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47-602: The South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference ( SDIC ) was an NAIA -associated collegiate athletic conference that ceased operations following the 1999–2000 academic school year when it merged with the North Dakota College Athletic Conference to form the Dakota Athletic Conference . The SDIAC was formed in 1917 from twelve schools, though membership was down to five during World War II, as the religious schools formed

94-423: A transgender man can preserve his fertility potential. Some online scammers have been targeting trans consumers with products that do not contain any hormones or contain ones that are opposite of what is advertised. This can happen when legislations outlaw or restrict access to treatments by legitimate medical professionals. Many providers use informed consent , whereby someone seeking hormone therapy can sign

141-408: A "fully reversible" intervention. Delaying puberty allows individuals more time to explore their gender identity before deciding on more permanent interventions and prevents the physical changes associated with puberty. The preferred puberty-suppressing agent for both individuals assigned male at birth and individuals assigned female at birth is a GnRH Analogue. This approach temporarily shuts down

188-427: A licensed health care provider and others obtain and self-administer hormones . The formal requirements to begin gender-affirming hormone therapy vary widely depending on geographic location and specific institution. Gender-affirming hormones can be prescribed by a wide range of medical providers including, but not limited to, primary care physicians, endocrinologists, and gynecologists. Requirements generally include

235-511: A minimum age; according to the Endocrine Society , there has been little research on taking cross-sex hormones before the age of about 14. Historically, many health centers required a psychiatric evaluation and/or a letter from a therapist before beginning therapy. Many centers now use an informed consent model that does not require any routine formal psychiatric evaluation but instead focuses on reducing barriers to care by ensuring

282-550: A part of any of these conferences play in the Continental Athletic Conference , formerly the Association of Independent Institutions. *- Denotes that the conference sponsors football. †- Denotes a football-only conference. Transgender hormone therapy Gender-affirming hormone therapy ( GAHT ), also called hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) or transgender hormone therapy ,

329-532: A person can understand the risks, benefits, alternatives, unknowns, limitations, and risks of no treatment. Some LGBT health organizations (notably Chicago's Howard Brown Health Center and Planned Parenthood ) advocate for this type of informed consent model. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care, 7th edition, note that both of these approaches to care are appropriate. Many international guidelines and institutions require persistent, well-documented gender dysphoria as

376-559: A person's gender dysphoria is critical when considering medical intervention for gender nonconformity. For transgender youth, the Dutch protocol existed as among the earlier guidelines for hormone therapy by delaying puberty until age 16. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and the Endocrine Society later formulated guidelines that created a foundation for health care providers to care for transgender patients. UCSF guidelines are also sometimes used. There

423-475: A pre-requisite to starting gender-affirmation therapy. Gender dysphoria refers to the psychological discomfort or distress that an individual can experience if their sex assigned at birth is incongruent with that person's gender identity. Signs of gender dysphoria can include comorbid mental health stressors such as depression , anxiety, low self-esteem , and social isolation . Not all gender nonconforming individuals experience gender dysphoria, and measuring

470-467: A qualified medical professional. There are potential risks with hormone treatment that will be monitored through screenings and lab tests such as blood count (hemoglobin), kidney and liver function, blood sugar, potassium, and cholesterol. Taking more medication than directed may lead to health problems such as increased risk of cancer, heart attack from thickening of the blood, blood clots, and elevated cholesterol. Hormone therapy has been shown to improve

517-499: A series of do-it-yourself home improvement videos, became the first college student-athlete known to have profited from an endorsement under the current rules. The NAIA sponsors 16 sports in which it conducts 28 annual championships (13 for men, 13 for women, 2 co-ed). The NAIA recognizes three levels of competitions: "emerging" (15 or more institutions sponsoring as varsity and declared), "invitational" (25 or more institutions sponsoring as varsity and declared for postseason, Approval of

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564-614: A statement of informed consent and begin treatment without much gatekeeping. For other providers, eligibility is determined using major diagnostic tools such as ICD-11 or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to classify a patient with gender dysphoria . The Endocrine Society requires physicians that diagnose gender dysphoria and gender incongruence to be trained in psychiatric disorders with competency in ICD-11 and DSM-5. The healthcare provider should also obtain

611-430: A thorough assessment of the patient's mental health and identify potential psychosocial factors that can affect therapy. The WPATH Standards of Care, most recently published in 2022, outlines a series of guidelines which should be met before a patient should be allowed gender-affirming hormone therapy: The WPATH standards of care distinguish between gender-affirming hormone therapy, and hormone replacement therapy, with

658-465: A transgender individual choose to undergo gender-affirming surgery , their fertility potential is lost completely. Before starting any treatment, individuals may consider fertility issues and fertility preservation . Options include semen cryopreservation , oocyte cryopreservation , and ovarian tissue cryopreservation . A study presented at ENDO 2019 (the Endocrine Society 's conference) shows that even after one year of treatment with testosterone,

705-705: A women's division in the spring of 1975 and held the first women's national championship volleyball tournament that fall. In 1997, Liz Heaston became the first female college athlete to play and score in a college football game when she kicked two extra points during the 1997 Linfield vs. Willamette football game . Launched in 2000 by the NAIA, the Champions of Character program promotes character and sportsmanship through athletics. The Champions of Character conducts clinics and has developed an online training course to educate athletes, coaches, and athletic administrators with

752-622: Is a form of hormone therapy in which sex hormones and other hormonal medications are administered to transgender or gender nonconforming individuals for the purpose of more closely aligning their secondary sexual characteristics with their gender identity . This form of hormone therapy is given as one of two types, based on whether the goal of treatment is masculinization or feminization : Eligibility for GAHT may require an assessment for gender dysphoria or persistent gender incongruence; or many medical institutions now use an informed consent model, which ensures patients are informed of

799-734: Is a form of "gatekeeping", effectively barring individuals from transitioning for as long as possible, if not permanently. In September 2022, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC) Version 8 were released and removed the requirement of RLE for all gender-affirming treatments, including gender-affirming surgery. Some transgender people choose to self-administer hormone replacement medications, often because doctors have too little experience in this area, or because no doctor

846-431: Is available. Others self-administer because their doctor will not prescribe hormones without an approval letter from a psychotherapist. Many therapists require extended periods of continuous psychotherapy and/or real-life experience before they will write such a letter. Because many individuals must pay for evaluation and care out-of-pocket , costs can be prohibitive. Access to medication can be poor even where health care

893-570: Is combined with an antiandrogen to suppress and block testosterone. This allows for demasculinization and promotion of feminization and breast development . Estrogens are administered in various modalities including injection, transdermal patch, and oral tablets. The desired effects of feminizing hormone therapy focus on the development of feminine secondary sex characteristics . These desired effects include: breast tissue development, redistribution of body fat, decreased body hair, reduction of muscle mass, and more. The table below summarizes some of

940-544: Is no generally agreed-upon set of guidelines, however. Adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria may opt to undergo puberty-suppressing hormone therapy at the onset of puberty. The Standards of Care set forth by WPATH recommend individuals pursuing puberty-suppressing hormone therapy wait until at least experiencing Tanner Stage 2 pubertal development. Tanner Stage 2 is defined by the appearance of scant pubic hair, breast bud development, and/or slight testicular growth. WPATH classifies puberty-suppressing hormone therapy as

987-555: Is patient-specific, depending on the patient's rate of metabolism , and is discussed with the physician. The most commonly prescribed methods are intramuscular and subcutaneous injections . This dosing can be daily, weekly or biweekly depending on the route of administration and the individual patient. Unlike feminizing hormone therapy, individuals undergoing masculinizing hormone therapy do not usually require additional hormone suppression such as estrogen suppression. Therapeutic doses of testosterone are usually sufficient to inhibit

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1034-511: Is provided free. In a patient survey conducted by the United Kingdom 's National Health Service in 2008, 5% of respondents acknowledged resorting to self-medication, and 46% were dissatisfied with the amount of time it took to receive hormone therapy. The report concluded in part: "The NHS must provide a service that is easy to access so that vulnerable patients do not feel forced to turn to DIY remedies such as buying drugs online with all

1081-751: The Chuck Taylor Most Valuable Player award since 1939, as well as the Charles Stevenson Hustle Award ("Charlie Hustle"), which was the basis for Pete Rose 's nickname, given to him by Whitey Ford . From 1992 to 2020, basketball was the only NAIA sport in which the organization's member institutions were aligned into divisions. Effective with the 2020–21 academic year, the NAIA returned to a single division for both men's and women's basketball. The NAIA has 21 member conferences, including 9 that sponsor football. Member institutions that are not

1128-835: The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis , which is responsible for the production of hormones (estrogen, testosterone) that cause the development of secondary sexual characteristics in puberty. Feminizing hormone therapy is typically used by transgender women, who desire the development of feminine secondary sex characteristics . Individuals who identify as non-binary may also opt-in for feminizing hormone treatment to better align their body with their desired gender expression. Feminizing hormone therapy usually includes medication to suppress testosterone production and induce feminization . Types of medications include estrogens , antiandrogens (testosterone blockers), and progestogens . Most commonly, an estrogen

1175-517: The feminizing hormone therapy page. The Standards of Care published by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) summarize many of the risks associated with masculinizing hormone therapy (outlined below). For more in-depth information on the safety profile of testosterone-based masculinizing hormone therapy visit the masculinizing hormone therapy page. GAHT may limit fertility potential. Should

1222-588: The 2023–24 season, it had 241 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the continental United States , with over 83,000 student-athletes participating. The NAIA, whose headquarters is in Kansas City, Missouri , sponsors 28 national championships. CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV, serves as the national media outlet for

1269-572: The NAIA was split into two divisions in 1970, based on enrollment (Divisions I and II); it was consolidated back into a single division in 1997. The 1948 NAIB national tournament was the first intercollegiate postseason to feature a Black student-athlete, Clarence Walker of Indiana State under coach John Wooden . Wooden had withdrawn from the 1947 tournament because the NAIB would not allow Walker to play. The association furthered its commitment to African-American athletes when, in 1953, it became

1316-576: The NAIA, in partnership with the National Football League (NFL), announced the addition of flag football as a varsity sport for female student-athletes. The NAIA became the first collegiate governing body to sanction the sport at the varsity level. Women's flag began during the 2021 season as an emerging sport with about 15 teams. Name, image, and likeness reform — In October 2020, the NAIA passed legislation that allows student-athletes at its member institutions to be compensated for

1363-527: The NAIA. In 2014, ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship . In 1937, James Naismith and local leaders, including George Goldman and Emil Liston, staged the first National College Basketball Tournament at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri , of which Goldman was director, one year before the first National Invitation Tournament and two years before the first NCAA tournament . The goal of

1410-516: The National Administrative Council), and "championship" (40 or more institutions sponsoring as varsity, Minimum of two Invitationals held, Approval of the National Administrative Council). The association conducts, or has conducted in the past, championship tournaments in the following sports (year established). The NAIA men's basketball championship is the longest-running collegiate national championship of any sport in

1457-738: The South Dakota College Conference (later Dakota-Iowa Conference). Those schools joined back in by 1948. From 1995 to 2000 seasons, the league was known as the South Dakota-Iowa Intercollegiate Conference , thanks to the addition of Dordt and Westmar colleges in Iowa. Westmar closed in 1997. The SDIIC split in 2000, with half of the schools heading to the DAC (Black Hills State, Dakota State, Si-Tanka Huron, and South Dakota Mines), while

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1504-597: The United States. The tournament was the brainchild of Dr. James Naismith , creator of the game of basketball; Emil Liston , athletic director at Baker University ; and Frank Cramer, founder of Cramer Athletic Products. The event began in 1937 with the inaugural tournament at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The 2017 men's championship marked the 80th edition of what has been tabbed College Basketball's Toughest Tournament. The tournament has awarded

1551-461: The effects of feminizing hormone therapy in transgender women: Masculinizing hormone therapy is typically used by transgender men, who desire the development of masculine secondary sex characteristics. Masculinizing hormone therapy usually includes testosterone to produce masculinization and suppress the production of estrogen . Treatment options include oral , subcutaneous injections or implant , and transdermal ( patches , gels ). Dosing

1598-402: The endeavor. The evaluation additionally involves, if possible, meetings with family members and/or other individuals close to the patient. Patients may be denied care for any number of "psychosocial dimensions", including their choice of job or their marital status. Transgender and gender non-conforming activists, such as Kate Bornstein , have asserted that RLE is psychologically harmful and

1645-430: The exception of cheerleading and dance. The NAIA began sponsoring intercollegiate championships for women in 1980 , the second coed national athletics association to do so, offering collegiate athletics championships to women in basketball, cross country, gymnastics, indoor and outdoor track and field, softball, swimming and diving, tennis and volleyball. The National Junior College Athletic Association had established

1692-479: The first association to admit colleges and universities from outside the United States. The NAIA began admitting Canadian members in 1967. Football – The NAIA was the first association to send a football team to Europe to play. In the summer of 1976, the NAIA sent Henderson State and Texas A&I to play 5 exhibition games in West Berlin, Vienna, Nuremberg, Mannheim and Paris. Flag football – In May 2020,

1739-585: The first collegiate association to invite historically black colleges and universities into its membership. In 1957, Tennessee A&I (now Tennessee State) became the first historically Black institution to win a collegiate basketball national championship. In 1959, Southern University became the first HBCU to win the NAIA Baseball championship. In 2024, NAIA instituted a ban on those transgender men who have begun transgender hormone therapy and all transgender women from competing in women’s sports, with

1786-782: The latter referring to the replacement of endogenous hormones after a gonadectomy to prevent cardiovascular and musculoskeletal issues. Some organizations—but fewer than in the past—require that patients spend a certain period of time living in their desired gender role before starting hormone therapy. This period is sometimes called real-life experience (RLE). In Sweden, for instance, patients seeking to access gender affirming healthcare must first undergo extended evaluations with psychiatric professionals, during which they must—without any form of medical transition—successfully live for one full year as their desired gender in all professional, social, and personal matters. Gender clinics are recommended to provide patients with wigs and breast prostheses for

1833-731: The other half joined the Great Plains Athletic Conference (Dakota Wesleyan, Dordt, Mount Marty, and Sioux Falls). The following is a list of historic members: (*) Augustana, Dakota Wesleyan, Huron, Sioux Falls, and Yankton played in the SDCC/SDIC from 1940 to 1948. Sioux Falls and Yankton also left in 1960 to play in the Tri-State Conference . Sioux Falls returned in 1977 and Yankton returned in 1981. (*) Institution closed at this time National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics For

1880-451: The procedure process, including possible benefits and risks, while removing many of the historical barriers needed to start hormone therapy. Treatment guidelines for therapy have been developed by several medical associations. Non-binary people may also engage in hormone therapy in order to achieve a desired balance of sex hormones or to help align their bodies with their gender identities. Many transgender people obtain hormone therapy from

1927-456: The production of estrogen to desired physiologic levels. The desired effects of masculinizing hormone therapy focus on the development of masculine secondary sex characteristics . These desired effects include: increased muscle mass, development of facial hair, voice deepening, increase and thickening of body hair, and more. Hormone therapy for transgender individuals has been shown in medical literature to be generally safe, when supervised by

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1974-427: The psychosocial well-being among transgender individuals. It's been seen to lower levels of distress in transgender individuals. The Standards of Care published by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) summarize many of the risks associated with feminizing hormone therapy (outlined below). For more in-depth information on the safety profile of estrogen-based feminizing hormone therapy visit

2021-572: The risks that entails. Patients must be able to access professional help and advice so that they can make informed decisions about their care, whether they wish to take the NHS or private route without putting their health and indeed their lives in danger." Self-administration of cross-gender hormones without medical supervision may have untoward health effects and risks. A number of private companies have attempted to increase accessibility for hormone replacement medications and help transgender people navigate

2068-478: The skills necessary to promote character development in the context of sport. In 2010, the association opened the NAIA Eligibility Center, where prospective student-athletes are evaluated for academic and athletic eligibility. It delivers on the NAIA's promise of integrity by leveling the playing field, guiding student-athlete success, and ensuring fair competition. Membership – The NAIA was

2115-556: The tournament was to establish a forum for small colleges and universities to determine a national basketball champion. The original eight-team tournament expanded to 32 teams in 1938. On March 10, 1940, the National Association for Intercollegiate Basketball (NAIB) was formed in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1952 , the NAIB was transformed into the NAIA, and with that came the sponsorship of additional sports such as men's golf, tennis and outdoor track and field. Football in

2162-487: The use of their name, image, and likeness (NIL). According to an NAIA press release, student-athletes can now "receive compensation for promoting any commercial product, enterprise, or for any public or media appearance", and can also "reference their intercollegiate athletic participation in such promotions or appearances." The NAIA had allowed student-athletes to receive NIL compensation since 2014, but had not previously allowed them to reference their status as such. The NAIA

2209-499: Was several years ahead of the NCAA in NIL reform; the NCAA did not adopt NIL reform until 2021, after its hand was forced by multiple states passing legislation to allow student-athletes to receive such compensation, most notably California . In December 2020, Chloe Mitchell, a volleyball player at NAIA member Aquinas College who at the time had more than 2 million followers on TikTok with

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