74-399: A number of steamships were named Penelope , including: SS Penelope (1941) , a Norwegian and Finnish cargo ship in service 1946–72 SS Penelope (1945) , a Liberian cargo ship in service 1956–64 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with
148-471: A 14% moisture content. Thus, a US flour with 0.48% ash would approximate a French Type 55. Other measurable properties of flour as used in baking can be determined using a variety of specialized instruments, such as the farinograph . Flour dust suspended in air is explosive —as is any mixture of a finely powdered flammable substance with air ( see dust explosion ). Some devastating explosions have occurred at flour mills, including an explosion in 1878 at
222-650: A bit more strength than cakes, but still produce flaky crusts rather than hard or crispy ones. All-purpose, or "AP flour", or plain flour is medium in gluten protein content at 9.5–11.5% (10–12% from second source ) protein content. It has adequate protein content for many bread and pizza bases, though bread flour and special 00 grade Italian flour are often preferred for these purposes, respectively, especially by artisan bakers. Some biscuits are also prepared using this type of flour. "Plain" refers not only to AP flour's middling gluten content but also to its lack of any added leavening agent (as in self-rising flour). Bread flour
296-507: A cargo of lumber and steel. She put into Loch Ewe on 29 September. She then joined Convoy WN 486, which departed Loch Ewe that day and arrived at the Methil Roads on 1 October. She departed the Methil Roads the same day and arrived at Gravesend on 3 October. On 11 October, she departed from Gravesend and anchored off Southend-on-Sea, from where she joined Convoy FN 1148, which departed from Southend-on-Sea on 12 October and arrived at
370-403: A high proportion of starches , which are a subset of complex carbohydrates also known as polysaccharides . The kinds of flour used in cooking include all-purpose flour (known as plain outside North America), self-rising flour, and cake flour (including bleached flour). The higher the protein content the harder and stronger the flour, and the more it will produce crispy or chewy breads. The lower
444-416: A relatively slow distribution system collided with natural shelf life . The reason for the limited shelf life is the fatty acids of the germ , which react from the moment they are exposed to oxygen. This occurs when grain is milled; the fatty acids oxidize and flour starts to become rancid . Depending on climate and grain quality, this process takes six to nine months. In the late 19th century, this process
518-507: A staple in the Americas. Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern Europe. Archaeological evidence for making flour ( wheat seeds crushed between simple millstones ) dates to at least 6000 BC. In 2018, archaeologists reported finding evidence of bread making at Shubayqa 1, a Natufian hunter-gatherer site more than 14,000 years old in northwest Jordan. The Romans were the first to grind seeds on cone mills . In 1786, at
592-400: Is a theoretically possible protein content ). This flour may be used where a recipe adds ingredients that require the dough to be extra strong to hold together in their presence, or when strength is needed for constructions of bread (e.g., some centerpiece displays). Gluten flour is refined gluten protein, or a theoretical 100% protein (though practical refining never achieves a full 100%). It
666-571: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles SS Ragnhild (1941) Ragnhild was a 2,866 GRT cargo ship which was built in 1941 for the British Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) as Empire Carey . In 1942 she was transferred to the Norwegian Government in exile and renamed Ragnhild . Her war service is very well documented, and serves to illustrate a typical tramp ship's service life during
740-497: Is either differentiable from flour as having slightly coarser particle size (degree of comminution ) or is synonymous with flour; the word is used both ways. For example, the word cornmeal often connotes a grittier texture whereas corn flour connotes fine powder, although there is no codified dividing line. The CDC has cautioned not to eat raw flour doughs or batters. Raw flour can contain bacteria like E. coli and needs to be cooked like other foods. The English word flour
814-422: Is flour where the germ is first separated from the endosperm and bran, then processed with steam, dry heat or microwave and blended into flour again. Milling of flour is accomplished by grinding grain between stones or steel wheels. Today, "stone-ground" usually means that the grain has been ground in a mill in which a revolving stone wheel turns over a stationary stone wheel, vertically or horizontally with
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#1732775254451888-416: Is often referred to as "white flour". Bleached flour is artificially aged using a "bleaching" agent, a "maturing" agent, or both. A bleaching agent affects the carotenoids responsible for the natural colour of the flour; a "maturing" agent also affects gluten development. A maturing agent may either strengthen or weaken gluten development. The four most common additives used as bleaching/maturing agents in
962-581: Is originally a variant of the word flower , and both words derive from the Old French fleur or flour , which had the literal meaning "blossom", and a figurative meaning "the finest". The phrase fleur de farine meant "the finest part of the flour", since flour resulted from the elimination of coarse and unwanted matter from the grain during milling. Maize or corn flour has been important in Mesoamerican cuisine since ancient times and remains
1036-428: Is the main ingredient of bread , which is a staple food for many cultures. Corn flour has been important in Mesoamerican cuisine since ancient times and remains a staple in the Americas. Rye flour is a constituent of bread in both Central Europe and Northern Europe . Cereal flour consists either of the endosperm , germ , and bran together (whole-grain flour) or of the endosperm alone (refined flour). Meal
1110-457: Is treated either with benzoyl peroxide or chlorine gas, but no way exists to tell which process has been used when buying the flour at the grocery store. The old method of procuring white or "bleached" flour did not entail the use of chemical agents at all. Rather, the wheat kernels were moistened with water long enough for the outer kernels of the wheat which contained the bran to soften and, eventually, fall off while grinding. In some places,
1184-555: Is typically made from hard red winter wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the spring. Hard wheat is high in gluten, a protein that makes dough stretchy. Hard wheat is 11.5–13.5% (12–14% from second source ) protein. The increased protein binds to the flour to entrap carbon dioxide released by the yeast fermentation process, resulting in a better rise and chewier texture. Hard is a general term for flours with high gluten protein content, commonly refers to extra strong flour, with 13.5–16% (or 14–15% from some sources) protein (16%
1258-474: Is used to strengthen flour as needed. For example, adding approximately one teaspoon per cup of AP flour gives the resulting mix the protein content of bread flour. It is commonly added to whole grain flour recipes to overcome the tendency of greater fiber content to interfere with gluten development, needed to give the bread better rising (gas holding) qualities and chew. Unbleached flour is simply flour that has not undergone bleaching and therefore does not have
1332-728: The Methil Roads , joining Convoy FN 825, which departed Southend-on-Sea , Essex on 28 September and arrived at Methil on 30 September. She joined Convoy EN 144, which sailed from the Methil Roads the same day and arrived at Loch Ewe on 2 October. Ragnhild then joined Convoy ON 135, which departed Liverpool on 2 October for Halifax and New York , arriving on 20 October. She departed New York on 22 October, arriving at Boston on 23 October. Ragnhild sailed from Boston on 4 November for New York, where she arrived on 5 November. She then joined Convoy SC 109, which departed New York on 9 November and arrived at Liverpool on 30 November. Ragnhild
1406-588: The Netherlands via the Methil Roads. She arrived at IJmuiden , the Netherlands on 9 September. She is next recorded as arriving at Oslo , Norway on 17 September. Ragnhild arrived at Immingham on 20 September and then sailed to Kiel , from where she sailed on 27 September for Finland . Ragnhild is next recorded as leaving the Tyne on 22 October bound for Kiel, where she arrived on 28 October, sailing
1480-495: The River Mersey until 28 March. She then joined Convoy ONS 32, which departed Liverpool on 28 March and arrived at Halifax on 18 April. She put into St John , New Brunswick on 19 April. The next day, she joined Convoy XB 104, which departed Halifax on 16 April and arrived at Boston on 19 April. Ragnhild was bound for Digby , Nova Scotia, where she arrived on 21 April. She sailed from Digby on 1 May and arrived at St John
1554-615: The Second World War are unusually well documented. She was to have been a member of Convoy HX 183, which departed Halifax , Nova Scotia on 2 April 1942 and arrived at Liverpool on 15 April, but she joined Convoy SC 78, which departed Halifax on 5 April and arrived at Liverpool on 22 April. Empire Carey was carrying a cargo of flour bound for Glasgow . She was carrying the convoy's Rear Commodore . On 30 April 1942, after just five months in British service, Empire Carey
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#17327752544511628-556: The Second World War . She was sold out of government service in 1946 and renamed Penelope . She was sold to Finland in 1950 and served until 1972 when she was sold to Sweden , renamed Ingeborg and hulked. Laid up in 1974, she was scrapped in Denmark in 1976. The ship was built by William Gray & Co. Ltd. , West Hartlepool , as yard number 1125. She was launched on 20 October 1941 and completed in December. The ship
1702-588: The Washburn "A" Mill in Minneapolis that killed 22 people. The CDC has cautioned not to eat raw flour doughs or batters. Raw flour can contain bacteria like E. coli and needs to be cooked like other foods. Bread , pasta , crackers , many cakes , and many other foods are made using flour. Wheat flour is also used to make a roux as a base for thickening gravy and sauces. It can also be used as an ingredient in papier-mâché glue . Cornstarch
1776-533: The Clyde. She then joined joint Convoys OS 92 / KMS 72, which had departed Liverpool on 13 December and dispersed at 46°40′N 09°12′W / 46.667°N 9.200°W / 46.667; -9.200 on 17 December. Ragnhild was carrying a cargo of coal, and arrived at Lisbon , Portugal on 20 December. She departed Lisbon on 29 December. She arrived at Seville , Spain on 30 December. Ragnhild departed Seville on 5 January 1945, arriving at Gibraltar
1850-548: The Methil Roads on 14 October. Ragnhild out into South Shields on 13 October. She departed on 28 October for the Methil Roads, where she joined Convoy EN 300, which departed on 29 October and arrived at Loch Ewe on 31 October. She arrived at Oban on 1 November. Ragnhild departed Oban on 6 November, joining Convoy KMS 32, which had departed with Convoy OS 58 from Liverpool on 5 November and split on 18 November, with OS 58 continuing to Freetown , Sierra Leone and KMS 32 continuing to Gibraltar , arriving on 19 November. Ragnhild
1924-538: The Methil Roads on 26 July. Ragnhild put into Blyth, Northumberland on 25 July. She arrived on 24 July. She sailed on 1 August, joining Convoy FN 1087, which departed Southend-on-Sea on 31 July and arrived at the Methil Roads on 2 August. She then joined Convoy EN 264, which departed the Methil Roads on 4 August and arrived at Loch Ewe on 6 August. Ragnhild sailed the next day, joining Convoy ONS 15, which departed Liverpool on 6 August and arrived at Halifax on 21 August. She arrived at Sydney on 20 August, departing
1998-541: The US are: Some other chemicals used as flour treatment agents to modify color and baking properties include: Common preservatives in commercial flour include: All bleaching and maturing agents (with the possible exception of ascorbic acid) have been banned in the United Kingdom. Bromination of flour in the US has fallen out of favor, and while it is not yet actually banned anywhere, few retail flours available to
2072-546: The addition of a 3" gun. Convoy ON 92 departed Liverpool on 6 May and arrived at Halifax on 21 May. Ragnhild departed from the Clyde . On 22 May, Ragnhild joined Convoy HS 4, which departed Halifax bound for Sydney, Nova Scotia , arriving on 23 May. She departed the same day for Montreal , where she arrived on 27 May. On 6 June she departed Montreal for Sydney, from where she joined Convoy SC 87, which departed Sydney on 12 June and arrived at Liverpool on 27 June. Ragnhild
2146-427: The ash mass is only rarely given on the label by flour manufacturers. However, the legally required standard nutrition label specifies the protein content of the flour, which is also a way for comparing the extraction rates of different available flour types. In general, as the extraction rate of the flour increases, so do both the protein and the ash content. However, as the extraction rate approaches 100% (whole meal),
2220-617: The beginning of the Industrial Era , the first steam-powered flour mill, Albion Mills, Southwark , was completed in London . In the 1930s, some flour began to be enriched with iron, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin. In the 1940s, mills started to enrich flour and folic acid was added to the list in the 1990s. An important problem of the Industrial Revolution was the preservation of flour. Transportation distances and
2294-432: The bleaching process, nutrients are lost. Some of these nutrients may be replaced during refining – the result is known as enriched flour. Cake flour is the lowest in gluten protein content, with 6–7% (5–8% from second source ) protein to produce minimal binding so the cake "crumbles" easily. Pastry flour has the second-lowest gluten protein content, with 7.5–9.5% (8–9% from second source ) protein to hold together with
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2368-502: The color of "white" flour. An example is graham flour , whose namesake, Sylvester Graham , was against using bleaching agents, which he considered unhealthy. In English-speaking countries, self-raising (or self-rising) flour is commercially available with chemical leavening agents already in the mix. In America, it is also likely to be pre-salted; in Britain this is not the case. The added ingredients are evenly distributed throughout
2442-1049: The convoy at Halifax, arriving on 23 January. She sailed from Halifax on 31 January, joining Convoy ON 160, which departed Liverpool on 11 January and arrived at New York on 4 February. Ragnhild joined the convoy at 42°53′N 62°35′W / 42.883°N 62.583°W / 42.883; -62.583 . She then joined Convoy NG 342, which departed New York on 7 February and arrived at Guantánamo Bay , Cuba on 14 February. Ragnhild then joined Convoy GAT 44, which departed Guangánamo Bay on 14 February and arrived at Trinidad on 18 February, although Ragnhild actually arrived on 20 February. On 5 March, she sailed for Demerara , Guyana, arriving on 7 March. Ragnhild departed Demerara on 10 March for Trinidad, arriving on 11 March. She then joined Convoy TAG 48, which departed Trinidad on 15 March and arrived at Guantánamo Bay on 20 March, from where she joined Convoy GN 48, departed Guantámo Bay on 20 March and arrived at New York on 28 March. On 29 March, she sailed from New York for Boston, arriving
2516-403: The different available flour varieties are labeled according to the ash mass that remains after a sample is incinerated in a laboratory oven (typically at 550 °C (1,022 °F) or 900 °C (1,650 °F), see international standards ISO 2171 and ICC 104/1 ). This is an easily verified indicator for the fraction of the whole grain remains in the flour, because the mineral content of
2590-449: The flour, which aids a consistent rise in baked goods. This flour is generally used for preparing sponge cakes, scones, muffins, etc. It was invented by Henry Jones and patented in 1845. If a recipe calls for self-raising flour, and this is not available, the following substitution is possible: Wheat is the grain most commonly used to make flour. Certain varieties may be referred to as "clean" or "white". Flours contain differing levels of
2664-411: The following day for Sorel , Quebec and arriving on 24 August. On 29 August she sailed for Rimouski , Quebec, from where she sailed on 11 September for Sydney, joining Convoy QS 68, which departed Red Islet on 10 September and arrived at Halifax on 15 September. On that day, she joined Convoy SC 142, which departed Halifax on 15 September and arrived at Liverpool on 29 September. Ragnhild was carrying
2738-480: The following day. She departed La Goulette on 12 March and arrived at Gibraltar on 16 March. Ragnhild then joined Convoy MKS 89G, which departed Gibraltar on 16 March and arrived at Liverpool on 24 March. She was carrying a cargo of iron ore. She departed Liverpool on 11 April and anchored in the Mersey. She then departed on 12 April as the only member of Convoy KMS 96G. She arrived at Orân on 22 April and departed
2812-481: The grain in between. Roller mills soon replaced stone grist mills as the production of flour has historically driven technological development, as attempts to make gristmills more productive and less labor-intensive led to the watermill and windmill . These terms are now applied more broadly to uses of water and wind power for purposes other than milling. More recently, the Unifine mill , an impact-type mill,
2886-419: The home baker are bromated anymore. Many varieties of flour packaged specifically for commercial bakeries are still bromated. Retail bleached flour marketed to the home baker is now treated mostly with either peroxidation or chlorine gas. Current information from Pillsbury is that their varieties of bleached flour are treated both with benzoyl peroxide and chlorine gas. Gold Medal states that their bleached flour
2960-399: The leaves of Syrian rue ( Peganum harmala ) were spread in stratified layers between the layers of grain, and left in such a state for several days, until the fumes emitted from the astringent leaves of the plant caused the outer kernels of the wheat to break down and dissolve, leaving a clean and white flour after grinding. During the process of making flour, specifically as a result of
3034-470: The lowest ash residue in the table. The closest is French Type 45. There is no official Chinese name corresponding to the highest ash residue in the table. Usually such products are imported from Japan and the Japanese name zenryufun (全粒粉) is used, or it is called quánmài miànfěn (全麥麵粉). It is possible to determine ash content from some US manufacturers. However, US measurements are based on wheat with
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3108-401: The next day and returning to Gibraltar on 2 November, having loaded a cargo of iron ore. Ragnhild then joined Convoy MKS 66G, which departed Gibraltar on 7 November and rendezvoused at sea with Convoy SL 175 the next day. She arrived at Barrow-in-Furness on 16 November. Ragnhild departed Barrow-in-Furness on 25 November, bound for Glasgow, from where she sailed on 7 December to anchor in
3182-406: The next day bound for Stavanger , Norway. Ragnhild is next recorded as departing from Leith , Mid Lothian on 8 March. She arrived at Bône on 19 March. She is recorded as arriving at Nemours on 25 March, from where she sailed on 31 March for Calais , France, passing Gibraltar on 1 April. In 1946, Ragnhild was sold to John Wilson's Rederi A/S and was renamed Penelope . Her port of registry
3256-494: The next day for Gibraltar, where she joined Convoy GUS 26, which had departed Port Said on 26 December 1943 and arrived at the Hampton Roads on 24 January. Ragnhild arrived at Gibraltar on 7 January. She then joined Convoy MKS36, which departed Port Said , Egypt on 1 January and Gibraltar on 12 January, joining with Convoy SL 145 which had departed from Freetown. The convoys arrived at Liverpool on 12 January. Ragnhild
3330-432: The next day. She then joined Convoy KMS 66, which departed Liverpool on 15 October with Convoy OS 92. The convoys split at sea on 25 October, with OS 92 dispersing at sea on 4 November. KMS 66 arrived at Gibraltar on 26 October 1944. Ragnhild was bound for Casablanca, where she arrived on 26 October. She departed Casablanca on 28 October, arriving at Gibraltar on 31 October. She then departed for Almería , Spain, arriving
3404-482: The next day. She then joined Convoy MKS 76G which departed Gibraltar on 10 January and arrived at Liverpool on 21 January. She was carrying a cargo of oranges . Ragnhild departed Liverpool on 13 February, she joined Convoy KMS 85, which departed Liverpool on 17 February and arrived at Gibraltar on 25 February. She was carrying a cargo of coal. Her destination was Malta , where she arrived on 1 March. She departed Malta on 8 March and arrived at La Goulette , Tunisia
3478-941: The next day. On 4 April, Ragnhild sailed from Boston for Halifax, arriving on 6 April. she then joined Convoy SC 126, which departed Halifax on 8 April and arrived at Liverpool on 23 April. Ragnhild was carrying a cargo of bauxite . She put into Belfast Lough on 23 April and sailed the same day for Larne , County Antrim , arriving the same day. On 1 February, Ragnhild departed Larne and arrived at Liverpool on 2 February, from where she joined Convoy ONS 7, which departed Liverpool on 7 May and arrived at Halifax on 25 May. On 4 June, she departed Halifax for Campbellton, New Brunswick , arriving on 7 June. On 20 June, Ragnhild departed Campbellton for Mulgrave, Nova Scotia and then Sydney, from where she joined Convoy SH 88A, which departed Sydney on 24 June and arrived at Halifax on 25 June. Ragnhild then joined Convoy SC 135, which departed Halifax on 27 June and arrived at Liverpool on 11 July. She
3552-753: The next day. She departed Barry on 12 June, spending the next six weeks sailing between Barry and Liverpool. She departed Liverpool on 25 August for Newport, arriving on 25 August. She arrived on 27 August. On 9 September, she joined Convoy EBC 98, which departed from Barry and arrived at the Seine Bay , France on 11 September. She returned to Barry in Convoy FBC 92, which departed the Seine Bay on 24 September and arrived at Barry on 26 September. Ragnhild arrived at Cardiff on 27 September. Ragnhild departed Cardiff on 12 October, arriving at Milford Haven on
3626-681: The protein gluten . "Strong flour" or "hard flour" has a higher gluten content than "weak" or "soft" flour. "Brown" and wholemeal flours may be made of hard or soft wheat. When flours do not contain gluten, they are suitable for people with gluten-related disorders , such as coeliac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity or wheat allergy sufferers, among others. Contamination with gluten-containing cereals can occur during grain harvesting, transporting, milling, storing, processing, handling and/or cooking. Flour also can be made from soybeans , arrowroot , taro , cattails , manioc , quinoa , and other non-cereal foodstuffs. In some markets,
3700-408: The protein content drops slightly, while the ash content continues to rise. The following table shows some typical examples of how protein and ash content relate to each other in wheat flour: This table is only a rough guideline for converting bread recipes. Since flour types are not standardized in many countries, the numbers may differ between manufacturers. There is no French type corresponding to
3774-429: The protein the softer the flour, which is better for cakes, cookies, and pie crusts. Cereal flour consists either of the endosperm , germ , and bran together (whole-grain flour) or of the endosperm alone (refined flour). "Bleached flour" is "refined" flour with a chemical whitening (bleaching) agent added. "Refined" flour has had the germ and bran, containing much of the nutritional fibre and vitamins, removed and
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#17327752544513848-507: The same day for Ajaccio , Italy and Sète , France, arriving at Marseilles on 26 April. She departed for Sète the next day and arrived back at Marseilles on an unrecorded date. Ragnhild departed Marseilles on 7 May and arrived at Gibraltar on 11 May, departing the same day for Huelva , Spain, where she arrived on 12 May. She departed Huelva on 16 May and arrived at Gibraltar the same day. She then joined Convoy MKS 102G, which departed Gibraltar on 20 May and arrived at Liverpool on 28 May. She
3922-592: The same day for Algiers , Algeria. She arrived on 9 July and sailed for Gibraltar, arriving there the same day. Ragnhild sailed from Gibraltar on 14 July and arrived at Cardiff on 20 July. She departed from Cardiff on 22 July bound for Haugesund , Norway via the Methil Roads. From Haugesund, she sailed to Bergen , Norway, from where she departed on 10 August for Rudiksvil, Norway, arriving on 16 August. She then sailed to Söderhamn , Sweden, from where she departed on 31 August for Kristiansand , Norway, arriving on 4 September. Ragnhild sailed on 5 September for Amsterdam ,
3996-476: The same day for the Tyn, arriving on 31 October. She sailed on 6 November for Grangemouth , Stirlingshire , arriving the next day. Ragnhild sailed from Grangemouth on 12 December, bound for Bizerta. She passed Gibraltar on 26 December. Ragnhild arrived at Sfax on 4 January 1946. She departed on 9 January, calling at Gibraltar on 14 January and arriving at North Shields , Northumberland on 23 January. She departed
4070-670: The same day, joining Convoy ON 112, which departed Liverpool on 13 July and arrived at Halifax on 28 July. Ragnhild then joined Convoy HS 40, which departed Halifax on 11 August and arrived at Sydney on 13 August. The next day, Ragnhild sailed for Clarke City, Quebec , arriving on 17 August. On 23 August, Ragnhild sailed from Clark City, joining convoy QS 29, which departed Father Point that day and arrived at Sydney on 26 August. She then joined Convoy SH 38, which departed Sydney on 26 August and arrived at Halifax on 29 August. She then joined Convoy SC 98, which departed Halifax on 29 August and arrived at Liverpool on 13 September. Ragnhild
4144-415: The same day, from where she sailed on 4 May for Halifax arriving the next day and sailing on 6 May for Sydney, from where she sailed on 8 May, Joining Convoy HX 291, which had departed from New York on 10 May and arrived at Liverpool on 27 May. Ragnhild was carrying a cargo of pit props and was bound for Garston , Lancashire, arriving on 27 May. Ragnhild departed Garston on 7 June and arrived at Barry
4218-741: The same day. On 18 December, Ragnhild departed Falmouth for Cardiff , Glamorgan, where she arrived on 19 December. She was one of two ships listed in Convoy PW 263, which departed Portsmouth on 14 December and arrived at Milford Haven on 19 December. On 30 December, she departed from Cardiff and anchored in the Barry Roads . On 1 January 1943, Ragnhild departed from the Barry Roads for Belfast Lough, arriving on 3 January, from where she joined Convoy ON 158, which had departed from Liverpool on 2 January 1943 bound for New York. Ragnhild left
4292-428: The same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Penelope&oldid=1014049044 " Categories : Set index articles on ships Ship names Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
4366-487: The starchy endosperm is much lower than that of the outer parts of the grain. Flour made from all parts of the grain ( extraction rate : 100%) leaves about 2 grams (0.071 oz) ash or more per 100 grams (3.5 oz) dry flour. Plain white flour with an extraction rate of 50–60% leaves about 0.4 grams (0.014 oz). In the United States and the United Kingdom, no numbered standardized flour types are defined, and
4440-444: Was 315 feet 4 inches (96.11 m) long, with a beam of 46 feet 5 inches (14.15 m) and a depth of 23 feet 0 inches (7.01 m). Her GRT was 2,066, with a NRT of 1,688. Her DWT was 4,670. She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine , which had cylinders of 20 inches (51 cm), 31 inches (79 cm) and 55 inches (140 cm) diameter and 39 inches (99 cm) stroke. The engine
4514-584: Was Oslo and the Code Letters LLMT were allocated. Her GRT was now 2,833, with a NRT of 1,681. Her depth was now 3 inches (76 mm) less than it was previously. She was operated under the management of John Wilson & Sons Ltd. In 1950, she was transferred to John Wilson & Hijo, Panama . Later that year, she was sold to Rederi A/B Panda, Mariehamn , Finland. In 1955, she was sold to Lundqvist-Rederierna, Finland. Management passed to Angfartygs A/B Alfa, Mariehamn. On 1 September 1972, Penelope
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#17327752544514588-521: Was carrying a cargo of coal . She arrived at Bizerta , Tunisia on 23 November. She sailed from Bizerta on 4 December for an unknown destination, arriving back at Bizerta on 18 December. Ragnhild sailed from Bizerta on 23 December bound for Bône , Algeria , as part of Convoy GUS 25, which departed Port Said on 16 December and arrived at the Hampton Roads , Virginia on 17 January 1944. Ragnhild arrived at Bône on 3 January 1944, departing
4662-470: Was carrying a cargo of iron ore and ammunition, bound for Barrow-in-Furness , Lancashire . She arrived on 24 January. On 5 February, Ragnhild departed Barrow-in-Furness for Newport , Monmouthshire , arriving on 6 February. She sailed on 11 February, joining Convoy OS 68, which had departed Liverpool on 12 February with Convoy KMS 42. The convoys split on 23 February, KMS 42 continuing to Freetown. OS 68 arrived at Gibraltar on 25 February. Ragnhild
4736-460: Was carrying a cargo of pulp bound for London. Ragnhild put into Loch Ewe on 12 September, sailing on 13 September as part of Convoy WN 336, which arrived at the Methil Roads on 14 September. She then joined Convoy FS 909, which departed the Methil Roads on 16 September and arrived at Southend-on-Sea on 18 September. Ragnhild was bound for Gravesend, Kent where she arrived on 18 September. On 27 September, Ragnhild departed Gravesend for
4810-423: Was carrying a cargo of pyrites . Ragnhild left the convoy on or about 27 May, on which date she passed Prawle Point , Devon. She arrived at Hull on 30 May. Ragnhild departed from Hull on 11 June and arrived at Immingham , Lincolnshire the same day. She departed Immingham on 17 June and arrived at Tunis , Tunisia on 28 June. She departed Tunis on 6 July and arrived at Sfax , Tunisia on 7 July, departing
4884-447: Was carrying a cargo of coal, she was bound for Casablanca , Morocco, where she arrived on 25 February. She sailed from Casablanca on 2 March with a cargo of phosphates . She joined Convoy SL 150, which had departed from Freetown on 21 February and joined with Convoy MKS 41. The latter convoy had departed Gibraltar on 2 March. The joint convoys arrived at Liverpool on 14 March. Ragnhild departed Liverpool on 27 March, and anchored in
4958-687: Was carrying a cargo of flour and general cargo. Ragnhild left the convoy and put into Belfast Lough , from where she joined Convoy BB191, which departed on 26 June and arrived at Milford Haven , Pembrokeshire the next day. She continued on to Swansea , Glamorgan from where she sailed on 29 June, as part of Convoy WP 179, which was bound for Southampton , Hampshire arriving on 1 July. Ragnhild departed from Southampton on 4 July. She joined Convoy PW 182, which departed Portsmouth , Hampshire on6 July and arrived at Milford Haven on 8 July. Ragnhild arrived at Swansea on 8 July. She departed on 11 July and arrived at Milford Haven on 12 July. She sailed
5032-568: Was carrying a cargo of lumber and steel. She put into Belfast Lough on 29 November, from where she joined Convoy BB 239, which departed Belfast Lough on 30 November and arrived at Milford Haven, on 1 December. Ragnhild then joined Convoy WP 257, which departed Milford Haven that day and arrived at Portsmouth on 3 December. She sailed from Southampton on 10 December and arrived at Dartmouth, Devon on 13 December. She departed Dartmouth on 14 December and arrived at Plymouth on 14 December. The following day she sailed to Falmouth, Cornwall , arriving
5106-409: Was carrying a cargo of lumber. She put into Loch Ewe on 10 July, sailing the next day for the Methil Roads, where she arrived on 13 July. She then joined Convoy FS 1166, which departed the same day for Southend-on-Sea, arriving on 15 July. Ragnhild arrived at Gravesend the same day. On 23 July, she departed Gravesend, joining convoy FN 1081, which departed Southend-on-Sea on 24 July and arrived at
5180-399: Was developed in the mid-20th century. Modern farm equipment allows livestock farmers to do some or all of their own milling when it comes time to convert their own grain crops to coarse meal for livestock feed . This capability is economically important because the profit margins are often thin enough in commercial farming that saving expenses is vital to staying in business. Flour contains
5254-554: Was made by the Central Marine Engine Works, West Hartlepool. The ship could make 10 knots (19 km/h). Empire Carey was built for the Ministry of War Transport. She was initially placed under the management of J & C Harrison Ltd. The Official Number 168931 and Code Letters BCTK were allocated and her port of registry was West Hartlepool. The activities of Empire Carey (and Ragnhild ) during
5328-470: Was sold to Bröderna Krusell A/B, Göteborg , Sweden. Renamed Ingeborg , she was stripped of her engines and converted into a floating grain warehouse for Wackatz & Co, Göteborg. She was laid up in 1974, and sold to shipbreakers at Masnedø , Denmark in 1976. Flour Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains , roots , beans , nuts , or seeds . Flours are used to make many different foods . Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour ,
5402-435: Was too short for an industrial production and distribution cycle. As vitamins , micronutrients and amino acids were completely or relatively unknown in the late 19th century, removing the germ was an effective solution. Without the germ, flour cannot become rancid. Degermed flour became standard. Degermation started in densely populated areas and took approximately one generation to reach the countryside. Heat-processed flour
5476-613: Was transferred to the Norwegian Government in exile and renamed Ragnhild . She was placed under the management of the Norwegian Shipping & Trade Mission . Her port of registry was changed to Oslo and the Code Letters LNAN were allocated. In November 1943 Ragnhild is known to have been armed with a 4" gun and five machine guns . This armament was recorded in February 1945 as having been strengthened by
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