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49-955: Alphacrucis University College ( AC , formerly Commonwealth Bible College and Southern Cross College ) is a tertiary Christian liberal arts college. In addition to being the largest self-accrediting Christian liberal arts College in Australia, it is the official training college of Australian Christian Churches , the Assemblies of God in Australia. The college has campuses in every state capital city in Australia, campuses in Auckland and in Finland, and registered sites of offer in other places. Its main campus in Parramatta , New South Wales , Australia. The college has programmes running in various colleges and churches around Australia. The college

98-829: A royal privilege from King Louis XIV on 8 August 1664 to establish the Journal des sçavans . The journal's first issue was published on 5 January 1665. It was aimed at people of letters , and had four main objectives: Soon after, the Royal Society established Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in March 1665, and the Académie des Sciences established the Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences in 1666, which focused on scientific communications. By

147-505: A free copy of the book from the journal in exchange for a timely review. Publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook and trade book review. An academic journal's prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline , some journals receive

196-678: A full degree is not required. Bible colleges differs from other theological institutions in their missionary perspective. In Europe, the first schools that could be classified in this category are St. Chris Theological Seminary (affiliated with Chris International) founded in 1840 by Christian Friedrich Sprit in Bettingen , Switzerland , and the Pastors' College (affiliated with the Baptist Union of Great Britain ) established in 1856 by Baptist Pastor Charles Spurgeon at London in

245-412: A high number of submissions and opt to restrict how many they publish, keeping the acceptance rate low. Size or prestige are not a guarantee of reliability. In the natural sciences and in the social sciences , the impact factor is an established proxy, measuring the number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal. There are other quantitative measures of prestige, such as

294-428: A journal article will be available for download in two formats: PDF and HTML, although other electronic file types are often supported for supplementary material. Articles are indexed in bibliographic databases as well as by search engines. E-journals allow new types of content to be included in journals, for example, video material, or the data sets on which research has been based. With the growth and development of

343-667: A new campus was obtained and refurbished at Katoomba, New South Wales in the former Palais Royale guesthouse. The facilities of the Illawara Bible College were later added to the campus. The college remained at Katoomba until 1995. In 1993 the name was changed, first to "Southern Cross Bible College" and then to "Southern Cross College of the Assemblies of God in Australia Ltd" (not to be confused with Southern Cross University ). From early 1996 to August 2011,

392-440: A number of the journals on this list, threatened to sue Beall in 2013 and Beall stopped publishing in 2017, citing pressure from his university. A US judge fined OMICS $ 50 million in 2019 stemming from an FTC lawsuit. Some academic journals use the registered report format, which aims to counteract issues such as data dredging and hypothesizing after the results are known. For example, Nature Human Behaviour has adopted

441-453: A print journal in structure: there is a table of contents which lists the articles, and many electronic journals still use a volume/issue model, although some titles now publish on a continuous basis. Online journal articles are a specialized form of electronic document : they have the purpose of providing material for academic research and study, and they are formatted approximately like journal articles in traditional printed journals. Often,

490-468: A profit. They often accept advertising, page and image charges from authors to pay for production costs. On the other hand, some journals are produced by commercial publishers who do make a profit by charging subscriptions to individuals and libraries. They may also sell all of their journals in discipline-specific collections or a variety of other packages. Journal editors tend to have other professional responsibilities, most often as teaching professors. In

539-472: A range of theology, ministry, business, leadership, and education degrees up to doctorate level, baccalaureate and postgraduate programs in counselling, and a Korean language programme. The college ethos is based on an evangelical Pentecostal /Charismatic orientation. In 2018, the college had an Equivalent Full Time Student Load of over 1000. "Commonwealth Bible College" commenced in 1948 in Melbourne at

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588-437: A study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field. Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the research books published by scholars; unlike articles, book reviews tend to be solicited. Journals typically have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editor's request for a book review, he or she generally receives

637-488: Is the brightest star in the Southern Cross, and it’s at the foot of the cross. […] We want our students to shine brightly at the foot of the cross". In September 2011, AC relocated its main campus to 30 Cowper Street, Parramatta , Sydney (formally opening it in March 2012); and also re-opened its Brisbane campus at the site of iSEE CHURCH – 308 Seventeen Mile Rocks Road, Seventeen Mile Rocks, Brisbane. In early 2014,

686-648: The SCImago Journal Rank , CiteScore , Eigenfactor , and Altmetrics . In the Anglo-American humanities , there is no tradition (as there is in the sciences) of giving impact-factors that could be used in establishing a journal's prestige. Recent moves have been made by the European Science Foundation (ESF) to change the situation, resulting in the publication of preliminary lists for the ranking of academic journals in

735-968: The United Kingdom . In the United States and Canada, the origins of the Bible college movement are in the late 19th-century Bible institute movement. The first Bible schools in North America were founded by Canadian Pastor A. B. Simpson ( Nyack College in 1882) of the Christian and Missionary Alliance , and D. L. Moody ( Moody Bible Institute in 1887). Many were established as a reaction against established theological colleges and seminaries , which conservatives believed were becoming increasingly liberal and undermining traditional Christian teachings, such as Biblical inerrancy . The American Bible college movement developed in reaction to

784-436: The quantitative social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed. The first academic journal was Journal des sçavans (January 1665), followed soon after by Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (March 1665), and Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences (1666). The first fully peer-reviewed journal

833-629: The AC Brisbane campus relocated to 35 Thompson Street, Bowen Hills, Brisbane – on the grounds of Hope Centre International. In 2016, it opened its own campus in Woolloongabba, to which it has since added campuses at Melville Street, Hobart, and in Melrose Park, Adelaide. In December 2017, the other official ACC College, Harvest Bible College, merged with Alphacrucis. Alphacrucis currently employs 180 staff in all. The college has set up

882-872: The Australasian Pentecostal Heritage Centre, founded by Denise A. Austin , which includes the largest online repository of historical Pentecostal journals in the Southern Hemisphere – including issues of the Australian Evangel back to 1927. AC also has a refereed journal , Australasian Pentecostal Studies . As of 2018, the college library had over 100,000 volumes, and extensive electronic collections. Bible college Bible colleges primarily offer undergraduate degrees, but may also offer graduate degrees, lower-level associate degrees, certificates or diplomas in specialized areas of Christian training where

931-616: The Richmond Temple under the Commonwealth Executive of the Assemblies of God in Australia. The Directors and Executive were Pastors P. Duncan (chairman), C. Enticknap (secretary-treasurer), C. Greenwod, W. Buchanan, A.T. Davidson, W. Enticknap, M. Armstrong, W. Akehurst and H. Davidson. The Principal was Rev. F.A. Sturgeon, who taught on Pentateuch, Theology, Life of Christ and Harmony of the Gospel. The college used

980-474: The Royal Society ), is to give researchers a venue to "impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge, and perfecting all Philosophical Arts, and Sciences." The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Scientific journals and journals of

1029-415: The United States the average salary for a full professor at a Bible institute was around $ 49,000 in 2012. The student-to-faculty ratio is around 13 students to one instructor. Refereed journal An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for

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1078-1107: The United States. In 1995, a campus of the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary in the United States was established at the Louisiana State Penitentiary following an invitation from the prison warden, Burl Cain. The school has contributed to a significant reduction in the rate of violence in the prison. In 2016, Cain founded the Prison Seminaries Foundation, an organization that has various member seminaries in American prisons. Bible colleges generally confer bachelor's degrees , most often in biblical studies and various divisions of Christian ministry , pastoral ministry and worship ministry or church music . Some Bible colleges offer degree programs in ministry-related areas that also have secular application, such as Christian education . Beyond

1127-636: The article produce reports upon the content, style, and other factors, which inform the editors' publication decisions. Though these reports are generally confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review . The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, or accept the article for publication. Even accepted articles are often subjected to further (sometimes considerable) editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take from several weeks to several months. Review articles, also called "reviews of progress", are checks on

1176-821: The author deposits a paper in a disciplinary or institutional repository where it can be searched for and read, or via publishing it in a free open access journal , which does not charge for subscriptions , being either subsidized or financed by a publication fee . Given the goal of sharing scientific research to speed advances, open access has affected science journals more than humanities journals. Commercial publishers are experimenting with open access models, but are trying to protect their subscription revenues. The much lower entry cost of on-line publishing has also raised concerns of an increase in publication of "junk" journals with lower publishing standards. These journals, often with names chosen as similar to well-established publications, solicit articles via e-mail and then charge

1225-474: The author to publish an article, often with no sign of actual review . Jeffrey Beall , a research librarian at the University of Colorado , has compiled a list of what he considers to be "potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"; the list numbered over 300 journals as of April 2013, but he estimates that there may be thousands. The OMICS Publishing Group , which publishes

1274-410: The case of the largest journals, there are paid staff assisting in the editing. The production of the journals is almost always done by publisher-paid staff. Humanities and social science academic journals are usually subsidized by universities or professional organization. The cost and value proposition of subscription to academic journals is being continuously re-assessed by institutions worldwide. In

1323-699: The college was at Chester Hill, New South Wales . For a period during this time, the college was associated with the Sydney College of Divinity . On 27 April 2009 at the Australian Christian Churches National Conference, Southern Cross College officially changed its name to Alphacrucis . The new name derives from the star that sits at the foot of the Southern Cross constellation named Alpha Crucis . The principal, Stephen Fogarty, says, "Alphacrucis

1372-612: The context of the big deal cancellations by several library systems in the world, data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals are used by libraries to estimate the specific cost and value of the various options: libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant open access via open archives like PubMed Central. The Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contents available online via services subscribed to by academic libraries . Individual articles are subject-indexed in databases such as Google Scholar . Some of

1421-470: The end of the 18th century, nearly 500 such periodicals had been published, the vast majority coming from Germany (304 periodicals), France (53), and England (34). Several of those publications, in particular the German journals, tended to be short-lived (under five years). A.J. Meadows has estimated the proliferation of journals to reach 10,000 journals in 1950, and 71,000 in 1987. Michael Mabe wrote that

1470-491: The estimates will vary depending on the definition of what exactly counts as a scholarly publication, but that the growth rate has been "remarkably consistent over time", with an average rate of 3.46% per year from 1800 to 2003. In 1733, Medical Essays and Observations was established by the Medical Society of Edinburgh as the first fully peer-reviewed journal. Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase

1519-434: The first megajournal . There are two kinds of article or paper submissions in academia : solicited, where an individual has been invited to submit work either through direct contact or through a general submissions call, and unsolicited, where an individual submits a work for potential publication without directly being asked to do so. Upon receipt of a submitted article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject

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1568-424: The humanities. These rankings have been severely criticized, notably by history and sociology of science British journals that have published a common editorial entitled "Journals under Threat". Though it did not prevent ESF and some national organizations from proposing journal rankings , it largely prevented their use as evaluation tools. In some disciplines such as knowledge management / intellectual capital ,

1617-705: The lack of a well-established journal ranking system is perceived by academics as "a major obstacle on the way to tenure, promotion and achievement recognition". Conversely, a significant number of scientists and organizations consider the pursuit of impact factor calculations as inimical to the goals of science, and have signed the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment to limit its use. Three categories of techniques have developed to assess journal quality and create journal rankings: Many academic journals are subsidized by universities or professional organizations, and do not exist to make

1666-636: The overall number of citations, how quickly articles are cited, and the average " half-life " of articles. Clarivate Analytics ' Journal Citation Reports , which among other features, computes an impact factor for academic journals, draws data for computation from the Science Citation Index Expanded (for natural science journals), and from the Social Sciences Citation Index (for social science journals). Several other metrics are also used, including

1715-456: The paper resulting from this peer-reviewed procedure will be published, regardless of the study outcomes." Some journals are born digital in that they are solely published on the web and in a digital format. Though most electronic journals originated as print journals, which subsequently evolved to have an electronic version, while still maintaining a print component, others eventually became electronic-only. An e-journal closely resembles

1764-577: The premises of Richmond Temple in the first year. The 40 students enrolled at CBC in 1948 called themselves the "Van Couriers 1948" or "First Messengers". They came to study from all over Australia. In 1949 the college moved to Brisbane, first to New Farm, and, in 1961, to a purpose-built campus on the Brisbane River which was destroyed in the 1974 Brisbane flood . After a year of temporary operation at Glad Tidings Tabernacle in Brisbane, 1949,

1813-456: The presentation, scrutiny, and discussion of research . They nearly universally require peer review for research articles or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields. Content usually takes the form of articles presenting original research , review articles , or book reviews . The purpose of an academic journal, according to Henry Oldenburg (the first editor of Philosophical Transactions of

1862-432: The quality and pertinence of submissions. Other important events in the history of academic journals include the establishment of Nature (1869) and Science (1880), the establishment of Postmodern Culture in 1990 as the first online-only journal , the foundation of arXiv in 1991 for the dissemination of preprints to be discussed prior to publication in a journal, and the establishment of PLOS One in 2006 as

1911-495: The registered report format, as it "shift[s] the emphasis from the results of research to the questions that guide the research and the methods used to answer them". The European Journal of Personality defines this format: "In a registered report, authors create a study proposal that includes theoretical and empirical background, research questions/hypotheses, and pilot data (if available). Upon submission, this proposal will then be reviewed prior to data collection, and if accepted,

1960-511: The research published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, and others do not publish review articles. Such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms; some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some reviews are enumerative , listing all significant articles in a given subject; others are selective, including only what they think worthwhile. Yet others are evaluative, judging

2009-521: The secularization of U.S. higher education. The "Bible institute/college movement" has been described as "a protest to the inroads of secularization in higher education and as a base for the education of lay workers and full-time Bible teachers, evangelists, and pastors". As one historian put it, "It is not a coincidence that the Bible institute movement grew up during the very period when the philosophy of naturalism became prevalent in American education". Between 1882 and 1920, 39 Bible schools were founded in

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2058-429: The smallest, most specialized journals are prepared in-house, by an academic department, and published only online – this has sometimes been in the blog format, though some, like the open access journal Internet Archaeology , use the medium to embed searchable datasets, 3D models, and interactive mapping. Currently, there is a movement in higher education encouraging open access, either via self archiving , whereby

2107-440: The state of progress in the subject field. Some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited or "peer-invited" submissions, often planned years in advance, which may themselves go through a peer-review process once received. They are typically relied upon by students beginning

2156-402: The submission outright or begin the process of peer review . In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by outside scholars of the editor's choosing who typically remain anonymous. The number of these peer reviewers (or "referees") varies according to each journal's editorial practice – typically, no fewer than two, though sometimes three or more, experts in the subject matter of

2205-569: The teachings and practices of their denomination. Many Bible colleges offer correspondence or online training. Many Bible colleges in the United States and Canada that offer intercollegiate athletic programs are members of the National Christian College Athletic Association or the Association of Christian College Athletics . The International Council for Evangelical Theological Education

2254-423: The undergraduate level, some others have established seminaries and graduate divisions. At some Bible colleges, associate's degrees , diplomas , or certificates are available. These programs are generally designed for laypersons (such as Sunday school teachers) who neither want nor need a bachelor's degree to perform their Christian service, but who desire additional training in such areas as Bible studies or

2303-545: Was Medical Essays and Observations (1733). The idea of a published journal with the purpose of "[letting] people know what is happening in the Republic of Letters " was first conceived by François Eudes de Mézeray in 1663. A publication titled Journal littéraire général was supposed to be published to fulfill that goal, but never was. Humanist scholar Denis de Sallo (under the pseudonym "Sieur de Hédouville") and printer Jean Cusson took Mazerai's idea, and obtained

2352-518: Was founded in 1948 with the vision of being a "Spirit-empowered, church-planting, missions-sending, outreach-focused, distinctly Australian college that would contribute its efforts towards changing the world". AC offers several courses in ministry, business, music, chaplaincy and counselling; accredited by the Australian Skills Quality Authority. It is also a self-accrediting higher education institution, that provides

2401-609: Was founded in 1980 by the Theological Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance . In 2015, it would have 1,000 member schools in 113 countries. Bible colleges are usually associated with evangelical , conservative , Christian fundamentalist denominations. Their primary purpose is to prepare people for roles in Christian ministry . The Bible-centered curriculum is typically supplemented by structured programs of Christian service. In

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