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41-606: The SARA project originated in 2012 when a SARA Steering Committee, co-chaired by the CEOs of Denel Aerostructures SOC Ltd and Denel Aviation, was set up. Various options were considered. A high wing configuration was selected for SARA to meet the issue of foreign object debris , for example stones thrown up by the propellers during landing, taking off and taxiing. SARA will have a degree of STOL capability, but will not be optimised for STOL operations as it affects other performance parameters negatively. It will be certified under Part 25 of

82-411: A Concorde , Air France Flight 4590 , at Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris on 25 July 2000 was caused by FOD; in this case a piece of titanium debris on the runway which had been part of a thrust reverser that had fallen from a Continental Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-10 during takeoff about four minutes earlier. The debris strike caused a tire to explode. Rubber debris from the tire struck

123-423: A flight line and deposit it there. These types of FOD are very difficult to track and manage once they are introduced onto the airfield. A jet engine intake, engine blast, and propeller or helicopter rotor draft then can pick up the debris easily. This material, once loose around operational aircraft, can lead to serious safety concerns, including personnel injury and equipment and property damage. The crash of

164-555: A runway or flight deck . Internal FOD hazards include items left in the cockpit that interfere with flight safety by getting tangled in control cables, jam moving parts or short-out electrical connections. Jet engines can suffer major damage from even small objects being sucked into the engine. In the United States , the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires that all engine types pass

205-473: A failure." There have only been two detailed studies of the economic cost of FOD for civil airline operations. The first was by Brad Bachtel of Boeing , who published a value of $ 4 billion USD per year. This top-down value was for several years the standard industry figure for the cost of FOD. The second work (2007) was by Iain McCreary from the consultancy Insight SRI Ltd. This more detailed report offered

246-502: A first-cut of the cost of FOD, based on a bottom-up analysis of airline maintenance log records. Here, data was broken into per flight direct costs and per flight indirect costs for the top 300 global airports, with detailed footnotes on the supporting data. The Insight SRI research was a standard reference for 2007-2009 as it was the only source presenting costs and thus was quoted by regulators, airports, and technology providers alike. However, while that 2007 Insight SRI paper remains

287-425: A flock of northern lapwings immediately after lifting off the runway and lost power in both engines. The crew landed the aircraft back on the runway but it overran the end and crossed a road. The aircraft struck a car on the road, killing its six occupants. Although the aircraft was destroyed in the ensuing fire, the nine occupants of the aircraft survived the crash. On 17 November 1980 a Hawker Siddeley Nimrod of

328-689: A novel approach to reducing FOD. By developing, in conjunction with Israel Aerospace Industries , the Taxibot , a tractor controlled by the pilot, aircraft will not need to use jet engines while taxiing, and therefore they will not be vulnerable to FOD on aprons or taxiways. Debris is often trapped in the treads of tires from vehicles coming onto an airfield. Types of debris trapped in a vehicle tire can include rocks, mud, stones, loose hardware (screws, washers, bolts, etc.) and many other forms of small materials. These can be crew and fuel trucks, maintenance vehicles and many others that inadvertently bring debris to

369-452: A pressurised cabin. Preliminary and detailed design stages are still to come with no final design yet. Denel is currently building a full-size mock-up of the SARA to be used as a test rig to check the ease of ingress and egress of passengers; seating layouts; internal cabin arrangements; basic cockpit arrangements; and other parameters. The development phase was expected to last five years, with

410-600: A prototype aircraft to be manufactured by 2020 or 2021. However, as of late 2021, no prototype has been publicly reported and Denel is reported lack capital to continue full operations. Foreign object debris In aviation and aerospace, the term foreign object damage (FOD) refers to any damage to an aircraft attributed to foreign object debris (also referred to as "FOD"), which is any particle or substance, alien to an aircraft or system which could potentially cause damage to it. External FOD hazards include bird strikes, hail, ice, sandstorms, ash-clouds or objects left on

451-501: A runway, birds are more difficult to control. Often airports employ a type of bird scarer that operates on propane to cause a noise loud enough to scare away any birds that might be in the vicinity. Airport managers use any means available (including trained falcons as well as robird flapping-wing falcon-like drones) to reduce bird populations. Another solution under investigation is the use of artificial turf near runways, since it does not offer food, shelter, or water to wildlife. In

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492-409: A steel cable on the runway, before a single aircraft was put at risk. The FAA has investigated FOD detection technologies, and has set standards for the following categories: The negative effects from FOD can be reduced or entirely eliminated by introducing compressive residual stresses in critical fatigue areas into the part during the manufacturing process. These beneficial stresses are induced into

533-438: A test which includes firing a fresh chicken (dead, but not frozen) into a running jet engine from a small cannon. The engine does not have to remain functional after the test, but it must not cause significant damage to the rest of the aircraft. Thus, if the bird strike causes it to "throw a blade" (break apart in a way where parts fly off at high speed), doing so must not cause loss of the aircraft. Some military aircraft had

574-419: A unique design to prevent FOD from damaging the engine. The design included an S-shaped bend in the airflow, so that air entered the inlet, was bent back towards the front of the plane, and bent back again towards the back before entering the engine. At the back of the first bend a strong spring held a door shut. Any foreign object flying in the intake flew in, hit the door, opened it, flew through, and then exited

615-576: Is a Soviet / Ukrainian transport aircraft developed by Antonov . It is a variant of the An-72 . The An-72 and An-74 get their nickname, Cheburashka , from the large engine intake ducts, which resemble the oversized ears of the popular Soviet animated character of the same name . The An-74 was initially an upgrade of the An-72 test aircraft, intended to be used in the Arctic and Antarctica ; and had

656-530: Is the Lotarev D-36 turbofan engine. The An-74 bears some resemblance to the unsuccessful Boeing YC-14 , a prototype design from the early 1970s which had also used overwing engines and the Coandă effect. The rear fuselage of the aircraft has a hinged loading ramp with a rear fairing that slides backwards and up to clear the opening. The An-74 has a payload of around 11 tons including up to ten passengers in

697-426: Is the loss of life, suffering and effect on the families of those who died, the suspicion of malpractice, guilt, and blame that could last for lifetimes. This harrowing torment is incalculable but should not be forgotten, ever . If everyone kept this in mind, we would remain vigilant and forever prevent foreign object debris from causing a problem. In fact, many factors combine to cause a chain of events that can lead to

738-688: The FAA are both studying FOD. Eurocontrol released a preliminary assessment of FOD detection technologies in 2006, while the FAA is conducting trials of the four leading systems from Qinetiq (PVD, Providence T. F. Green Airport ), Stratech (ORD, Chicago O'Hare International Airport ), Xsight Systems (BOS, Boston Logan International Airport ), and Trex Aviation Systems (ORD, Chicago O'Hare Airport) during 2007 and 2008. Results of this study should be published in 2009. Antonov An-74 The Antonov An-74 ( Russian : Антонов Ан-74, NATO reporting name : Coaler )

779-692: The Naval Air Test Center of the United States Navy was using a Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk as a chase plane to film a jettison test of a bomb rack from the Hornet. The bomb rack struck the right wing of the Skyhawk, shearing off almost half the wing. The Skyhawk caught fire within seconds of being struck; the two persons on board ejected . On 20 November 1975 a Hawker Siddeley HS.125 taking off at Dunsfold Aerodrome flew through

820-468: The Royal Air Force crashed shortly after taking off from RAF Kinloss . It flew through a flock of Canada geese , causing three of its four engines to fail. The pilot and copilot were killed; the pilot was subsequently posthumously awarded an Air Force Cross for his actions in maintaining control of the aircraft and saving the lives of the 18 crew. The remains of 77 birds were found on or near

861-579: The An-72, the An-74 can be fitted with wheel-ski landing gear , de-icing equipment and a number of other upgrades allowing the aircraft to support operations in Arctic or Antarctic environments. An unusual design feature of the An-74 (as well as An-72) is the use of the Coandă effect to improve STOL performance, utilizing engine exhaust gases blown over the wing's upper surface to boost lift. The powerplant used

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902-526: The US Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR 25) with up to 24 seats. It is now in a concept design phase based on market research. Three versions of the SARA are planned – an airliner version with 24 passengers; a combi version able to carry 12 passengers and one LD2 cargo pallet ; and a freight version able to transport three LD2 pallets. It is planned to have a maximum takeoff weight of 8,400 kilograms (18,519 lb) and

943-533: The United States $ 26 per flight in aircraft repairs, plus $ 312 in such additional indirect costs as flight delays, plane changes and fuel inefficiencies. "There are other costs that are not as easy to calculate but are equally disturbing," according to UK Royal Air Force Wing Commander and FOD researcher Richard Friend. "From accidents such as the Air France Concorde, Flight AF 4590 , there

984-596: The United States, the most prominent gathering of FOD experts has been the annual National Aerospace FOD Prevention Conference. It is hosted in a different city each year by National Aerospace FOD Prevention, Inc. (NAFPI), a nonprofit association that focuses on FOD education, awareness and prevention. Conference information, including presentations from past conferences, is available at the NAFPI Web site. However, NAFPI has come under some critique as being focused on tool control and manufacturing processes, and other members of

1025-472: The accident. On 24 June 1982, British Airways Flight 9 en route to Perth , Australia , flew into a volcanic ash cloud over the Indian Ocean. The Boeing 747-200B suffered engine surges in all four engines until they all failed . The passengers and crew could see a phenomenon known as St. Elmo's fire around the plane. Flight 9 dived down until it exited the cloud allowing the airborne ash to clear

1066-435: The air is forced to flow through a spiral path before entering the engine; the heavier dust and other debris are forced outwards, where it is separated from the airflow before it enters the engine inlet. The Russian Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27 fighters have a special intake design to prevent ingestion of FOD during take-off from rough airfields. The main air intakes could be closed with mesh doors and special inlets on

1107-476: The aircraft. Thus, only small objects swept up by the air could enter the engine. This design did indeed prevent FOD problems, but the constriction and drag induced by the bending of the airflow reduced the engine's effective power, and thus the design was not repeated. A similar approach is used on many turboshaft -powered helicopters , such as the Mi-24 , which use a "vortex-type" or "centrifugal" intake, in which

1148-414: The aviation industry US$ 13 billion per year in direct plus indirect costs. The indirect costs are as much as ten times the direct cost value, representing delays, aircraft changes, incurred fuel costs, unscheduled maintenance, and the like. and causes expensive, significant damage to aircraft and parts and death and injury to workers, pilots and passengers. It is estimated that FOD costs major airlines in

1189-444: The best free public source of data, the new analysis (2010) from Insight SRI offers new numbers. The author of the new report (not free) says "Readers are cautioned not to rely on or in the future refer to numbers from the 2007-08 Insight SRI paper The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines . This earlier effort was 'The' first document detailing the direct and indirect cost of FOD that was based on airline maintenance data (the entire document

1230-488: The cargo version, or up to 52 seats in the passenger version; the operating ceiling is 10,100 metres (33,100 ft) and cruising speed is 550 to 700 kilometres per hour (300 to 380 kn; 340 to 430 mph). The aircraft may also be used for highly specialized operations: The first An-74 flight took place on September 29, 1983, four years after the An-72, its parent aircraft. Almost immediately after, cold-weather testing and Arctic operations began taking place, fulfilling

1271-417: The crew restarted the engines and landed safely at Anchorage International Airport . Although unrelated to volcanic ash, in 1991, an MD-81 operated by SAS, force landed in a forest after ice was reportedly ingested into both engines. All 129 people survived, the aircraft was written off. An unusual case of FOD occurred on 28 September 1981 over Chesapeake Bay . During flight testing of an F/A-18 Hornet ,

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1312-457: The crew tried to control the "fishtailing" and activate the drogue parachute . The parachute did not work and the Learjet ran off the runway, its tires blown. Airport personnel reported seeing rocks and pieces of metal on the runway after the accident. The National Transportation Safety Board said that the accident was caused by FOD on the runway. Failure of the drogue parachute contributed to

1353-472: The designation An-72A "Arctic". The aircraft's main purpose is to deliver cargo, equipment and personnel over short- and medium-range routes in any climatic conditions ranging from −60 to 45 °C (−76 to 113 °F) and at any latitude, including the North Pole , and high altitudes. It can operate to and from low grade airstrips such as concrete, pebble, ice and snow aerodromes. Produced in tandem with

1394-410: The engines, which were then restarted. The cockpit windshield was badly pitted by the ash particles but the aircraft landed safely. On 15 December 1989, KLM Flight 867 , en route to Narita International Airport , Tokyo flew through a thick cloud of volcanic ash from Mount Redoubt, which had erupted the day before. The Boeing 747-400 's four engines flamed out. After descending more than 14,000 feet,

1435-458: The industry have stepped forward to fill the gaps. BAA hosted the world's first airport-led conference on the subject in November 2010. There is some debate regarding FOD detection systems as the costs can be high and the domain of responsibility is not clear. However, one airport claims that their FOD detection system may have paid for itself in a single incident where personnel were alerted to

1476-401: The landing gear; foldaway lights on the bottom of the plane; and screens that prevented gravel, which would enter the open wheelwells when the gear was extended, from hitting critical components. The kit also included vortex dissipators, devices which would reduce the airflow into the engine from the bottom so as to reduce the likelihood of ingesting gravel. Airbus engineers are investigating

1517-499: The part through cold working the part with peening processes: shot peening, or laser peening . The deeper the compressive residual stress the more significant the fatigue life and damage tolerance improvement. Shot peening typically induces compressive stresses a few thousandths of an inch deep, laser peening typically imparts compressive residual stresses 0.040 to 0.100 inches deep. Laser peen induced compressive stresses are also more resistant to heat exposure. Internationally, FOD costs

1558-476: The runway. On January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 flew into a flock of Canada geese shortly after take off and suffered a double engine failure. The pilot ditched the aircraft in the Hudson River, saving the lives of all on board. Significant problems occur with airports where the grounds were or have become nesting areas for birds. While fences can prevent a moose or deer from wandering onto

1599-583: The top of the intakes temporarily opened. This would allow enough airflow to the engine for take-off but reduced the chances of the engine sucking up objects from the ground. Another interesting design to minimize the risk of FOD is that of the Antonov An-74 , which has a very high placement of the engines. Boeing offered a gravel runway kit for early 737s that allows the plane to be used from unimproved and gravel runways, in spite of having very low-slung engines. This kit included gravel deflectors on

1640-459: The wing, rupturing a fuel tank and starting a severe fire leading to loss of control. All 100 passengers and nine crew on board the flight, as well as four people on the ground, were killed. A Gates Learjet 36A , registration number N527PA, was taking off from Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport in Virginia on March 26, 2007, when the crew heard a loud "pop". Aborting the takeoff,

1681-422: Was a single page of data, followed by 8 pages of footnotes)." Per-flight direct costs of $ 26 are calculated by considering engine maintenance spending, tire replacements, and aircraft body damage. Per-flight indirect costs include a total of 33 individual categories: The study concludes that when these indirect costs are added, then the cost of FOD increases by a multiple of up to 10 times. Eurocontrol and

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