Augmentation of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is a method of improving the navigation system's attributes, such as precision, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process. There are many such systems in place, and they are generally named or described based on how the GNSS sensor receives the external information. Some systems transmit additional information about sources of error (such as clock drift , ephemeris , or ionospheric delay ), others provide direct measurements of how much the signal was off in the past, while a third group provides additional vehicle information to be integrated in the calculation process.
36-559: The Southern Positioning Augmentation Network ( SouthPAN ) is a joint initiative of the Australian and New Zealand Governments that provides satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) for Australia and New Zealand. On 26 September 2022, SouthPAN early Open Services became live, with safety-of-life certified SouthPAN services planned for 2028. SouthPAN is the first SBAS in the Southern Hemisphere. SouthPAN will implement
72-604: A 200 ft (61 m) decision height and can be upgraded to a 100 ft (30 m) Cat. 2 with real-time monitoring of ionospheric conditions through SBAS, while the more precise Cat. 3 SLS-5000 is waiting for compatible airliners. The first installations were approved in EWR in 2012 and Houston / IAH in 2013. The Port Authority recommends a GBAS for New York JFK and LaGuardia (LGA) to alleviate congestion. Newark and Houston GBAS were upgraded to Cat. 2, Seattle-Tacoma , San Francisco SFO , JFK and LGA are expected next. Among
108-582: A 50,000-square-metre (540,000 sq ft) cargo warehouse. Shanghai Pudong International Airport was officially opened to public on 1 October 1999. A second runway was opened on 17 March 2005, and construction of phase two (including a second terminal, a third runway and a cargo terminal) began in December 2005 and started operation on 26 March 2008, in time for the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics . In November 2011, Pudong Airport received approval from
144-413: A viewpoint shared by Delta Air Lines . Some ICAO members vetter GBAS Approach Service Types-D (GAST-D) supporting Cat. 2/3 approach and landing. There are stricter Safety requirements on GBAS systems relative to SBAS systems since GBAS is intended mainly for the landing phase where real-time accuracy and signal integrity control is critical, especially when weather deteriorates to the extent that there
180-836: A wave, and is slightly larger than Terminal 1. Terminal 2 also has more floor areas than Terminal 1. Terminal 2 is primarily used by Air China and other Star Alliance members. The gates for Terminal 2 are 50–98 (Note that gates 58–90 are used as both the C gates (used for domestic flights) and the D gates (used for international flights). The gates between gates 65–79 are only odd numbered (65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79). Gates 50–57 and gates 92–98 are used for domestic flights only. The remote gates for Terminal 2 are C219-C224 for domestic and D228-D232 for international. Construction on an additional satellite concourse facility that could accommodate further gates and terminal space started on 29 December 2015 and officially opened in September 2019. It
216-402: Is 1–12, 14–32 (linked with jetway), while the remote gates are 200–203, 251–258 (Domestic), 208–212, 213–216 (International). Terminal 2 was officially opened to the public on 26 March 2008 along with the third runway, making the entire airport capable of handling 60 million passengers and 4.2 million tons of cargo annually. Terminal 2 is shaped like Terminal 1, although it more closely resembles
252-505: Is a fast-growing hub for both passenger and cargo traffic. With 3,440,084 metric tons handled in 2024, the airport is the world's third-busiest airport by cargo traffic. Pudong Airport also served a total of 54,476,397 passengers in 2023, making it the second-busiest airport in China after Guangzhou Baiyun Airport , sixth-busiest in Asia , and the twenty-first-busiest in the world . It is also
288-573: Is no visibility (CAT-I/II/III conditions) for which SBAS is not intended or suitable. The US Nationwide Differential GPS System (NDGPS) was an augmentation system for users on U.S. land and waterways. It was replaced by NASA's Global Differential GPS (GDGPS) system, which supports a wide range of GNSS networks beyond GPS. The same GDGPS system underlies WAAS and A-GNSS implementation in the US. Ground stations may also be used to accumulate continuous GNSS observations to achieve post-hoc correction of data to
324-564: Is not in operation. Terminal 1 was opened to public and officially opened on 1 October 1999 along with a 4000-metre runway and a cargo hub. It was built to handle the demand for traffic and to relieve Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport 's traffic. The exterior of Terminal 1 is shaped like a seagull, and has 28 gates, 13 of which are double-decker gates. The capacity of Terminal 1 is 20 million passengers. It currently has 204 check-in counters, thirteen luggage conveying belts and covers an area of 280,000 square metres. The gates for Terminal 1
360-433: Is reportedly the largest express hub in Asia. Pudong Airport had two main passenger terminals , flanked on both sides by four operational parallel runways . A third passenger terminal was opened in 2021, in addition to a satellite terminal and two additional runways, which will raise its annual capacity from 60 million passengers to 80 million, along with the ability to handle six million tons of freight. Pudong Airport
396-727: Is standard on the Boeing 747-8, 787 and 777 while GLS Cat. 1 is optional on the 737NG/MAX and GLS Cat. 2/3 will be offered from 2020. Airbus offers GLS Cat. 1 with autoland on the A320, A330, A350 and A380. The FAA's NextGen promotes GBAS and GLS to increase airport capacity and to lower noise and weather delays. Boeing prefers FAA support than funding while the National Air Traffic Controllers Association argues rigid approaches will lower traffic management flexibility, losing throughput and capacity,
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#1732780880258432-451: Is the largest stand-alone satellite airport terminal buildings in the world at 622,000 square meters. This project will support 38 million passengers annually through 90 departure gates across two S1 and S2 concourses. Gates for domestic flights are labelled H, while the gates for international flights and flights to Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan are labelled G in both satellite concourses. Both S1 and S2 are connected together and are since
468-530: Is the main international airport serving Shanghai , the largest city by population in China , and a major aviation hub of East Asia , and a major world airport. Pudong Airport serves both international flights and a smaller number of domestic flights, while the city's other major airport, Shanghai–Hongqiao , mainly serves domestic and regional flights in East Asia. Located about 30 km (19 mi) east of
504-697: Is under construction since 28 June 2019 and is expected to be put in operation by the end of 2024. This 68.6-kilometre (43 mi) railway starts from Shanghai East railway station under planning, via Zhangjiang and Sanlin in Pudong, Huajing in Xuhui and Qibao in Minhang. It will use the unused area in Hongqiao Railway Station originally for Maglev for its station at Hongqiao Transportation Hub. Metro Line 21 Phase II east extension will connect
540-608: The Maglev . A casual ride to People's Square , the city center, typically takes just over one hour, while a trip to Hongqiao International Airport takes about 1.5 hour. The east extension of Line 2 used to run in an independent pattern between Guanglan Road and Pudong Airport, in which the train would not run west of Guanglan Road and passengers had to transfer at this station. The regular service between East Xujing and Pudong Airport started in April 2019, allowing passengers to access
576-560: The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey invested $ 2.5 million to install a GBAS at Newark Airport (EWR) with Continental (now United ) equipping 15 aircraft for $ 1.1 million while the FAA committed $ 2.5 million to assess the technology. Honeywell ’s SLS-4000 GBAS design was approved by the FAA in September 2009 and is still the only one. It offers Cat. 1 instrument landings with
612-510: The busiest international gateway of mainland China, with 35.25 million international passengers. Shanghai Pudong is the busiest international hub in China, and about half of its total passenger traffic is international. Pudong Airport is connected to Shanghai Hongqiao Airport by Shanghai Metro Line 2 and the Shanghai Maglev Train via Pudong International Airport Station . There are also airport buses connecting it with
648-1067: The 20 Honeywell GBAS installations worldwide, the other U.S. installations are: Honeywell's test facility in Johnson County , Kansas; the FAA Technical Center at Atlantic City International Airport , New Jersey; Boeing's test facility in Grant County , Washington; the B787 plant in Charleston International , South Carolina; and Anoka County–Blaine Airport near Minneapolis. Airports equipped in Europe are Bremen , Frankfurt , Málaga and Zurich . in Asia-Pacific, airport with installations are Chennai , Kuala Lumpur , Melbourne , Seoul-Gimpo , Shanghai-Pudong and Sydney . Other locations are St. Helena in
684-648: The A380/B747-8 are 24 (T1) 71,75 (T2) 119,121 (S1) 504-507 (remote stands near S1, on taxiway L02, between taxiway P3 and south of P2) 168, 170, 173 (S2). The airport has been using the Airport Collaborative Decision Making system (A-CDM) developed by the aviation data service company VariFlight since January 2017. The system is aimed to improve on-time performance and safety of the airport's operations. By June 2017, Shanghai Pudong airport recorded 62.7% punctuality rate, which
720-646: The GNSS and are not necessarily subject to the same sources of error or interference. A system such as this is referred to as an aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS) by the ICAO. The most widely used form of ABAS is receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM), which uses redundant GPS signals to ensure the integrity of the position solution, and to detect faulty signals. Additional sensors may include: Shanghai Pudong International Airport Shanghai Pudong International Airport ( IATA : PVG , ICAO : ZSPD )
756-551: The Pudong International Airport T2 terminal building (485,500 square metres [5,226,000 sq ft]). The satellite terminal is composed of two halls, S1 and S2, forming an H-shaped structure. It will have an annual design capacity of 38 million passengers, The total cost of the project is estimated to be about 20.6 billion yuan. Halls S1 and S2 will have 83 gates. A high capacity people mover connecting T1 to S1 and T2 to S2 will be constructed. After
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#1732780880258792-901: The South Atlantic, Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic and Rio de Janeiro–Galeão . There are around 100 Cat. 1 GBAS landing systems (GLS) installations in Russia with Russian-specific technology. In the US, GBAS was previously known as the Local-area augmentation system while a SBAS with a ground references network providing GPS corrections is called WAAS . In the US, there were more WAAS LPV approaches reaching 200 ft (61 m) than Cat. 1 ILS approaches by March 2018. 1 GBAS costs $ 3–4 million; and $ 700,000 more for Cat. 2. By Spring 2018, Boeing delivered 3,500 GLS-capable airliners, with 5,000 on order: GLS Cat. 2/3
828-931: The airfield. The new terminal is anticipated to serve 50 million annual passengers when it opens according to city officials, while the entire airport is expected to have 130 million passengers by 2030. Several public transport lines will be extended to T3. The airport has 162 boarding bridges (T1-31 T2-41 Satellite terminal-90) along with 189 remote gates. Four runways are parallel to the terminals (four operational): one 4,000-metre (13,000 ft) runway with 4E rating (capable of accommodating aircraft up to Boeing 747-400 ), two 3,800-metre (12,500 ft) runways with 4F rating (capable of accommodating aircraft up to Airbus A380 , Boeing 747-8 , and Antonov An-225 ), and two 3,400-metre (11,200 ft) runways with 4F rating . Pudong airport currently has four runways. Rwy 35L/17R and Rwy 34R/16L are mostly used for landing while Rwy 35R/17L and Rwy 34L/16R are mostly used for takeoff. Runway 15/33
864-489: The capacity of the airport. Pudong International Airport officially started the third phase of the Pudong International Airport expansion with the construction on a new south satellite terminal on 29 December 2015. The new satellite terminal will be the world's largest single satellite terminal with a total construction area of 622,000 square metres (6,700,000 sq ft), which is larger than
900-603: The centimeter level. Two example systems are the US Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and the International GNSS Service (IGS). The augmentation may also take the form of additional information from navigation sensors being blended into the position calculation, or internal algorithms that improve the navigation performance. Many times the additional avionics operate via separate principles from
936-591: The city center without the extra transfer. The regular service completely replaced the independent east extension service in October of the same year when the four-carriage trainsets special for the service started to be transformed into eight-carriage trainsets for the regular service. The plan for building a new commuter railway line connecting the airport with Hongqiao Airport, Airport Link line , has been formally established in 2015 and approved in December 2018 by National Development and Reform Commission . The line
972-598: The city center, Pudong Airport occupies a 40-square-kilometre (10,000-acre) site adjacent to the coastline in eastern Pudong . The airport is operated by Shanghai Airport Authority . The airport is the main hub for China Eastern Airlines and Shanghai Airlines , and a major international hub for Air China , as well as a secondary hub for China Southern Airlines . It is also the hub for privately owned Juneyao Air and Spring Airlines , and an Asia-Pacific cargo hub for FedEx , UPS and DHL . The DHL hub, opened in July 2012,
1008-459: The completion of the satellite terminal in 2019, Pudong International Airport will have an annual passenger capacity of 80 million passengers, ranking among the top ten airports in the world by capacity. As of October 2019, the satellite terminal is in operation and connected by people movers to the main Terminals 1 and 2. By 6 January 2021, work on Pudong Airport T3 began on the south side of
1044-453: The following services: Between 2017 and 31 July 2020, Geoscience Australia ran a SouthPAN SBAS test-bed project to assess the economic, social and environmental benefits of improved positioning technology through industry case study projects. GNSS augmentation Satellite-based augmentation systems ( SBAS ) support wide-area or regional augmentation through the use of additional satellite-broadcast messages. Using measurements from
1080-989: The ground stations, correction messages are created and sent to one or more satellites for broadcast to end users as differential signal. SBAS is sometimes synonymous with WADGPS, wide-area differential GPS . The SBAS that have been implemented or proposed include: Ground-based augmentation system ( GBAS ) provides Differential GPS (DGPS) corrections and integrity verification near an airport, providing approaches e.g. for runways that do not have ILSs . Reference receivers in surveyed positions measure GPS deviations and calculate corrections emitted at 2 Hz through VHF data broadcast (VDB) within 23 nmi (43 km). One GBAS supports up to 48 approaches and covers many runway ends with more installation flexibility than an ILS with localizer and glideslope antennas at each end. A GBAS can provide multiple approaches to reduce wake turbulence and improve resilience , maintaining availability and operations continuity. In December 2008,
1116-572: The municipal government decided to adopt the suggestion from Professor Chen Jiyu of East China Normal University , who wrote a letter to the Mayor of Shanghai Xu Kuangdi suggesting that the new airport should be constructed on the tidal flats of the south bank of the Yangtze River estuary, on the coast of the Pudong development zone to the east of Shanghai. Construction of the first phase of
Southern Positioning Augmentation Network - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-424: The national government for a new round of expansion which includes two runways. The 3,800-metre (12,467 ft) fourth runway, along with an auxiliary taxiway and traffic control facilities, is projected to cost 2.58 billion yuan (US$ 403 million). The 3,400-foot (1,036 m) fifth runway, along with a new traffic tower, will cost 4.65 billion yuan (US$ 726.6 million). Construction was completed in 2015 and has doubled
1188-544: The new Shanghai Pudong International Airport began in October 1997, took two years to build at a cost of RMB 12 billion (US$ 1.67 billion), and was completed on 16 September 1999. It covers an area of 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) and is 30 kilometres (19 mi) from downtown Shanghai. The first phase of the airport has one 4E category runway (4,000 by 60 metres [13,123 ft × 197 ft]) along with two parallel taxiways, an 800,000-square-metre (8,600,000 sq ft) apron, seventy-six aircraft positions and
1224-612: The opening in September 2019 connected by an 7.8-kilometre (5 mi) underground Shanghai Pudong Airport APM to the current T1 and T2 terminals operated by Shanghai Keolis for 20 years, including the East Line and the West Line. The operating section of the East Line is 1.65 kilometres (1 mi) long, connecting Terminal 2 and Satellite 2, and the operating section of the West Line is 1.86 kilometres (1 mi) long, connecting Terminal 1 and Satellite 1. Gates that can accommodate
1260-416: The rest of the city. Prior to the establishment of Pudong International Airport, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport was the only primary airport of Shanghai. During the 1990s, the expansion of Hongqiao Airport to meet growing demand became impossible as the surrounding urban area was developing significantly, and an alternative to assume all international flights had to be sought. After deliberation,
1296-525: Was a 15% increase compared to the same period previous year. Pudong Airport mainly serves international flights along with flights to Baotou, Changchun, Dalian, Zhangjiajie and some smaller cities while most domestic flights are operating at Hongqiao Airport. However, some domestic flights operating at Hongqiao Airport only may move to Pudong Airport operating only at Pudong Airport instead of both. All cars are equipped with racks and space designated for luggage. Prices and speeds are substantially lower than
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