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124-676: The franchise was formed in 1971 as the Cardinal Broncos from Cardinal, Ontario . In the early 1980s, future National Hockey League player Todd Gill started his junior hockey career with the Broncos. In 1983, the Broncos moved to Grenville County, Ontario and formed the South Grenville Rangers . Finding themselves in the tight Rideau Division of the Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League,

248-580: A chemical element such as iron ; an alloy such as stainless steel ; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride . The general science of metals is called metallurgy , a subtopic of materials science ; aspects of the electronic and thermal properties are also within the scope of condensed matter physics and solid-state chemistry , it is a multidisciplinary topic. In colloquial use materials such as steel alloys are referred to as metals, while others such as polymers, wood or ceramics are nonmetallic materials . A metal conducts electricity at

372-578: A plasma (physics) is a metallic conductor and the charged particles in a plasma have many properties in common with those of electrons in elemental metals, particularly for white dwarf stars. Metals are relatively good conductors of heat , which in metals is transported mainly by the conduction electrons. At higher temperatures the electrons can occupy slightly higher energy levels given by Fermi–Dirac statistics . These have slightly higher momenta ( kinetic energy ) and can pass on thermal energy. The empirical Wiedemann–Franz law states that in many metals

496-435: A semiconducting metalloid such as boron has an electrical conductivity 1.5 × 10 S/cm. With one exception, metallic elements reduce their electrical conductivity when heated. Plutonium increases its electrical conductivity when heated in the temperature range of around −175 to +125 °C, with anomalously large thermal expansion coefficient and a phase change from monoclinic to face-centered cubic near 100  °C. There

620-473: A Pentecostal congregation. Church meetings were held in a variety of locations before a church was constructed along Highway 2 during the late-1990s. The Pentecostal congregation met at the Orange Hall, followed by the local machine shop before purchasing the former telephone office on Dundas Street in 1941. Land was purchased by the congregation in 1997 to become the site of a new church. The purchased lot

744-454: A base metal as it is oxidized relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. The term noble metal (also for elements) is commonly used in opposition to base metal . Noble metals are less reactive, resistant to corrosion or oxidation , unlike most base metals . They tend to be precious metals, often due to perceived rarity. Examples include gold, platinum, silver, rhodium , iridium, and palladium. In alchemy and numismatics ,

868-467: A ferry along the New England coast for many years. Weehawk was 45 m (148 ft) long and could carry around 500 passengers as well as around 30 cars. Eventually the boat was moved to the lock at Galop Canal in the 1960s, where it was purchased along with its sister ship by a local welder who had the intention of disassembling them both and selling the metal as scrap. A family tragedy prevented

992-690: A few micrometres appear opaque, but gold leaf transmits green light. This is due to the freely moving electrons which reflect light. Although most elemental metals have higher densities than nonmetals , there is a wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense (0.534 g/cm ) and osmium (22.59 g/cm ) the most dense. Some of the 6d transition metals are expected to be denser than osmium, but their known isotopes are too unstable for bulk production to be possible Magnesium, aluminium and titanium are light metals of significant commercial importance. Their respective densities of 1.7, 2.7, and 4.5 g/cm can be compared to those of

1116-443: A few—beryllium, chromium, manganese, gallium, and bismuth—are brittle. Arsenic and antimony, if admitted as metals, are brittle. Low values of the ratio of bulk elastic modulus to shear modulus ( Pugh's criterion ) are indicative of intrinsic brittleness. A material is brittle if it is hard for dislocations to move, which is often associated with large Burgers vectors and only a limited number of slip planes. A refractory metal

1240-457: A high concentration of stones in much of the local soil, making it suitable for gravel. The area had a few limestone quarries, but the output of these quarries were small and only used locally. Up until the 18th century, the land was covered with thick, mature, mixed forests. The original forest was almost completely cleared throughout the years and the forest that stands today is mostly secondary growth over previously cleared land. The forests in

1364-476: A high school diploma being the highest level of education attainment, and 19.3% reported having neither a high school nor a post-secondary diploma or degree. Within Edwardsburgh/Cardinal, the percentage of seniors (ages 65+) with post-secondary credentials was 42.4% and the percentage of seniors without any credentials was 40.3%. The percentage of adults (ages 25–44) with post-secondary credentials

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1488-511: A lower atomic number) by neutron capture , with the two main modes of this repetitive capture being the s-process and the r-process . In the s-process ("s" stands for "slow"), singular captures are separated by years or decades, allowing the less stable nuclei to beta decay , while in the r-process ("rapid"), captures happen faster than nuclei can decay. Therefore, the s-process takes a more-or-less clear path: for example, stable cadmium-110 nuclei are successively bombarded by free neutrons inside

1612-551: A new frame church was built in 1910 for the congregation. In 1956, a granite block building was built at the corner of Gill Street and Shanly Road to replace the frame church. In 1959, the Holiness Movement Church became the Free Methodist Church after a church union. This church operated into the late 1990s; after its closure it was converted into apartments. In 1934, Cardinal became home to

1736-556: A new rectory and church office on site. As of 2024, this church is still in use. The Methodist congregation in Cardinal has been represented under a variety of names. The first Methodist churches were Episcopal Methodist and Wesleyan-Methodist churches, both constructed of stone. The Episcopal church was built on Dundas Street in 1851 and the Wesleyan-Methodist was located a mile west of the village on Highway 2. In 1883,

1860-431: A part of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal. Each hamlet usually had its own schoolhouse, cheese factory, and churches; many had their own general stores, burial grounds, as well as grist or saw mills. Brouseville, Ontario is a small rural hamlet located approximately 4 mi (6.4 km) north of Cardinal. The central location of the hamlet is the intersection of Brouseville Road and County Road 22 . Brouseville extends easterly to

1984-446: A period of time before an accidental fire destroyed the building. As the population increased and transportation improved, one and two-room schoolhouses were largely phased out in favour of larger, modern schools. In 1949, Cardinal became home to a modern public elementary school named Benson Public School in honour of a prominent village family. By 1959, four more classrooms were built. The school had its highest number of enrolment in

2108-514: A real metal. In this respect they resemble degenerate semiconductors . This explains why the electrical properties of semimetals are partway between those of metals and semiconductors . There are additional types, in particular Weyl and Dirac semimetals . The classic elemental semimetallic elements are arsenic , antimony , bismuth , α- tin (gray tin) and graphite . There are also chemical compounds , such as mercury telluride (HgTe), and some conductive polymers . Metallic elements up to

2232-407: A result of a neutron star merger, thereby increasing the abundance of elements heavier than helium in the interstellar medium . When gravitational attraction causes this matter to coalesce and collapse new stars and planets are formed . The Earth's crust is made of approximately 25% of metallic elements by weight, of which 80% are light metals such as sodium, magnesium, and aluminium. Despite

2356-483: A role as investments and a store of value . Palladium and platinum, as of summer 2024, were valued at slightly less than half the price of gold, while silver is substantially less expensive. In electrochemistry, a valve metal is a metal which passes current in only one direction due to the formation of any insulating oxide later. There are many ceramic compounds which have metallic electrical conduction, but are not simple combinations of metallic elements. (They are not

2480-462: A saw and grist mill which the community subsequently grew around. In the early-1800s, Cardinal began to grow as a village as more settlers arrived and businesses began operations. Another sawmill and a general store were established. A large dock was built for a timber business, which shipped timber on rafts to Montreal . In 1843, the village's post office was erected. Before the Galop Canal

2604-411: A school to be built in each district, to teach mathematics, arithmetic, English and Latin. Finally, in the early 1800s, the government of Upper Canada passed The Common School Act of 1816, which allowed for a common school to be built in every district where at least 20 students would attend. It would then be the township's responsibility to divide itself into School Sections based upon the locations of

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2728-458: A ship carrying immigrants arrived in the area which had experienced a cholera epidemic on board; numerous immigrants were buried in the southern part of the cemetery in an unmarked area who died shortly after their arrival. In 1897, the cemetery was closed and relocated when the canal to the north of the cemetery was dug. Many of the bodies and stones from the old cemetery were relocated to the new cemetery, and many unmarked graves were discovered in

2852-484: A spire. In 1911, the church caught fire after being struck by lightning, and the spire was destroyed and replaced with the current tower. At the church's centennial in 1925 the building was renovated and given the name St. Andrew's Presbyterian. In 1967 the church in Mainsville amalgamated with St. Andrew's becoming St. Andrew's and St. James’ Presbyterian Church. An addition was added to the church in 1997. In 2017,

2976-677: A star that are heavier than helium . In this sense the first four "metals" collecting in stellar cores through nucleosynthesis are carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , and neon . A star fuses lighter atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, into heavier atoms over its lifetime. The metallicity of an astronomical object is the proportion of its matter made up of the heavier chemical elements. The strength and resilience of some metals has led to their frequent use in, for example, high-rise building and bridge construction , as well as most vehicles, many home appliances , tools, pipes, and railroad tracks. Precious metals were historically used as coinage , but in

3100-400: A star until they form cadmium-115 nuclei which are unstable and decay to form indium-115 (which is nearly stable, with a half-life 30 000 times the age of the universe). These nuclei capture neutrons and form indium-116, which is unstable, and decays to form tin-116, and so on. In contrast, there is no such path in the r-process. The s-process stops at bismuth due to the short half-lives of

3224-471: A temperature of absolute zero , which is a consequence of delocalized states at the Fermi energy. Many elements and compounds become metallic under high pressures, for example, iodine gradually becomes a metal at a pressure of between 40 and 170 thousand times atmospheric pressure . Sodium becomes a nonmetal at pressure of just under two million times atmospheric pressure, and at even higher pressures it

3348-457: Is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. These properties are all associated with having electrons available at the Fermi level , as against nonmetallic materials which do not. Metals are typically ductile (can be drawn into wires) and malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets). A metal may be

3472-403: Is a metal that is very resistant to heat and wear. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium as well as their alloys. They all have melting points above 2000 °C, and a high hardness at room temperature. Several compounds such as titanium nitride are also described as refractory metals. A white metal

3596-512: Is a village located in the township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal. Prior to being incorporated in 1878, the village was referred to by numerous names, including: Edwardsburgh, Point Cardinal, Munro's Point, Elgin, and Port Elgin. Situated along the Saint Lawrence River , between the towns of Iroquois to the east and Johnstown to the west, Cardinal has approximately one thousand residents. During the late 1700s, Hugh Munro acquired land at

3720-611: Is any of a range of white-colored alloys with relatively low melting points used mainly for decorative purposes. In Britain, the fine art trade uses the term "white metal" in auction catalogues to describe foreign silver items which do not carry British Assay Office marks, but which are nonetheless understood to be silver and are priced accordingly. A heavy metal is any relatively dense metal, either single element or multielement. Magnesium , aluminium and titanium alloys are light metals of significant commercial importance. Their densities of 1.7, 2.7 and 4.5 g/cm range from 19 to 56% of

3844-427: Is believed he was granted the land in present-day Cardinal as a result. The land at Cardinal had much potential in the 1700s due to the adjacent river and the construction of Ontario Highway 2 through the village in 1790. The river provided a means of transportation and power while the highway led to increased traffic to the area, as it was the primary route between Montreal and Kingston. By 1794, Munro had constructed

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3968-484: Is composed mostly of iron, is thought to be the source of Earth's protective magnetic field. The core lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. If it could be rearranged into a column having a 5 m (54 sq ft) footprint it would have a height of nearly 700 light years. The magnetic field shields the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind, and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away

4092-572: Is evidence that this and comparable behavior in transuranic elements is due to more complex relativistic and spin interactions which are not captured in simple models. All of the metallic alloys as well as conducting ceramics and polymers are metals by the same definition; for instance titanium nitride has delocalized states at the Fermi level. They have electrical conductivities similar to those of elemental metals. Liquid forms are also metallic conductors or electricity, for instance mercury . In normal conditions no gases are metallic conductors. However,

4216-422: Is expected to become a metal again. When discussing the periodic table and some chemical properties the term metal is often used to denote those elements which in pure form and at standard conditions are metals in the sense of electrical conduction mentioned above. The related term metallic may also be used for types of dopant atoms or alloying elements. In astronomy metal refers to all chemical elements in

4340-623: Is likely that the decapitated or otherwise brutalized remains are those of outside traders who threatened or attacked the Laurentian Archaic people. In 1673, the French , working with indigenous tribes from the area, built a storehouse on Old Breeches River, now known as Johnstown Creek. This storehouse was used to hold supplies en route to upriver trading posts such as Fort Frontenac (now, Kingston ) until 1758. In 1759, The French settlers built Fort de Lévis on Chimney Island, in

4464-606: Is located along Highway 2 and the Saint Lawrence River, between the Anglican cemetery and the Presbyterian and Methodist cemeteries. As of 2016, this cemetery is still in use. The Saint Lawrence river in Cardinal is home to two sunken ships which are popular dive sites for tourists and locals. Both shipwrecks are also visible from land, as the water is shallow enough that both ships are partially exposed above

4588-436: Is located on the northeast corner of John and Middle Street. The building was designed by James Dowsley, measuring 50 by 36 ft (15 by 11 m) and constructed of brick. In 1923, the church became a parish, and a rectory was purchased. The church has gone many renovations since its construction, most of which being repairs or modernizations. In 1992, the church purchased a nearby home and demolished it in order to construct

4712-548: Is no external voltage . When a voltage is applied some move a little faster in a given direction, some a little slower so there is a net drift velocity which leads to an electric current. This involves small changes in which wavefunctions the electrons are in, changing to those with the higher momenta. Quantum mechanics dictates that one can only have one electron in a given state, the Pauli exclusion principle . Therefore there have to be empty delocalized electron states (with

4836-474: Is not. In the context of metals, an alloy is a substance having metallic properties which is composed of two or more elements . Often at least one of these is a metallic element; the term "alloy" is sometimes used more generally as in silicon–germanium alloys. An alloy may have a variable or fixed composition. For example, gold and silver form an alloy in which the proportions of gold or silver can be varied; titanium and silicon form an alloy TiSi 2 in which

4960-575: Is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others. In fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature. Many other metals with different elements have more complicated structures, such as rock-salt structure in titanium nitride or perovskite (structure) in some nickelates. The electronic structure of metals means they are relatively good conductors of electricity . The electrons all have different momenta , which average to zero when there

5084-474: The Burgers vector of the dislocations are fairly small, which also means that the energy needed to produce one is small. In contrast, in an ionic compound like table salt the Burgers vectors are much larger and the energy to move a dislocation is far higher. Reversible elastic deformation in metals can be described well by Hooke's Law for the restoring forces, where the stress is linearly proportional to

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5208-582: The Episcopal Methodist Church , and the Free Methodist Church . The first Presbyterian church was constructed in 1826, slightly north of the site of the current Presbyterian church on Dundas Street. The Presbyterian congregation had existed for a year prior to the church's construction. The first church was a small, stone church with only one room. In 1877, the church was replaced by a larger brick building complete with

5332-546: The Plano people . Although no habitation sites have been discovered within the township boundaries, it is suggested that these cultures must have hunted in the Edwardsburgh/Cardinal area during this time. The Clovis arrows found within the region vary greatly, and reflect thousands of years of the Clovis people's progression and a changing environment. The earlier weapons were short dart-points, while two to three thousand years later,

5456-660: The United States arrived, fleeing the American Revolution . The first settlement of 166 settled in Royal Township #6 (subsequently renamed Edwardsburg) at Johnstown, named after Sir William Johnson , an Irish-born British Army official in the British empire. By 1789, the loyalists had built a town site in one-acre lots, with streets named after the family of George III . It remains so today, with

5580-415: The periodic table . If there are several, the most stable allotrope is considered. The situation changes with pressure: at extremely high pressures, all elements (and indeed all substances) are expected to metallize. Arsenic (As) has both a stable metallic allotrope and a metastable semiconducting allotrope at standard conditions. A similar situation affects carbon (C): graphite is metallic, but diamond

5704-539: The strain . A temperature change may lead to the movement of structural defects in the metal such as grain boundaries , point vacancies , line and screw dislocations , stacking faults and twins in both crystalline and non-crystalline metals. Internal slip , creep , and metal fatigue may also ensue. The atoms of simple metallic substances are often in one of three common crystal structures , namely body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close-packed (hcp). In bcc, each atom

5828-486: The vicinity of iron (in the periodic table) are largely made via stellar nucleosynthesis . In this process, lighter elements from hydrogen to silicon undergo successive fusion reactions inside stars, releasing light and heat and forming heavier elements with higher atomic numbers. Heavier elements are not usually formed this way since fusion reactions involving such nuclei would consume rather than release energy. Rather, they are largely synthesised (from elements with

5952-402: The Clovis people were mostly carving stone spear-points. This is indicative of an increase in larger game animals migrating into the area. There is little evidence of these cultures ever existing, as their footprint on the land was virtually invisible, and the population density during this period was very low. No human remains have survived from this time period making it impossible to determine

6076-572: The Common School education system in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal. By 1845, the superintendent for the Edwardsburgh district recorded 20 schools operating in the area with 755 children registered as students. In the 1850s, the township began to consider building separate schools in lieu of Common Schools, however these schools more expensive for the township to open due to a higher taxation on separate schools. When another Act went into effect in

6200-525: The Rangers were never able to gain a division title. Very often, in the 2000s, the Rangers were locked out of a playoff berth by their division opponents. In 2005, the Rangers finished 1st in their division with 70 points just to bail out in the first round of the playoffs. In 2006, the Rangers finished 2nd in the Rideau Division with 66 points and made it to the divisional final only to lose. In

6324-668: The Saint Lawrence River just off of Johnstown, between it and Ogdensburg. The purpose of this fort was to protect the Saint Lawrence River from the British. It was captured by Major-General Jeffrey Amherst in August 1760 during the Battle of the Thousand Islands . The island on which the fort once stood was permanently flooded during the construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway . In 1784, British loyalists from

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6448-647: The South Nation River through this area is described as very sluggish with poor drainage, due to the fact there is little drop in elevation along the river; this leads to the formation of bogs and swamps, and also makes the area prone to seasonal flooding. The north-west section of the township is known as the Groveton Bog, and to the east is known as the Hellgate Swamp. The soils in the area range from sandy and dry, to dark and acidic closer to

6572-582: The United Counties in the 19th century . The Township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal was formed on January 1, 2001, through the amalgamation of Edwardsburgh Township with the Village of Cardinal. It is a historical community with many old homes and buildings; including one-room school houses, grist mills, and churches. It is situated along the Saint Lawrence Seaway /River and extends back into rural hamlets. Both Highway 416 and Highway 401 pass through

6696-483: The addition of chromium , nickel , and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless steels with enhanced corrosion resistance. Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminum , titanium , copper , and magnesium . Copper alloys have been known since prehistory— bronze gave the Bronze Age its name—and have many applications today, most importantly in electrical wiring. The alloys of

6820-599: The air to form oxides over various timescales ( potassium burns in seconds while iron rusts over years) which depend upon whether the native oxide forms a passivation layer that acts as a diffusion barrier . Some others, like palladium , platinum , and gold , do not react with the atmosphere at all; gold can form compounds where it gains an electron (aurides, e.g. caesium auride ). The oxides of elemental metals are often basic . However, oxides with very high oxidation states such as CrO 3 , Mn 2 O 7 , and OsO 4 often have strictly acidic reactions; and oxides of

6944-418: The area presently contain numerous types of deciduous , oak , birch , ash and maple trees. The common coniferous trees in the area include many types of pine and cedar as well as balsam fir and white spruce . In the darker, acidic soils around the bogs and swamps there are tamarack trees , as well as juniper and black spruce . Wild grape, Virginia creeper , and other woody vines are native to

7068-511: The area. According to archaeologists, the earliest human activity in the area surrounding Edwardsburgh/Cardinal can be traced back to approximately 11,000 years ago, after the retreat of a glacier first made the land inhabitable; this era is known as the Paleo-Indian period. Numerous stone arrowheads have been excavated within the region and can be traced to the Clovis people , as well as

7192-475: The bones. These excavations also suggested that the Laurentian Archaic people were a ritualized culture as some of their dead were sprinkled with red ochre and a wide range of goods, which also presumably represented status within the culture. Some of the goods and artifacts found buried alongside the Laurentians were not native to the area, meaning they must have traded goods frequently with other people. It

7316-455: The building was deemed unsafe and was replaced at a new location, the corner of John and New Street. The old church was demolished, and the stones were used to erect a stone cairn on the site which it once stood. The new brick church was built with a parish hall. In 1958, an addition was added to the hall. As of 2024, this church is still in use. The Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church was built in 1875 on land donated by G.W. Benson. The church

7440-619: The canal. Some parts of the canal reached 243 m (797 ft) in length and were the longest in Canada at the time. In the 1950s the Saint Lawrence Seaway was created and new locks were built in Iroquois for large, ocean-going ships. Present day, Galop Canal is a popular location amongst locals for swimming and picnics, as well as diving. The wreck of Weehawk is located in Lock 27 at Galop Canal; divers are able to view this site and drift with

7564-455: The cemetery vault was presented to the Anglican church by W.T. Benson, with an agreement that any revenue coming from the vault be used to benefit the church or cemetery. The vault was used by all Cardinal's congregations. The Anglican Cemetery is still in use as of 2016. The Roman Catholic cemetery, known as Sacred Heart Cemetery, was erected in 1892. Prior to this, Roman Catholics were buried in nearby Prescott or Dixon's Corners. The cemetery

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7688-568: The centre of the lot. After the 1920s, the Methodist Cemetery became known as the United Church Cemetery. These cemeteries are both still in use. The Anglican Cemetery was established in 1827, upon the construction of the former Anglican church on Highway 2 along the Saint Lawrence River. In the mid-1880s, some of the bodies from the aforementioned cholera epidemic were buried behind the cemetery's vault. In 1891,

7812-400: The church closed operations in Cardinal and joined up with Knox Presbyterian Church in Iroquois, Ontario. The first St. Paul's Anglican Church building was located along Highway 2, east of the village. The stone church was constructed around 1827 and was then known as St. Paul's Edwardsburgh. The land surrounding the church became a designated cemetery shortly following construction. In 1872,

7936-455: The congregated pupils. The Act distributed grants of £25 to schools that met the requirements to pay for a teacher's salary. Although this Act showed promise for the township, the Act did not supply funds for building materials or labour for schools to be built, thus few schools managed to be established early on. In the 1840s, further school related Acts were passed that led to vast improvement of

8060-522: The culture housed or sheltered themselves. Although their diet consisted of mostly fish and plants, the Laurentians were also big game hunters of deer, elk, and even bear. In contrast to their ancestors who used rough, chipped stone tools, the Laurentians are known to have used polished stone tools for hunting and woodworking. Excavations of human remains revealed they were a violent culture; humans remains from this period have been found to be decapitated, have skull fractures or stone projectiles embedded into

8184-527: The current of the Saint Lawrence River to the nearby Conestoga dive site. The township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal is dotted with many old, rural hamlets and communities, most of which date back to the early 1800s. Most of these hamlets are tiny and only ever had a few farms and less than twenty businesses. The communities of Brouseville, New Wexford, Crystal Rock, Ventnor, Hyndman, Mainsville, Groveton, Campbell's Corners, McCarley's Corners, The Island, McReynolds, Pittston, Van Allens, Glen Smail and Shanly are all

8308-406: The densities of other structural metals, such as iron (7.9) and copper (8.9) and their alloys. The term base metal refers to a metal that is easily oxidized or corroded , such as reacting easily with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form a metal chloride and hydrogen . The term is normally used for the elements, and examples include iron, nickel , lead , and zinc. Copper is considered

8432-495: The detailed structure of the metal's ion lattice. Taking into account the positive potential caused by the arrangement of the ion cores enables consideration of the electronic band structure and binding energy of a metal. Various models are applicable, the simplest being the nearly free electron model . Modern methods such as density functional theory are typically used. The elements which form metals usually form cations through electron loss. Most will react with oxygen in

8556-587: The development system for the Pembroke Lumber Kings of the CCHL . Cardinal, Ontario Edwardsburgh/Cardinal is a township in the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville of eastern Ontario , Canada. Edwardsburgh township was first surveyed in 1783, and incorporated in 1850. The township was part of the historical Grenville County before it merged with Leeds County to form

8680-483: The east are four cemeteries sitting on lots next to one another; these cemeteries are Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist and Presbyterian. The other two cemeteries are the old Presbyterian and Methodist cemeteries, located behind the Presbyterian Church within the village. The old Presbyterian Cemetery located within the village was established in 1827 and was also used by Methodists. In the mid-1880s,

8804-456: The elements from fermium (Fm) onwards are shown in gray because they are extremely radioactive and have never been produced in bulk. Theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that these uninvestigated elements should be metals, except for oganesson (Og) which DFT calculations indicate would be a semiconductor. Metallic Network covalent Molecular covalent Single atoms Unknown Background color shows bonding of simple substances in

8928-573: The exception of one street. The drawing of lots in Edwardsburgh was unusual in that every loyalist head-of-household drew from a hat, giving one and all an equal chance at receiving the most desirable piece of land, close to the river at the front of the settlement. In the late 1700s, most of the Loyalists upon their arrival to the area were farmers, and did not see formal education as a valuable or important thing. In 1787, three years after their arrival, more privileged Loyalists began to petition for

9052-433: The f-block elements. They have a strong affinity for oxygen and mostly exist as relatively low-density silicate minerals. Chalcophile elements are mainly the less reactive d-block elements, and the period 4–6 p-block metals. They are usually found in (insoluble) sulfide minerals. Being denser than the lithophiles, hence sinking lower into the crust at the time of its solidification, the chalcophiles tend to be less abundant than

9176-420: The first known appearance of bronze in the fifth millennium BCE. Subsequent developments include the production of early forms of steel; the discovery of sodium —the first light metal —in 1809; the rise of modern alloy steels ; and, since the end of World War II, the development of more sophisticated alloys. Most metals are shiny and lustrous , at least when polished, or fractured. Sheets of metal thicker than

9300-455: The first schools were replaced by a two-room brick structure along Dundas Street, called Dundas Street Public School. As enrolment increased, a frame building was constructed 50 ft (15 m) west of the brick school to house the younger children. This school served as both an elementary and continuation school until 1911, when a separate continuation school was erected due to overcrowding. The first continuation school opened in 1911, and

9424-724: The higher momenta) available at the highest occupied energies as sketched in the Figure. In a semiconductor like silicon or a nonmetal like strontium titanate there is an energy gap between the highest filled states of the electrons and the lowest unfilled, so no accessible states with slightly higher momenta. Consequently, semiconductors and nonmetals are poor conductors, although they can carry some current when doped with elements that introduce additional partially occupied energy states at higher temperatures. The elemental metals have electrical conductivity values of from 6.9 × 10 S /cm for manganese to 6.3 × 10 S/cm for silver . In contrast,

9548-621: The hull of SS Ralph T. Holcomb lies in the old canal bank. This ship was purchased by the Canada Starch Company for hauling coal sometime in the early 1900s before it was sunk. Fleur Marie was built in Quebec in 1850 and was later left abandoned at the docks in Prescott. The abandoned ship was considered an eyesore amongst locals and eventually caught fire, leading to the ship to be scuttled in 50 ft (15 m) of water off

9672-436: The known examples of half-metals are oxides , sulfides , or Heusler alloys . A semimetal is a material with a small energy overlap between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band , but they do not overlap in momentum space . Unlike a regular metal, semimetals have charge carriers of both types (holes and electrons), although the charge carriers typically occur in much smaller numbers than in

9796-613: The late 1700s. Many unfortunate events in Munro's life led to his settlement in Cardinal. After the death of his Major, Munro was held responsible for large debts incurred by supplying the soldiers with necessities. After joining the Loyalists , Munro was injured in the American Revolutionary War and saddled with more debt after supplying troops out of pocket. Munro petitioned the government for compensation, and it

9920-495: The late 1960s with 400 pupils attending. Benson Public School closed in 2017.and sits abandoned to date As of 2016, Cardinal is home to five active churches: a Presbyterian , United , Anglican , Roman Catholic and Pentecostal Church . Three other churches were once located in the village throughout its history, all of which were Methodist churches . These churches were the Wesleyan-Methodist Church ,

10044-421: The late-1800s, the community prospered further, as more businesses opened and the population steadily increased. In 1871, the population had reached 300. By the 1870s, the village was home to an additional three general stores, a machinist, a milliner, two blacksmiths, eight tradesmen, five churches, a carriage shop, a doctor and a telegraph operator in addition to its original businesses and tradespeople. In 1878,

10168-482: The less electropositive metals such as BeO, Al 2 O 3 , and PbO, can display both basic and acidic properties. The latter are termed amphoteric oxides. The elements that form exclusively metallic structures under ordinary conditions are shown in yellow on the periodic table below. The remaining elements either form covalent network structures (light blue), molecular covalent structures (dark blue), or remain as single atoms (violet). Astatine (At), francium (Fr), and

10292-408: The lithophiles. On the other hand, gold is a siderophile, or iron-loving element. It does not readily form compounds with either oxygen or sulfur. At the time of the Earth's formation, and as the most noble (inert) of metallic elements, gold sank into the core due to its tendency to form high-density metallic alloys. Consequently, it is relatively rare. Some other (less) noble ones—molybdenum, rhenium,

10416-407: The metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron ( steel , stainless steel , cast iron , tool steel , alloy steel ) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low-, mid-, and high-carbon steels, with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness. The addition of silicon will produce cast irons, while

10540-444: The mid-1850s, the common and separate schools levelled in price, as the double taxation on separate schools ended. This led to the first separate school being erected in 1855. In total, about 28 single-room separate schools were registered in the township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal. The separate schools were phased out after bigger, newer schools were built in the larger villages and pupils started being transported there instead. Many of

10664-412: The modern era, coinage metals have extended to at least 23 of the chemical elements. There is also extensive use of multi-element metals such as titanium nitride or degenerate semiconductors in the semiconductor industry. The history of refined metals is thought to begin with the use of copper about 11,000 years ago. Gold, silver, iron (as meteoric iron), lead, and brass were likewise in use before

10788-401: The next two elements, polonium and astatine, which decay to bismuth or lead. The r-process is so fast it can skip this zone of instability and go on to create heavier elements such as thorium and uranium. Metals condense in planets as a result of stellar evolution and destruction processes. Stars lose much of their mass when it is ejected late in their lifetimes, and sometimes thereafter as

10912-493: The nitrogen. However, unlike most elemental metals, ceramic metals are often not particularly ductile. Their uses are widespread, for instance titanium nitride finds use in orthopedic devices and as a wear resistant coating. In many cases their utility depends upon there being effective deposition methods so they can be used as thin film coatings. There are many polymers which have metallic electrical conduction, typically associated with extended aromatic components such as in

11036-537: The north of the township is the township of North Grenville . The township covers an area of 312 km (120 sq mi). The township belongs to the Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence lowlands region. Despite the township's proximity to the Saint Lawrence River, only ten percent of the area's water drains into the Saint Lawrence, and ninety percent drains into the South Nation River. The flow of

11160-623: The older structural metals, like iron at 7.9 and copper at 8.9 g/cm . The most common lightweight metals are aluminium and magnesium alloys. Metals are typically malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without cleaving . The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding contributes to the ductility of most metallic solids, where the Peierls stress is relatively low allowing for dislocation motion, and there are also many combinations of planes and directions for plastic deformation . Due to their having close packed arrangements of atoms

11284-498: The option of attending a TR Leger School campus located in Prescott. In 2011 according to the National Household Survey, of 5,060 adults (persons over 25 years of age) in the township, 53.8% had obtained some form of post-secondary education; 13.8% having a university degree, and an additional 27.4% having a college diploma, and 12.5% having a trades certificate. 27.1% of the township's adult population reported

11408-572: The option of either South Grenville District High School in Prescott , or North Grenville District High School in Kemptville , both of which are located in close proximity to the township. For Catholic schools, students from Edwardsburgh/Cardinal may attend St. Mark Catholic School in Prescott or St. Mary-St. Cecilia Catholic School in Morrisburg; as these are the closest elementary schools to

11532-702: The other three metals have been developed relatively recently; due to their chemical reactivity they need electrolytic extraction processes. The alloys of aluminum, titanium, and magnesium are valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios; magnesium can also provide electromagnetic shielding . These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in aerospace and some automotive applications. Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines , may contain more than ten elements. Metals can be categorised by their composition, physical or chemical properties. Categories described in

11656-400: The overall scarcity of some heavier metals such as copper, they can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of mountain building, erosion, or other geological processes. Metallic elements are primarily found as lithophiles (rock-loving) or chalcophiles (ore-loving). Lithophile elements are mainly the s-block elements, the more reactive of the d-block elements, and

11780-657: The physical appearance of the cultures. The period following the Paleo-Indian Period was known as the Archaic Period . From 5000–1000 BCE the eastern Ontario region was dominated by the Laurentian Archaic people, who were direct descendants of the Plano people. This culture was far more sophisticated than its ancestors; a result of a warmer climate and the emergence of modern flora and fauna. Current archaeological findings cannot show us any evidence as to how

11904-420: The platinum group metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum), germanium, and tin—can be counted as siderophiles but only in terms of their primary occurrence in the Earth (core, mantle, and crust), rather the crust. These otherwise occur in the crust, in small quantities, chiefly as chalcophiles (less so in their native form). The rotating fluid outer core of the Earth's interior, which

12028-547: The polymers indicated in the Figure. The conduction of the aromatic regions is similar to that of graphite, so is highly directional. A half-metal is any substance that acts as a conductor to electrons of one spin orientation, but as an insulator or semiconductor to those of the opposite spin. They were first described in 1983, as an explanation for the electrical properties of manganese -based Heusler alloys . Although all half-metals are ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic ), most ferromagnets are not half-metals. Many of

12152-421: The process and also moved. A few graves still remain on site. The relocated Presbyterian and Methodist cemeteries are located east of the village of Cardinal along Highway 2 and the Saint Lawrence River. The Methodist and Presbyterian congregations split on the purchase of a lot of land to be used as two new cemeteries in 1897 when the old cemetery was closed. The cemeteries are divided by a gravel driveway down

12276-408: The ratio between thermal and electrical conductivities is proportional to temperature, with a proportionality constant that is roughly the same for all metals. The contribution of a metal's electrons to its heat capacity and thermal conductivity, and the electrical conductivity of the metal itself can be approximately calculated from the free electron model . However, this does not take into account

12400-415: The ratio of the two components is fixed (also known as an intermetallic compound ). Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle, or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals and other elements in alloys modifies the properties to produce desirable characteristics, for instance more ductile, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster. Of all

12524-416: The same as cermets which are composites of a non-conducting ceramic and a conducting metal.) One set, the transition metal nitrides has significant ionic character to the bonding, so can be classified as both ceramics and metals. They have partially filled states at the Fermi level so are good thermal and electrical conductors, and there is often significant charge transfer from the transition metal atoms to

12648-461: The ship's cargo was also salvaged, however the ship itself was flushed downstream from the locks where it eventually sank about 75 ft (23 m) from the shoreline. Conestoga rests at a depth of only 22–25 ft (6.7–7.6 m), with the top portion of the steeple engine protruding above the river. According to divers, the wooden portions of the Conestoga site are well preserved, however

12772-631: The shore of Windmill Point in 1883, where it still currently sits. Although Fleur Marie is associated with the area, it is actually located within American waters. The Galop Canal was opened in 1846 and was used until the 1950s. The canal allowed ships to bypass the rapids of the Saint Lawrence River near Cardinal and Iroquois. Construction began in 1844, and was done without machinery, but instead by use of hand tools such as axes, wheelbarrows, and shovels. The men worked for around 14 hours and were paid 50 cents each day. In 1897 new locks were built along

12896-655: The site which would later become Cardinal. Upon seeing the Galops rapids, Munro saw potential for water power, which could become profitable. According to General Simcoe's documents, by 1794 Munro had established a saw and grist mill on his property. By 1864, Cardinal's business concerns included the McLatchie foundry and the Canada Starch Works. The village of Cardinal was founded by Captain Hugh Munro in

13020-691: The structures are still standing and have been converted into private homes. The following is a list of some of these schools and their names: Currently, the township's schools belong to the Upper Canada District School Board . There are only two schools still operating within the township boundaries: South-Edwardsburgh Public School in Johnstown, and Centennial '67 Public School in Spencerville. Both of these schools are elementary schools; for high school, students have

13144-635: The subsections below include ferrous and non-ferrous metals; brittle metals and refractory metals ; white metals; heavy and light metals; base , noble , and precious metals as well as both metallic ceramics and polymers . The term "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word meaning "containing iron". This can include pure iron, such as wrought iron , or an alloy such as steel . Ferrous metals are often magnetic , but not exclusively. Non-ferrous metals and alloys lack appreciable amounts of iron. While nearly all elemental metals are malleable or ductile,

13268-766: The summer of 2013, the Rangers were renamed the Prescott Flyers . For the 2015–16 season the EOJHL became affiliated with the Central Canada Hockey League with a goal to establish a more linear advancement for players. The EOJHL became the Central Canada Hockey League Tier 2 (CCHL2). During the 2017 off-season the Flyers franchise was purchased by Dale McTavish and relocated to Cobden, Ontario, to serve as part of

13392-565: The swamp areas. The majority of the township is covered in only a very thin layer of soil, in spite of this, there are very few rock outcrops in the area. The only notable outcrop within the township is along the Saint Lawrence river in New Wexford. None of the bedrock in the township contains phosphates , metalliferous ores, mica or anything else of notable value; the sands in the area are also of little value as they are too silty and fine to be used as building material. There is, however,

13516-474: The term base metal is contrasted with precious metal , that is, those of high economic value. Most coins today are made of base metals with low intrinsic value ; in the past, coins frequently derived their value primarily from their precious metal content; gold , silver , platinum , and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code. Currently they have industrial uses such as platinum and palladium in catalytic converters , are used in jewellery and also

13640-415: The top portions of metal are badly ice-damaged and rusted, and are quickly deteriorating. Looters and "wreck-stripping" has apparently caused significant damage to the site, and a blade from Conestoga ' s 14 ft (4.3 m) propeller was broken off by a dynamite blast during a salvage attempt gone wrong. Weehawk was launched out of Camden, New Jersey , on December 12, 1926, where it operated as

13764-594: The township boundary, and Kain Road is considered to be the southern boundary of the community. Brouseville, formerly known as Bolton's Corners, was renamed in 1872 after Dr. William H. Brouse, a local travelling physician. Brouse took over the South Grenville seat in the 1872 federal election which prompted residents to change the name in his honour. Metal A metal (from Ancient Greek μέταλλον ( métallon )  'mine, quarry, metal')

13888-787: The township under the Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario . The closest Catholic high school to the township is St. Michael Catholic High School located in Kemptville. Elementary students also have the option of attending St. Lawrence Academy, located in Prescott, which is a private school that focuses on Christian values. The nearest post-secondary school to the township is the St. Lawrence College campus located in Brockville. For adult schools and continuing education, residents of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal have

14012-519: The township, as well as the South Nation River . The township's main population centres are Cardinal, Johnstown , and Spencerville . The township's administrative offices are located in Spencerville. Edwardsburgh/Cardinal's southern boundary is the Saint Lawrence River 's shore. To the west, the township ends at the boundary for Augusta Township and to the east is the neighbouring United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry . To

14136-511: The two Methodist congregations amalgamated, and a new church was needed to accommodate the new, larger congregation. Ten years later, in 1893, the church was constructed of red brick along Dundas Street. In 1925, the church became known as St. John's United Church after entering into a church union. This church is still in use. Some members of the Wesleyan-Methodist church became the Holiness Movement Church around 1900, and

14260-496: The upper atmosphere (including the ozone layer that limits the transmission of ultraviolet radiation). Metallic elements are often extracted from the Earth by mining ores that are rich sources of the requisite elements, such as bauxite . Ores are located by prospecting techniques, followed by the exploration and examination of deposits. Mineral sources are generally divided into surface mines , which are mined by excavation using heavy equipment, and subsurface mines . In some cases,

14384-447: The village was officially incorporated and renamed Cardinal. By 1895, the population of Cardinal had reached 1,000. New businesses at this time included a drug store, three barbers, a bakery, a jewellery shop, a cheese factory, a butcher shop, an undertaker and several others. The first public school in Cardinal, built around 1843, was a two-storey frame building originally standing at the corner of First and Henry Street. This school

14508-467: The water. Conestoga was an iron-clad, wooden steam freighter built in Cleveland in the 19th century, and launched on July 6, 1878. The ship was around 77 m (253 ft) in length with a speed of 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph). Conestoga was awaiting passage through lock 28 at the Galop Canal on May 22, 1922, when a fire broke out in the engine room. All passengers managed to escape and

14632-454: The welder from ever completing the deconstruction of both ships and the abandoned Weehawk eventually sank to the bottom of the canal. All that remains of the ship is half of its hull which is tipped over onto its side, with part of its skeleton sticking out above the water. Two less popular dive sites are also commonly associated with the Edwardsburgh/Cardinal township, SS Ralph T. Holcomb , and Fleur Marie . Apparently just east of Cardinal,

14756-595: Was about 20% higher, at 62.5%; the percentage of adults without post-secondary credentials was significantly lower than the percentage of seniors, with only 10.4% having not attained any certifications. The most common field of study in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal is business, management or marketing. In the year 2011, of the 2,720 residents aged 25 or older who had obtained a post-secondary education, 86.2% had attended school in Ontario, 9.6% had studied in another province or territory and 4.2% had studied outside Canada. Cardinal

14880-408: Was built shortly after the tracks were laid, called Edwardsburg Station. By 1851, the population had grown to around 120 individuals. Several businesses opened mid-century, including three more general stores, a blacksmith, a tailor, a gunsmith, two shoemakers, a cloth factory, a library, a carpentry shop and two inns. Additionally, this period was the beginning of the Canada Starch Company. During

15004-433: Was constructed in 1846, early settlers earned an income hauling boats through the rapids. Some residents relied on agriculture for their income, and maintained family farms. By the mid-19th century Cardinal began to develop further, as the Galop Canal had been fully constructed to allow easy passage through the rapids and a Grand Trunk Railway line was laid through the community, connecting it with Toronto. A train station

15128-460: Was later moved to the corner of New and James Street. Although it is unclear when the school closed, the building was used by the Canada Starch Company as a storehouse before becoming a duplex in 1891, as it remains in 2016. During the mid-1800s, there were two additional one-room log schoolhouses operating in Cardinal, one at the west end of the village and one about a mile east of the village. The exact years of their operation are unknown. In 1872,

15252-405: Was located on First Street. The building was a stable which was renovated into a school. This structure served as the continuation school until 1921, when a home once belonging to the prominent Benson family was sold and turned over to the school board. The school was known as Cardinal High School, and operated into the early 1950s. After its closure, the school was left boarded up and abandoned for

15376-496: Was the site of an apple orchard which the congregation tended to; the apples were sold to raise money for the church's construction. The church, originally known as the Philadelphia Pentecostal Tabernacle, now known as Cardinal Community Church is still in operation as of 2024. Cardinal is home to a total of six denominational cemeteries, two of which are no longer in use. Outside the village to

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