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36-525: The SPS-40, being a vacuum tube design, was notoriously sensitive to the vibration from shipboard gunfire. A later redesign into a largely solid-state system not only improved its performance (cutting the number of cabinets by more than half) also featured one of the best MTI (Moving Target Indicator) units in the fleet - a rarity in the early 1970s. The forerunner of the AN/SPS-40, the AN/SPS-31 (XN-1),

72-422: A force of about 300 modern fast-attack submarines by 1957. The U.S. Navy was unable to produce quickly enough the destroyer escorts (redesignated as frigates after 1975) and other antisubmarine warfare ships to counter this threat, given its other priorities in new antiaircraft warfare frigates (redesignated as cruisers after 1975) and aircraft carriers , so Admiral Burke instead looked for ways to modify

108-586: A military department within the United States Department of Defense . By law, the secretary of the Navy must be a civilian at least five years removed from active military service. The secretary is appointed by the president and requires confirmation by the Senate . The secretary of the Navy was, from its creation in 1798, a member of the president's Cabinet until 1949, when the secretary of

144-468: A strong clutter environment. The AN/SPS-40E replaces the tube-type power amplifier found on earlier versions with a solid-state transmitter and an improved cooling system. Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization The Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization ( FRAM ) program of the United States Navy extended the lives of World War II -era destroyers by shifting their mission from

180-465: A surface attack role to that of a submarine hunter. The FRAM program also covered cruisers , aircraft carriers , submarines , amphibious ships, and auxiliaries. The United States Coast Guard also used this term in the 1980s for the modernization of its Hamilton -class cutters . The program was started by Admiral Arleigh Burke as a response to estimates that the Soviet Navy would have

216-586: The Knox -class frigates (destroyer escorts prior to 1975), which were commissioned 1969–1974, and the Spruance -class destroyers , which were commissioned 1975–1983. Both of the replacement classes had the same ASW armament as a Gearing FRAM I destroyer, with the addition of more and faster ASROC reloads, improved sonar, and a piloted helicopter, typically the Kaman SH-2 Seasprite . Some ships of

252-620: The Allen M. Sumner (from 1965) and Gearing classes (from 1973) served in the Naval Reserve Force (NRF), remaining in commission with a partial active crew to provide training for Naval reservists. The last FRAM destroyer in US naval service was William C. Lawe , a Gearing FRAM I, decommissioned and stricken 1 October 1983 and expended as a target 14 July 1999. The Essex -class aircraft carriers modified for ASW service received

288-540: The Allen M. Sumner class received only armament modifications under FRAM II, and not all ships of the class received the FRAM upgrades. Although the rear deck was also converted as a flight deck for the DASH , the new 12.75-inch triple torpedo tubes were placed where the older 21-inch ones had been, and ASROC was not installed. Typically, all three 5-inch/38 twin mounts were retained. Additionally, two new 21-inch torpedo tubes for

324-520: The Allen M. Sumner -class FRAM II destroyers. No Gearing FRAM IIs received ASROC. The retained DDRs kept all six 5-inch guns, and photographs show their DASH hangar was smaller than on other ships, plus the landing pad had no markings, so they may not have received the DASH. All classes came in for FRAM II refits starting about 1959, being rotated out of service in order to keep as many ships at sea as possible. The upgrades were complete by 1965, and most of

360-490: The DASH antisubmarine helicopter with a range of up to 22 miles (35 km). Both were armed with the new Mark 44 torpedo , which was also carried in the torpedo tubes of the warships . The ASROC could also launch a nuclear depth charge. There were three different sets of FRAM upgrades. During refitting in the early 1950s, FRAM I Fletcher -class destroyers gave up the No. 2, 3 and 4 5-inch/38 caliber gun mounts, leaving only

396-490: The Mark 37 ASW homing torpedo and variable depth sonar (VDS) were added. The converted Allen M. Sumner s were designed for another five years of service. Sixteen Gearing s were also converted under FRAM II. These included six radar picket destroyers (DDRs) and six escort destroyers (DDEs) that retained their specialized equipment (radar or trainable Hedgehog), as well as four former DDRs that were converted to near-twins of

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432-698: The SCB 144 upgrade in 1960–1964 as part of the FRAM II program. They received a bow-mounted AN/SQS-23 sonar , as well as improved displays in the Combat Information Center . United States Secretary of the Navy The secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV ) is a statutory officer ( 10 U.S.C.   § 8013 ) and the head ( chief executive officer ) of the Department of the Navy ,

468-471: The 5-inch/38 mounts 3 and 4 removed in exchange for two twin 3-inch/50 caliber gun mounts above the after deckhouse connected to a computer controlled aft director. FRAM II changes saw the replacement of the Hedgehog mount with a Mark 108 Weapon Alpha ASW rocket launcher, the addition of two new triple Mark 32 torpedo tubes for the 12.75-inch (324 mm) Mk.44 torpedo and the removal of the 3 in guns for

504-482: The 8-round ASROC launcher (FRAM I only) placed there instead. All 3-inch/50 cal gun mounts were removed, and the after superstructure was used for the DASH's hangar and flight deck , with two new triple Mark 32 torpedo tubes for the 12.75-inch Mk.44 torpedo placed just behind the rear funnel. This modernization was designed to extend the life of the destroyer by at least eight years. Eventually, all but three Gearing s received FRAM I or FRAM II conversions. Ships in

540-455: The DASH hangar and flight deck. The only Fletcher -class destroyers to receive the FRAM II upgrade were Radford , Jenkins and Nicholas . Ships from the Gearing class were completely torn down and rebuilt from the hull up, including new engines, a much larger combat information center , and new sonar and radar systems. The 21-inch torpedo tubes between the funnels were removed, and

576-703: The Department of the Navy for acquisition, auditing, financial and information management, legislative affairs, and public affairs. Pursuant to SecNavInst 5090.5F, the Department of the Navy Environmental Programs Manual , the secretary of the Navy and chief of naval operations recognize a number of commands annually for achievements in such areas as environmental quality , environmental cleanup , natural resources conservation , cultural resources management , pollution prevention , and recycling . The chief of naval operations and

612-546: The Navy Thomas S. Gates embraced the last recommendation in a meeting with United States Secretary of Defense Neil Hosler McElroy on 11 November 1958. A comparable program for the Royal Navy had provided modifications to 33 British War Emergency Programme destroyers , which were converted during 1949–1956 into 23 Type 15 first-rate antisubmarine warfare frigates and 10 Type 16 limited conversions , pending

648-578: The Navy & the Marine Corps, including the authority to convene general courts-martial and to commute sentences. The principal military advisers to the SECNAV are the two service chiefs of the naval services: for matters regarding the Navy the chief of naval operations (CNO), and for matters regarding the Marine Corps the commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC). The CNO and the Commandant act as

684-532: The Navy (and the secretaries of the Army and Air Force ) were by amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made subordinate to the secretary of defense . On August 7, 2021, Carlos Del Toro was confirmed as secretary of the Navy. From 2001 to 2019, proposals to rename the Department of the Navy to the Department of the Navy and Marine Corps, which would have also renamed the secretary of

720-750: The Navy has the same powers and duties with respect to the Coast Guard as the secretary of homeland security when the Coast Guard is not operating as a service in the Department of the Navy. The Office of the Secretary of the Navy , also known within DoD as the Navy Secretariat or simply just as the Secretariat in a DoN setting, is the immediate headquarters staff that supports the secretary in discharging his duties. The principal officials of

756-632: The Navy to the secretary of the Navy and Marine Corps , were introduced with wide support in the United States Congress , but failed due to the opposition of Senator and retired U.S. Navy officer John McCain . The Department of the Navy (DoN) consists of two uniformed services : the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps . The secretary of the Navy is responsible for, and has statutory authority ( 10 U.S.C.   § 8013 ) to "conduct all

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792-522: The Secretariat include the under secretary of the Navy (the secretary's principal civilian deputy), the assistant secretaries of the Navy (ASN), the general counsel of the Navy , the judge advocate general of the Navy (JAG), the Naval inspector general (NIG), the chief of Legislative Affairs , and the chief of naval research . The Office of the Secretary of the Navy has sole responsibility within

828-404: The affairs of the Department of the Navy", i.e. as its chief executive officer, subject to the limits of the law, and the directions of the president and the secretary of defense. In effect, all authority within the Navy and Marine Corps, unless specifically exempted by law, is derivative of the authority vested in the secretary of the Navy. Specifically enumerated responsibilities of the SECNAV in

864-401: The aforementioned section are: recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of naval ships, equipment, and facilities. SECNAV is responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies and programs that are consistent with the national security policies and objectives established by

900-687: The construction of new Type 12 and Type 14 frigates . Among the destroyers, conversion of the Gearing and Allen M. Sumner classes took precedence over the Fletcher and Benson classes. Destroyer conversions relied on experience with Fletcher -class destroyers modernized for transfer to Spain and Germany in 1957. The first two destroyers began FRAM in Boston, Massachusetts and Long Beach, California shipyards in March 1959. In Navy slang,

936-497: The existing World War II destroyer, which were rapidly becoming outdated anyway. Burke oversaw preparation of a report to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees entitled "The Aging Fleet." The idea that became FRAM was only one of six recommendations of a special committee to address the poor material conditions of ships built during World War II. Those recommendations were, in order of preference: United States Secretary of

972-498: The modified destroyers were called "FRAM cans", "can" being a contraction of "tin can", the slang term for a destroyer or smaller destroyer escort. In order to provide the ships with a credible antisubmarine weapon, the FRAM I upgrade for the Gearing class centered on the addition of AN/SQS-23 sonar and two new weapon systems, the ASROC rocket-assisted torpedo launcher with a range of one to five miles (not in FRAM II upgrades), and

1008-520: The new AIMS IFF for air control of friendly aircraft, and a Low Flier Detection Mode (LFDM). Field change 8 for the SPS-40B/C/D versions introduces a Digital Moving Target Indicator (DMTI), which automatically eliminates unwanted clutter, selecting only objects with some minimal radial velocity as targets. This improves the ability for the SPS-40 to detect targets flying over land and small targets in

1044-603: The president or the secretary of defense. The secretary of the Navy is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board (DAB), chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics . Furthermore, the secretary has several statutory responsibilities under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) with respect to the administration of the military justice system for

1080-490: The principal executive agents of the SECNAV within their respective services to implement the orders of the secretary. The United States Navy Regulations is the principal regulatory document of the Department of the Navy, and all changes to it must be approved by the secretary of the Navy. Whenever the United States Coast Guard operates as a service within the Department of the Navy, the secretary of

1116-404: The schedule for the FRAM program and provide the radar frequency diversity required by OPNAV. Development and production were conducted simultaneously. A separate Technical Evaluation, normally conducted in the contractor's plant, was not performed due to the compressed development schedule. Instead, BUSHIPS requested CNO approval for a concurrent Technical and Operational Evaluation. The equipment

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1152-719: The ships involved continued to serve actively until the late 1960s. A total of 95 Gearing s and 33 Allen M. Sumner s received FRAM modifications 1960–1965. Many of the ships provided significant gunfire support in the Vietnam War . DASH was withdrawn from ASW service beginning in 1969 due to poor reliability. Lacking ASROC, the Allen M. Sumner s were left without a standoff ASW capability, and were decommissioned 1970–1973, with most being transferred to foreign navies. The Gearing s lasted somewhat longer in US service, with most decommissioned and transferred to foreign navies 1973–1980. The FRAM destroyers were replaced as ASW ships by

1188-404: The two mounts on the main deck. A trainable Mark 15 Hedgehog mount took the place of the No. 2 gun mount, connected to a new, enlarged sonar suite. All topside 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes were removed and replaced with two tubes mounted in the after deckhouse. One twin 3-inch/50 caliber gun mount was placed aft, atop the after deckhouse. There were variations such as Boyd , which had

1224-621: Was developed as part of the DART program to improve reliability compared to earlier versions of the SPS-40. It was installed on the Spruance -class destroyers , as well as the Virginia -class cruisers and the Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship . The SPS-40 and SPS-40A were also upgraded to SPS-40B standard, creating the SPS-40C (from SPS-40) and SPS-40D (from SPS-40A). It also incorporated

1260-465: Was developed starting June 1956 by STAVID Engineering. This radar system was determined to be too large for use in the FRAM program for WWII-era destroyers undergoing modernization. The SPS-40, which used numerous off-the-shelf parts, was proposed as an alternate by BUSHIPS as a suitable radar design for the FRAM program. The CNO directed procurement, in advance of service approval, on 10 March 1959 to meet

1296-661: Was installed in the USS ; Richard E. Kraus in August 1961, and the evaluation was conducted by COMOPTEVFOR between September and November, 1961. After some deficiencies were corrected, the SPS-40 was accepted for service use in May 1962. An improved version, AN/SPS-40A, was introduced 1968. Produced by Sperry Corporation , the SPS-40A introduced a broad-band transmitter and some solid-state receiver changes. The AN/SPS-40B radar set

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