Misplaced Pages

#486513

56-592: According to 2011 census , the sounti population is 112803 with a sex ratio of 1023. Their literacy rate is 59.58%. Most of the sounti speak a dialect of Odia According to the Mayurbhanj State Census Report of 1931, the Sounti caste emerged in the 17th century under the leadership of Joygobinda Das from Puri. The census further states that Das arrived in Kendujhar from Puri in 1603 C.E. and

112-636: A 10-day period of death pollution for the bereaved family. Sounti society follow Hinduism , worship Hindu gods and goddesses and observe some of the Hindu festivals and rituals. However they have some animist beliefs as well. They worship village deities like Thakurani and Mangala and other Hindu deities like Siva and Raghunath. They have a traditional priest called Dehury. They live in multi-ethnic villages but maintain separate hamlets from other groups. Single ethnic Sounti villages are uncommon. They live mostly in small houses with two rooms with spacious verandahs in

168-406: A language more than 1500 years old i.e. most senior (very rich) language. Meitei , or Manipuri , is a classical language of Sino-Tibetan linguistic family, having a literary tradition of not less than 2000 years. Maithili is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language with a literary tradition that traces its roots back to the 7th and 8th centuries. The earliest known example of Maithili can be found in

224-1182: A number of exogamous patri-lineages (bansa) like: Aguan Sinha, Anukulia, Apat, Atala, Badam, Baghasinha, Bahabalindra, Baliposia, Banapadia, Bansmulia, Baradia, Bebarta, Behera, Betjharia, Chipindia, Chowdhury, Dakua, Dala Behera, Dalai, Dalai Mahapatra, Bhala Bhai, Bhuinya Mahapatra, Bhujabala, Bhuri Bisai, Biswal, Budhipat, Chatarpania, Daldashia, Danakulia, Dandapat, Dandasena, Das, Dehuri, Desa Dakua, Ghulakundia, Dhangad, Foudakar, Ganabarai, Gharapua Mahapatra, Giri, Gobargadia, Gumanaganjan Singh Berdhajal Mahapatra, Hati, Hatiram, Jadipadia, Jalpadia, Jhapat Sinha, Kalapadia, Kalapal, Kapandia, Kargi, Khamadiha, Khamalia, Khamrai, Khanda, Khandapatra, Kialia, Kuabasia, Kulapadia, Kundalia, Kusmalia, Mahapatra, Malik, Mangal Puria Mardaraj Mahapatra, Miriga Khojia, Mudi, Narendra, Nayak, Nuagadia, Nuakulia, Nungalia, Padhan, Palta Sinha, Pangia, Paramanik, Parida, Putulia, Sarubalia, Satrusala, Raipadia, Sankhalua, Saradia, Sarpat, Sarpuria, Saru, Sindura Roy, Sindurgaria, Sinha, Tainsiria, Talsarua, Tandakar, Tangania, Tangiria, Tarania, Tinti, and they generally use Biswal, Dalai, Dehuri, Naik, Poida, Pradhan as their surnames. In Sounti settlements,

280-404: A period of 1500-2000 years. II. A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers. III. The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community. IV. The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between

336-426: A positive lifestyle. Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include Baidyanath Misra , Fakir Mohan Senapati , Madhusudan Das , Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, Surendra Mohanty , Manoj Das , Kishori Charan Das , Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Bhikari Rath, Jagadish Mohanty , Sarojini Sahoo , Yashodhara Mishra , Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it

392-727: A rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. Sarala Dasa who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the Vyasa of Odisha. He wrote the Mahabharata into Odia. In fact, the language was initially standardised through a process of translating or transcreating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita . The translation of the Bhagavatam by Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa

448-485: A significant Odia speaking population. Additionally, due to economic pursuits, significant numbers of Odia speakers can be found in Indian cities such as Vishakhapatnam , Hyderabad , Pondicherry , Bangalore , Chennai , Goa , Mumbai , Raipur , Jamshedpur , Vadodara , Ahmedabad , New Delhi , Guwahati , Shillong , Pune , Gurgaon , Jammu and Silvassa . The Odia diaspora is sizeable in several countries around

504-505: A sizeable Odia-speaking population, particularly in Sonitpur , Tinsukia , Udalguri , Sivasagar , Golaghat , Dibrugarh , Cachar , Nagaon , Karimganj , Karbi Anglong , Jorhat , Lakhimpur , Baksa , Kamrup Metropolitan , Hailakandi district of Assam and West Tripura , Dhalai , North Tripura district of Tripura. Similarly, due to increasing worker migration in modern India, the western states Gujarat and Maharashtra also have

560-426: A thousand years. B. A body of ancient literature/ texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generation of speakers. C. The literary tradition must be original and not borrowed from another speech community. The following criteria were set during the time Sanskrit was given the classical language status by the government of India : I. High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over

616-505: A translator of a fictive Odia short story writer. The novella contains a discussion of the perils of translating works composed in regional Indian languages into English. Four writers in Odia – Gopinath Mohanty , Sachidananda Routray , Sitakant Mahapatra and Pratibha Ray – have been awarded the Jnanpith , an Indian literary award. The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of

SECTION 10

#1732797208487

672-421: A vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and geminate consonants . Odia retains most of the cases of Sanskrit , though the nominative and vocative have merged (both without a separate marker), as have the accusative and dative. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two grammatical numbers (singular and plural). However, there are no grammatical genders . The usage of gender

728-694: Is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj. Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Chintamani Das. A noted academician, he was written more than 40 books including fiction, short stories, biographies and storybooks for children. Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block, Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five 'Pancha Sakhas' of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihara, Nilakantha Das, Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha. Having served as

784-412: Is considered a heritage by generations of speakers. iii. Knowledge texts, especially prose texts in addition to poetry, epigraphical and inscriptional evidence. iv. The Classical Languages and literature could be distinct from its current form or could be discontinuous with later forms of its offshoots. The concept of “the literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community”

840-406: Is given phonemic status in some analyses, as it also occurs as a terminal sound, e.g. ଏବଂ- ebaṅ /ebɔŋ/ Nasals assimilate for place in nasal–stop clusters. /ɖ ɖʱ/ have the near-allophonic intervocalic flaps [ɽ ɽʱ] in intervocalic position and in final position (but not at morpheme boundaries). Stops are sometimes deaspirated between /s/ and a vowel or an open syllable /s/ +vowel and

896-451: Is inextricably tied to music, and most of it was written for singing, set to traditional Odissi ragas and talas. These compositions form the core of the system of Odissi music , the classical music of the state. Three great poets and prose writers, Kabibar Radhanath Ray (1849–1908), Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918) and Madhusudan Rao (1853–1912) made Odia their own. They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Odia literature. Around

952-469: Is most known for his composition, the epic poem Gita Govinda , which depicts the divine love of the Hindu deity Krishna and his consort, Radha, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. About the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, the influence of Jayadeva's literary contribution changed the pattern of versification in Odia. Distribution of Odia language in

1008-503: Is not contrastive. The vowel [ ɛ ] can also be heard as an allophone of / e / , or as an allophone of the coalescence of the sequences /j + a/ or /j + ɔ/ . Final vowels are pronounced in the standard language, e.g. Odia [pʰulɔ] contrasts Bengali [pʰul] "flower". Odia retains the voiced retroflex lateral approximant [ ɭ ] , among the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The velar nasal [ ŋ ]

1064-411: Is poetry that makes modern Odia literature a force to reckon with. Poets like Kabibar Radhanath Ray , Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, Ramakanta Rath , Sitakanta Mohapatra, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry. Anita Desai 's novella, Translator Translated , from her collection The Art of Disappearance , features

1120-511: Is semantic, i.e. to differentiate male members of a class from female members. There are three tenses coded via affixes (i.e., present, past and future), others being expressed via auxiliaries. The Odia language uses the Odia script (also known as the Kalinga script). It is a Brahmic script used to write primarily the Odia language and others like Sanskrit and several minor regional languages. The script has developed over nearly 1000 years, with

1176-416: Is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Odia poetry. Others who took up this form were Godabarisha Mohapatra, Mayadhar Mansingh , Nityananda Mahapatra and Kunjabihari Dasa. Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi, Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in

SECTION 20

#1732797208487

1232-590: The Bhanja Age (also known as the Age of Riti Yuga) beginning with turn of the 18th century, verbally tricky Odia became the order of the day. Verbal jugglery and eroticism characterise the period between 1700 and 1850, particularly in the works of the era's eponymous poet Upendra Bhanja (1670–1720). Bhanja's work inspired many imitators, of which the most notable is Arakshita Das. Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of

1288-655: The Mandar Hill Sen inscription from the 7th century, which provides evidence of its ancient lineage. Additionally, the Charyapada , a collection of Buddhist mystical songs from the 8th century, also reflects the early development of Maithili. The language is predominantly spoken in the Mithila region, encompassing parts of present-day Bihar, Jharkhand and Nepal. Maithili's rich literary heritage includes epic poetry, philosophical texts, and devotional songs, such as

1344-631: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା ): Odia in the Odia script Odia in IAST Odia in the IPA Gloss Translation Google introduced the first automated translator for Odia in 2020. Microsoft too incorporated Odia in its automated translator later that year. Classical languages of India The Indian Classical languages , or

1400-612: The tribals groups in Odisha who adopted the Odia language. Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a classical language , on the basis of having a long literary history and not having borrowed extensively from other languages. The earliest known inscription in Odia dates back to the 10th century CE. Odia is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It descends from Odra Prakrit which itself evolved from Magadhi Prakrit . The latter

1456-586: The Śāstrīya Bhāṣā ( Odia ) or the Dhrupadī Bhāṣā ( Assamese, Bengali ) or the Abhijāta Bhāṣā ( Marathi ) or the Cemmoḻi ( Tamil ), is an umbrella term for the languages of India having high antiquity, and valuable, original and distinct literary heritage . The Government of India declared in 2004 that languages that met certain strict criteria could be accorded the status of a classical language of India . It

1512-766: The 14th century, the poet Sarala Das wrote the Sarala Mahabharata, Chandi Purana, and Vilanka Ramayana, in praise of the goddess Durga . Rama-Bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, was the first long poem written in the Odia language. The following era is termed the Panchasakha Age and stretches until the year 1700. Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include those of Balarama Dasa , Jagannatha Dasa , Yasovanta, Ananta and Acyutananda . The authors of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. Other prominent works of

1568-853: The Head of the Odia department of Khallikote College, Berhampur, Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Odia literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular. Some of his well-known literary creations are 'Bhala Manisha Hua', 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Kabi Godabarisha', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan', 'Usha', 'Barabati'. 20th century writers in Odia include Pallikabi Nanda Kishore Bal , Gangadhar Meher , Chintamani Mahanti and Kuntala Kumari Sabat , besides Niladri Dasa and Gopabandhu Das . The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara, Divyasimha Panigrahi, Gopala Chandra Praharaj and Kalindi Charan Panigrahi . Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray

1624-492: The Odia language. Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray, Pandit Vinayaka Misra, Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma, Jagabandhu Simha and Harekrushna Mahatab . Odia literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the Odia people who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilisation in the field of art and literature. Now Writers Manoj Das 's creations motivated and inspired people towards

1680-512: The Sounti society is farming , livestock rearing and forestry. Many Sountis work as farm labourers . Odia language Odia ( / ə ˈ d iː ə / ; ଓଡ଼ିଆ , ISO : Oṛiā , pronounced [oˈɽia] ; formerly rendered as Oriya ) is a classical Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha . It is the official language in Odisha (formerly rendered as Orissa), where native speakers make up 82% of

1736-409: The book form. Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati, which came out from Bamanda, depicts the conflict between a poor but highly educated young man and a wealthy and highly egoistic young woman whose conjugal life is seriously affected by ego clashes. Through a story of union, separation and reunion, the novelist delineates the psychological state of a young woman in separation from her husband and examines

Sounti - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-582: The caste, in the Odia language, literally means "gathered in," highlighting their origins as a group that gathered together with other outcasts. The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order of 1956 refers to them as Sounti, while the 1931 Mayurbhanj Census mentions them as Saunti. Some members, due to difficulties in pronunciation, may refer to themselves as Samuli or Samti. The Sounti people come under one totemic gotra (killi), Nageswar (cobra), and are divided into

1848-515: The classical language and its later forms or its offshoots. The antiquity was increased from 1000 years to 1500-2000 years in this criteria. This criteria were kept unchanged for further selections of Telugu , Kannada , Malayalam and Odia . The following criteria were set by the Sahitya Akademi : i. High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years. ii. A body of ancient literature/texts, which

1904-473: The earliest trace of the script being dated to 1051 AD. Odia is a syllabic alphabet, or an abugida, wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine

1960-610: The essential parts of each consonant symbol. The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if too many straight lines are used. The earliest literature in Odia can be traced to the Charyapadas, composed in the 7th to 9th centuries. Before Sarala Das, the most important works in Odia literature are the Shishu Veda, Saptanga, Amara Kosha, Rudrasudhanidhi , Kesaba Koili , Kalasa Chautisa, etc. In

2016-414: The family structure is patrilineal and monogamous, with rare polygamy. Marriage is arranged through negotiation with a mandatory bride price. Remarriage is allowed for widows, widowers, and divorcees. Junior Levirate and Sororate marriages are permitted. After childbirth, a 21-day period of Birth pollution is observed, and in case of a community member's death, cremation and burial practices are followed, with

2072-571: The front. Cattle shed and shed for de-husking rice are built close to the house. Stringed Charpoys and mats made of date-palm leaves, Bell-metal and aluminium utensils are most common household goods. Men use dhoti . Women wear saree . Financially well off section of the community use undergarments otherwise it is rare. Tattooing is not popular. The Sounti have their own traditional community council headed by village chief and influential elders. It settles family disputes and acts as guardian of traditional norms and customs. The main source of income in

2128-484: The great writers in the 20th century was Pandit Krushna Chandra Kar (1907–1995) from Cuttack, who wrote many books for children like Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, Adi Jugara Galpa Mala , etc. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in 1971–72 for his contributions to Odia literature, development of children's fiction, and biographies. One of the prominent writers of the 20th and 21st centuries

2184-670: The period include the Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the Rahasya Manjari of Debadurlabha Dasa and the Rukmini Bibha of Kartika Dasa. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Harabali . Other poets, like Madhusudana, Bhima Dhibara, Sadasiba and Sisu Iswara Dasa composed another form called kavyas (long poems) based on themes from Puranas, with an emphasis on plain, simple language. However, during

2240-563: The period. The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries. Although the handwritten Odia script of the time closely resembled the Bengali and Assamese scripts , the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different, leaning more towards the Tamil script and Telugu script . Amos Sutton produced an Oriya Bible (1840), Oriya Dictionary (1841–43) and An Introductory Grammar of Oriya (1844). Odia has

2296-482: The political parties of the states or union territories of the respective languages where these are spoken or are based in, or the national parties, advocating for the certain languages to be accorded the demanded status. A lawyer from the Madras High Court legally challenged against the official classical status of Malayalam and Odia, in 2015. There was a long legal proceeding for almost one year. Later,

Sounti - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-634: The population, and it is also spoken in parts of West Bengal , Jharkhand , Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh . Odia is one of the many official languages of India ; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand. The Odia language has various dialects varieties, including the Baleswari Odia (Northern dialect), Kataki (central dialect), Ganjami Odia (Southern dialect), Sundargadi Odia (Northwestern dialect), Sambalpuri (Western dialect), Desia (South-western dialect) and Tribal Community dialects who spoken by

2408-481: The preservation, documentation, and digitization of ancient texts of these languages will provide employment opportunities to people in archiving, translation, publishing, and digital media. The declared Classical languages ( Sashtriya Bhasa ) of the Republic of India : Assamese , Bengali , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Odia , Pali , Prakrit , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Telugu . Classical language means

2464-413: The same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880). Among the contemporaries of Fakir Mohan, four novelists deserve special mention: Aparna Panda, Mrutyunjay Rath, Ram Chandra Acharya and Brajabandhu Mishra. Aparna Panda's Kalavati and Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati were both published in 1902, the year in which Chha Mana Atha Guntha came out in

2520-472: The significance of marriage as a social institution in traditional Indian society. Ram Chandra Acharya wrote about seven novels during 1924–1936. All his novels are historical romances based on the historical events in Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Odisha. Mrutyunjay Rath's novel, Adbhuta Parinama, published in 1915, centres round a young Hindu who gets converted to Christianity to marry a Christian girl. One of

2576-508: The state of India According to the 2011 census, there are 37.52 million Odia speakers in India , making up 3.1% of the country's population. Among these, 93% reside in Odisha. Odia is also spoken in neighbouring states such as Chhattisgarh (913,581), Jharkhand (531,077), Andhra Pradesh (361,471), and West Bengal (162,142). Due to worker migration as tea garden workers in colonial India, northeastern states Assam and Tripura have

2632-434: The texts in their own way. On the contrary, archaeological, historical and numismatic evidence are tangible things” As per Government of India's Resolution No. 2-16/2004-US (Akademies) dated 1 November 2004, the benefits that will accrue to a language declared as a "Classical Language" are: The recognition of these classical languages will give job employment opportunities, especially in academic and research areas. Moreover,

2688-490: The works of the 14th-century poet Vidyapati . Though it has a distinct script, Tirhuta , Devanagari is commonly used today. Despite its profound historical and cultural significance, Maithili has yet to be recognized as a "classical language" by the Government of India, leading to ongoing demands for such recognition. Besides the literary achievements, the status of classical language is granted, sometimes influenced by

2744-754: The world, bringing the number of Odia speakers worldwide to 50 million. It has a significant presence in eastern countries, such as Thailand and Indonesia , mainly brought by the sadhaba , ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the old-day trading , and in western countries such as the United States , Canada , Australia and England . The language has also spread to Burma , Malaysia , Fiji , Mauritius , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka and Middle East countries. Minor regional dialects Minor sociolects Odia minor dialects include: Odia has 30 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes. Length

2800-404: The year 2004, the tentative criteria for the age of antiquity of "classical language" was assumed to be at least 1000 years of existence. The criteria were kept revising from time to time by the authorities. The following criteria were set during the time Tamil was given the classical language status by the government of India : A. High Antiquity of its early texts/ recorded history over

2856-459: Was Muralidhar Mallick (1927–2002). His contribution to Historical novels is beyond words. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Odia literature. His son Khagendranath Mallick (born 1951) is also a writer. His contribution towards poetry, criticism, essays, story and novels is commendable. He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Odisha Geeti Kabi Samaj. Presently he

SECTION 50

#1732797208487

2912-469: Was granted permission to settle in the village of Mananta in Kendujhar. After relinquishing his original caste, he is believed to have established this new caste. The newly formed caste consisted of individuals who had been marginalized from other castes and were allowed by the ruler of Kendujhar state to settle in Mananta. Over time, their numbers increased as they readily accepted other outcasts. The name of

2968-534: Was instituted by the Ministry of Culture along with the Linguistic Experts' Committee. The committee was constituted by the Government of India to consider demands for the categorisation of languages as Classical languages . In 2004, Tamil became the first language to be recognised as a classical language of India . As of 2024, 11 languages have been recognised as classical languages of India . In

3024-566: Was particularly influential on the written form of the language. Another of the Panchasakha, Matta Balarama Dasa transcreated the Ramayana in Odia, titled Jagamohana Ramayana . Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially devotional poetry. Other eminent Odia poets include Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja , Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha , Banamali Dasa , Dinakrusna Dasa and Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka . Classical Odia literature

3080-538: Was replaced in the new criteria. Under these criteria, Assamese, Bengali, Marathi, Pali and Prakrit were given the classical language status. Upon dropping the criteria for "original literary tradition", the Linguistic Expert Committee justified their decision by stating the following: “We discussed it in detail and understood that it was a very difficult thing to prove or disprove as all ancient languages borrowed from each other, but recreated

3136-407: Was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early Jain and Buddhist texts. Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from Persian and Arabic , compared to other major Indo-Aryan languages. The history of the Odia language is divided into eras: Jayadeva was a Sanskrit poet. He was born in an Utkala Brahmin family of Puri around 1200 CE. He

#486513