible to run in

585-516: The Draft Constitutional Declaration from running in the planned 2022 Sudanese general election . Abdalla Hamdok , a Sudanese public administrator who served in numerous international administrative positions during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, was nominated by the FFC as Prime Minister and formally sworn in on 21 August 2019. On 18 August 2019, the Sudanese Women's Union stated that women had not been consulted in

630-587: The Hamdok Cabinet include Asma Mohamed Abdalla as Foreign Minister, Lena el-Sheikh Mahjoub as Minister of Social Development and Labour, Wala'a Essam al-Boushi as Minister for Youth and Sports, Intisar el-Zein Soughayroun as Minister of Higher Education. The al-Bashir annual national budgets mostly funded Sudanese security and other armed forces (70 percent in 2016), with the 2018 budget allocating 3 percent to education . In November 2019,

675-660: The NCP were ousted in a military coup on April 11, 2019. The government of Sudan was then led by the Transitional Military Council (TMC). On 20 August 2019, the TMC dissolved giving its authority over to the Transitional Sovereignty Council , who were planned to govern for 39 months until 2022, in the process of transitioning to democracy . However, the Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved in October 2021. President al-Bashir's government

720-622: The NIF, serving and retired military officers, and civilian technocrats. On March 8, 1998, he reshuffled the cabinet and brought in several former rebel and opposition members as ministers. He reshuffled his cabinet again on January 24, 2000 but announced few changes. A government of national unity was sworn in on 22 September, with 16 members from the National Congress, nine from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and two from

765-629: The National Legislature served six-year terms. However, the National Legislature was dissolved during the April 2019 coup as well. Supreme Court ; Special Revolutionary Court. The legal system is based on Islamic law ; as of January 20, 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction, with reservations. Sudan

810-569: The Prime Minister and members of Cabinet to be "Sudanese by birth", at least 25 years old, a clean police record for "crimes of honour". Article 16.(b) excludes dual nationals from being a Minister of Defence, Interior, Foreign Affairs or Justice unless an exemption is agreed by the Sovereignty Council and the FFC for the position of Prime Minister, or by the Sovereignty Council and the Prime Minister for ministerial positions. The transitional period ministers are forbidden under Article 19 of

855-751: The RSF. In June 2024 Nicholas Casey of the New York Times was allowed in the Nuba Mountains stronghold of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North led by Abdel Aziz al-Hilu (SPLM-N (al-Hilu)). Casey reported that the civil war between the SAF and RSF had distracted the SAF from attacking the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) and allowed the SPLM-N to go on the offensive, capturing territory "at a steady pace". It had cut off supplies to Kadugli ,

900-478: The SAF to reinforce its positions despite an RSF blockade. This prompted fears of a new front in the conflict despite the group regularly agreeing to annual ceasefire agreements. On 21 June, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) broke its ceasefire agreement and attacked Sudanese army units in South Kordofan, particularly in Kadugli and in al-Dalanj , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The army claimed to have repelled

945-436: The Sovereignty Council and appointed by the prime minister. Chapter 5 (Article 14) of the Draft Constitutional Declaration defines the Transitional Cabinet in similar terms, but gives the Prime Minister the right to choose the other members of the cabinet from a list provided to him or her by the FFC. The cabinet members are "confirmed by the Sovereignty Council". Article 16.(a) of the Draft Constitutional Declaration requires

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990-527: The Sudanese government and the Sovereignty Council which ruled Sudan in the aftermath of al-Bashir's downfall following another successful coup . Ministries include: The country was recently in a transitional period following the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) on 9 January 2005 that officially ended the civil war between the Sudanese Government (based in Khartoum ) and

1035-487: The attacks, while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation." On 25 June, the group attacked SAF positions in Kurmuk , Blue Nile State , near the border with Ethiopia. In July, despite an appeal by South Sudanese President Salva Kiir to cease its attacks, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) seized several army garrisons and an oil field in South Kordofan and blocked

1080-555: The bicameral National Legislature . The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court. However, following the Second Sudanese Civil War and the still ongoing genocide in Darfur , Sudan was widely recognized as a totalitarian state where all effective political power was held by President Omar al-Bashir and his National Congress Party (NCP). However, al-Bashir and

1125-418: The capital city of South Kordofan State , and was planning to "liberate" it along with what it believes to be substantial stores of military materiel of tanks, armored personnel carriers and ammunition in the city to help the SPLM-N take more territory. The group has approximately 20,000 fighters in the Nuba Mountains. It calls the territory it controls "New Sudan". Its capital is Kauda , a farming town, where

1170-418: The few rebel groups to claim it is fighting for a Western-style democracy : It has a Constitution and calls for a secular state in Sudan". Since the resumption of conflict, the party has called for negotiations and a ceasefire; however some leaders of the SPLA-N have warned of a potential second partition of Sudan. As of 2017, the SPLM-N (Agar) faction of the party is chaired by Malik Agar and Ismael Jallab

1215-569: The first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government. As part of the resulting Sudanese peace process , on 18 October, after a three-hour negotiating session mediated by a South Sudanese mediation team, Amar Daldoum, on behalf of the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) and Shams al-Din Khabbashi , on behalf of the Sovereignty Council signed an agreement on political, security and humanitarian procedures. The agreement

1260-528: The independence of South Sudan/ Nuba Mountains the SPLM-N in South Kordofan and the Justice and Equality Movement of Darfur conducted a coordinated attack against the Sudanese army at Pisea, south of the state capital of Kadugli . In August, Radio Dabanga reported that the rebels were gaining ground against government forces. The conflict has led to the displacement of nearly 400,000 residents of

1305-560: The northern opposition National Democratic Alliance , which left the seats vacant in protest over how the posts were allocated. The Darfur rebels were not represented. Al-Bashir, as chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC), assumed power on June 30, 1989 and served concurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister, and minister of defense until 16 October 1993 when he

1350-405: The person with the fewest votes is disqualified from the campaign and they redo the election and then someone has to have at least 50% popular vote. State governments and their legislative councils were also dissolved during the April 2019 coup. The following are the states of Sudan: Relations between the central government and local authorities have been a persistent problem in Sudan. According to

1395-642: The policies of the centre in Khartoum and to build a new centre for the benefit of all Sudanese people regardless of their religion, gender or ethnicity background". Among the principles of the SPLM going back to the 1980s, are opposition to discrimination (by "Arabs" and others) against Black Africans. In an effort to play down the divisions that have long plagued Sudan, the group encourages those in its territory to identify as Nuba and not by religion or tribe. Journalist Nicholas Casey describes SPLM-N (al-Hilu) as "among

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1440-753: The predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . Despite the Comprehensive Peace Agreement , a low-level conflict continued in Republic of Sudan . Conflict with the central authorities has led al-Bashir to ban the party. South Sudan is also said to support SPLA-N operations in Sudan, just as Sudan supports anti-government groups in South Sudan. On 19 July 2011, shortly after

1485-568: The preparation of a list of candidates for ministerial posts for the 2019–2022 Transitional Cabinet, and that few women were among the candidates. Women in senior positions in the transitional period institutions include Aisha Musa el-Said and Raja Nicola in the Sovereignty Council of Sudan . The Sudanese Women's Union argued that women had played as significant a role as men in the political changes of 2019 and that Sudanese women "claim an equal share of 50-50 with men at all levels, measured by qualifications and capabilities". Women Ministers in

1530-591: The president and speaker of the Parliament Hassan al-Turabi . On April 11, 2019, al-Bashir was ousted in a coup led by Vice President and Defense Minister Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf , with his government then being dissolved afterwards. On April 12, 2019, Auf, who still served as Minister of Defense, handed power to Lt. General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan , general inspector of the armed forces. Auf would also give up his position as Minister of Defense on April 14, 2019. On October 25, 2021, Burhan dissolved

1575-613: The rebel government issues driver’s licenses and birth certificates, and has a court system made up of volunteer judges, "deciding everything from dowry disputes to murder cases", and schools teaching in English. Concerns of the group are hundreds of thousands of displaced people pouring in to its territory from other parts of Sudan, a devastating drought, famine, that have led to the eating of leaves from bushes, and in some cases starvation, and government airstrikes. The party describes itself as "a Sudanese national movement that seeks to change

1620-462: The road leading from Karkal to Kadugli. It also launched another attack in Kurmuk. Speculation arose as to whether al-Hilu's attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between him and the RSF or an attempt to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by

1665-578: The sharing of land and other resources; and aim to unify all militias and government soldiers into a single unified Sudanese military body. On 18 August 2020, the SPLM-N and the Sudanese government signed an agreement to integrate the rebels into the army within 39 months. The SPLM-N (Agar) and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) factions signed a comprehensive peace agreement with the Transitional Government of Sudan on 31 August 2020 and 3 September 2020 respectively, and both factions agreed to participate in

1710-458: The southern-based Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) rebel group. The newly formed National Legislature , whose members were chosen in mid-2005, had two chambers. The National Assembly ( Majlis Watani ) consisted of 450 appointed members who represent the government, former rebels, and other opposition political parties. The Council of States ( Majlis Welayat ) had 50 members who are indirectly elected by state legislatures. All members of

1755-495: The state in compliance with the schedule of responsibilities set forth in the Interim National Constitution. Each state had its own capital and was divided into several localities or provinces, which, in turn, were subdivided into administrative units. Governors were elected in 2010, and they appointed their own ministers. All 15 Northern governors were from the NCP except for the Blue Nile governor, who

1800-438: The two factions in the Blue Nile included the killing of an SPLM-N (Agar) army major by the SPLM-N (al-Hilu). SPLM-N (Agar) secretary-general Ismail Khamis Jallab claimed that SPLM-N (al-Hilu) had refused mediation efforts. A key factor motivating the split was that al-Hilu's group insisted on including the establishment of a secular state in negotiations with the al-Bashir government of the time, while Agar's group disagreed. In

1845-530: Was a member of the SPLM. Revenue flowed upward to the federal treasury. Some levels of government became so small, however, that they did not have a solid financial base. Cabinet of Sudan [REDACTED] Member State of the Arab League The Cabinet of Sudan usually refers to the chief executive body of the Republic of the Sudan . The Cabinet was dissolved following the 11 April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état . Chapter 5 of

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1890-617: Was appointed president by the RCC; upon its dissolution on 16 October 1993, the RCC's executive and legislative powers were devolved to the president and the Transitional National Assembly (TNA), Sudan's appointed legislative body, which has since been replaced by the National Assembly elected in March 1996; on December 12, 1999 Bashir dismissed the National Assembly during an internal power struggle between

1935-520: Was cosigned by the chair of the mediation team, Tut Galwak. The SPLM-N (al-Hilu) and the Sovereignty Council planned to develop a Declaration of Principles to organise continuation of the peace process and to present their political vision. On 24 January 2020, political and security agreements, constituting a framework agreement, were signed by the Sovereignty Council and Ahmed El Omda Badi on behalf of SPLM-N (Agar). The agreements give legislative autonomy to South Kordofan and Blue Nile; propose solutions for

1980-598: Was dominated by members of Sudan's National Islamic Front (NIF), a fundamentalist political organization formed from the Muslim Brotherhood in 1986. In 1998, the NIF founded the National Congress Party (NCP) as its legal front. the NCP/NIF dominates much of Khartoum's overall domestic and foreign policies. President al-Bashir named a new cabinet on April 20, 1996 which includes members of

2025-446: Was summoned by a prosecutor for six charges, primarily relating to state security. The organization stated that she appeared to be "held solely for her humanitarian work and for the peaceful expression of her views", and designated her a prisoner of conscience . She was released after a court hearing on 20 January 2013. In mid-2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar . Fighting between

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