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91-473: Part of a series on Transport in Shanghai   13     14     15     16     17     18     Pujiang   The Shanghai maglev train (SMT) or Shanghai Transrapid ( Chinese : 上海磁浮示范运营线 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Cífú Shìfàn Yùnyíng Xiàn ; lit.   ' Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Operation Line ' )

182-500: A maglev train accident occurred in Lathen, killing 23 people. It was found to have been caused by human error in implementing safety checks. From 2006 no passengers were carried. At the end of 2011 the operation licence expired and was not renewed, and in early 2012 demolition permission was given for its facilities, including the track and factory. In March 2021 it was reported the CRRC

273-868: A 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) operating speed. Two more stages are planned of 9.7 kilometres (6 mi) and 37.4 kilometres (23.2 mi). Once completed it will become a circular line. It was shut down in September 2023. Transport System Bögl (TSB) is a driverless maglev system developed by the German construction company Max Bögl since 2010. Its primary intended use is for short to medium distances (up to 30 km) and speeds up to 150 km/h for uses such as airport shuttles . The company has been doing test runs on an 820-meter-long test track at their headquarters in Sengenthal , Upper Palatinate , Germany , since 2012 clocking over 100,000 tests covering

364-541: A 30 percent increase in traction efficiency and a 60 percent increase in speed over the stock in use on the line since. The vehicles entered service in July 2021 with a top speed of 140 km/h (87 mph). CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive said in April 2020 it is developing a model capable of 200 km/h (120 mph). There are two competing efforts for high-speed maglev systems, i.e., 300–620 km/h (190–390 mph). In

455-502: A 60-metre ramp which was later extended to 980 metres. From the late 1970s to the 1980s five prototypes of cars were built that received designations from TP-01 (ТП-01) to TP-05 (ТП-05). The early cars were supposed to reach the speed up to 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). The construction of a maglev track using the technology from Ramenskoye started in Armenian SSR in 1987 and was planned to be completed in 1991. The track

546-471: A 90-foot test track in Johnson's basement "absolutely noiseless[ly] and without the least vibration." A series of German patents for magnetic levitation trains propelled by linear motors were awarded to Hermann Kemper between 1937 and 1941. An early maglev train was described in U.S. patent 3,158,765 , "Magnetic system of transportation", by G. R. Polgreen on 25 August 1959. The first use of "maglev" in

637-640: A 908 metres (2,979 ft) track was opened in Hamburg for the first International Transportation Exhibition (IVA 79). Interest was sufficient that operations were extended three months after the exhibition finished, having carried more than 50,000 passengers. It was reassembled in Kassel in 1980. In 1979 the USSR town of Ramenskoye ( Moscow oblast ) built an experimental test site for running experiments with cars on magnetic suspension. The test site consisted of

728-473: A German maglev company, had a test track in Emsland with a total length of 31.5 kilometres (19.6 mi). The single-track line ran between Dörpen and Lathen with turning loops at each end. The trains regularly ran at up to 420 kilometres per hour (260 mph). Paying passengers were carried as part of the testing process. The construction of the test facility began in 1980 and finished in 1984. In 2006,

819-421: A Maglev train compartment caught fire after leaving Pudong International Airport. There were no injuries or fatalities aboard. Electrical problems caused the fire according to investigation reports. On 14 February 2016, the Shanghai maglev line had an equipment failure that affected operation for more than 1 hour. Due to the use of single-line operation during this time, the train interval was extended. At launch

910-472: A United States patent was in "Magnetic levitation guidance system" by Canadian Patents and Development Limited . In 1912 French-American inventor Émile Bachelet demonstrated a model train with electromagnetic levitation and propulsion in Mount Vernon, New York. Bachelet's first related patent, U.S. patent 1,020,942 was granted in 1912. The electromagnetic propulsion was by attraction of iron in

1001-497: A buffer zone around the track that will be 22.5 m (74 ft) wide, which compares unfavourably with German standards that require houses to be 300 m (980 ft) away from the line. Representatives of the residents filed a formal request to demonstrate with the Shanghai Public Security Bureau, which was rejected. According to China Daily, as reported on People's Daily Online 27 February 2009,

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1092-582: A concern at low speeds, and is one of the reasons why JR abandoned a purely repulsive system and adopted the sidewall levitation system. At higher speeds other modes of drag dominate. The drag force can be used to the electrodynamic system's advantage, however, as it creates a varying force in the rails that can be used as a reactionary system to drive the train, without the need for a separate reaction plate, as in most linear motor systems. Laithwaite led development of such "traverse-flux" systems at his Imperial College laboratory. Alternatively, propulsion coils on

1183-589: A distance of over 65,000 km as of 2018. In 2018 Max Bögl signed a joint venture with the Chinese company Chengdu Xinzhu Road & Bridge Machinery Co. with the Chinese partner given exclusive rights of production and marketing for the system in China. The joint venture constructed a 3.5 km (2.2 mi) demonstration line near Chengdu , China, and two vehicles were airlifted there in June, 2020. In February 2021

1274-612: A high-speed maglev system. Instead, overcoming drag takes the most energy. Vactrain technology has been proposed as a means to overcome this limitation. Despite over a century of research and development, there are only six operational maglev trains today — three in China, two in South Korea, and one in Japan. In the late 1940s, the British electrical engineer Eric Laithwaite , a professor at Imperial College London , developed

1365-579: A length of 153 metres (502 ft 0 in), a width of 3.7 metres (12 ft 2 in), a height of 4.2 metres (13 ft 9 in) and a three-class, 574-passenger configuration (End section (ES) 1st class: 56; Middle section (MS) 2nd class: 110; End section (ES) 2nd class: 78). The train set model (Transrapid SMT) was built by a joint venture of Siemens and ThyssenKrupp from Kassel , Germany in 3 pieces (originally 4 pieces consisting of 6 wagons each were planned) and based on years of tests and improvements of their Transrapid maglev system, especially

1456-461: A maintenance facility. The top operational commercial speed of the Shanghai maglev was 431 km/h (268 mph), making it the world's fastest train in regular commercial service from its opening in April 2004 until its speed reduction in May 2021. During a non-commercial test run on 12 November 2003 a maglev train achieved a Chinese record speed of 501 km/h (311 mph). The Shanghai Maglev has

1547-599: A new high-speed maglev line, the Chuo Shinkansen , started in 2014. It is being built by extending the SCMaglev test track in Yamanashi in both directions. The completion date is unknown, with the estimate of 2027 no longer possible following a local governmental rejection of a construction permit. Transrapid 05 was the first maglev train with longstator propulsion licensed for passenger transportation. In 1979,

1638-476: A receipt or proof of an airline ticket purchase. A round-trip return ticket costs ¥80 ($ 12.80) and VIP tickets cost double the standard fare. The price has not changed since the Maglev began operation. It cost $ 39.759 million per kilometer to build (10 billion yuan (1.2 billion US dollars) for the line). The line's balance of payments has been in huge deficit since its opening. In its initial years of operation,

1729-551: A single car along a short section of track at the fairgrounds. It was removed after the fair. It was shown at the Aoi Expo in 1987 and is now on static display at Okazaki Minami Park. In 1993, South Korea completed the development of its own maglev train, shown off at the Taejŏn Expo '93 , which was developed further into a full-fledged maglev capable of travelling up to 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) in 2006. This final model

1820-417: A taxi for 15 km, with the first 3 km charged at 16 yuan and with no surcharge for waiting time, you will pay 50 yuan during morning and evening hours on weekdays, about 46 yuan between 10am to 4pm on the same days, and 48.4 yuan otherwise. All public transport within Shanghai can be paid for using the contactless Shanghai Public Transportation Card (SPTC) . With this card the holder can benefit from

1911-418: A taxi used to be well-paid. Nowadays, it is hard to find people willing to work long hours in a taxi, with the profit margin for each cab much smaller than before. Taxi transportation in Shanghai are offered by 6 major taxi groups. Taxi fare is regulated by Shanghai Government. Waiting/low speed has a charge for every 4 minutes equal to that for 1.5 km: Holiday surcharge: This means that if you take

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2002-557: A transfer to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway at AREX 's Incheon International Airport Station and is offered free of charge to anyone to ride, operating between 9   am and 6   pm with 15-minute intervals. The maglev system was co-developed by the South Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) and Hyundai Rotem . It is 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) long, with six stations and

2093-504: A vehicle on the Chinese test track hit a top speed of 169 km/h (105 mph). According to the International Maglev Board there are at least four maglev research programmes underway in China at: Southwest Jiaotong University (Chengdu), Tongji University (Shanghai), CRRC Tangshan-Changchun Railway Vehicle Co. , and Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group . The latest high-speed prototype , unveiled in July 2021,

2184-804: Is HSST (and its descendant, the Linimo line) by Japan Airlines and the other, which is more well known, is SCMaglev by the Central Japan Railway Company . The development of the latter started in 1969. The first successful SCMaglev run was made on a short track at the Japanese National Railways ' (JNR's) Railway Technical Research Institute in 1972. Maglev trains on the Miyazaki test track (a later, 7 km long test track) regularly hit 517 kilometres per hour (321 mph) by 1979. After an accident destroyed

2275-674: Is a magnetic levitation train (maglev) line that operates in Shanghai , China. The line uses the German Transrapid technology. The Shanghai maglev is the world's first commercial high-speed maglev and has a maximum cruising speed of 300 km/h (186 mph). Prior to May 2021 the cruising speed was 431 km/h (268 mph), at the time this made it the fastest train service in commercial operation. The train line connects Shanghai Pudong International Airport (also on Shanghai Metro 's Line 2 ) and Longyang Road station (in

2366-601: Is an Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit (ART) system with three lines. Shanghai has one of the world's most extensive bus systems with nearly one thousand bus lines, operated by numerous transportation companies. Opened in 1914, Shanghai has the world's oldest continuously operating trolley bus system , with 13 routes in operation in 2017. Not all of Shanghai's bus routes are numbered - some have names exclusively in Chinese. Bus fares are usually ¥2, sometimes higher or lower, while Metro fares run from ¥3 to ¥16 depending on distance. Shanghai has expanded its eco-friendly bus fleet in

2457-736: Is now on display at Railworld in Peterborough, together with the RTV31 hover train vehicle. Another is on display at the National Railway Museum in York. Several favourable conditions existed when the link was built: After the system closed in 1995, the original guideway lay dormant until 2003, when a replacement cable-hauled system, the AirRail Link Cable Liner people mover, was opened. Transrapid,

2548-535: Is produced either by superconducting magnets (as in JR–Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack ). The repulsive and attractive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track. A major advantage of EDS maglev systems is that they are dynamically stable—changes in distance between the track and the magnets creates strong forces to return

2639-455: Is provided by an extensive network of modes including metro , cycling , bus (incl. trolley bus ) and taxis , as well as an expansive network of roadways, and airports. Shanghai has invested heavily in public transportation before and after the 2010 World Expo , including the construction of the Hongqiao transportation hub of high-speed rail, air, metro and bus routes. Public transport

2730-492: Is the major mode of transport in Shanghai as limitations on car purchases were introduced in 1994 in order to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion. New private cars cannot be driven without a license plate , which are sold in monthly license plate auctions which is only accessible for locally registered residents and those who have paid social insurance or individual income taxes for over three years. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and

2821-465: Is typically arranged on a series of C-shaped arms, with the upper portion of the arm attached to the vehicle, and the lower inside edge containing the magnets. The rail is situated inside the C, between the upper and lower edges. Magnetic attraction varies inversely with the square of distance, so minor changes in distance between the magnets and the rail produce greatly varying forces. These changes in force are dynamically unstable—a slight divergence from

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2912-414: Is typically the case with electrodynamic suspension maglev trains. Aerodynamic factors may also play a role in the levitation of such trains. The two main types of maglev technology are: In electromagnetic suspension (EMS) systems, the train levitates by attraction to a ferromagnetic (usually steel) rail while electromagnets , attached to the train, are oriented toward the rail from below. The system

3003-727: Is under construction: Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou HSR . Built in 1876, the Woosung railway was the first railway in Shanghai and the first railway in operation in China By 1909, Shanghai–Nanjing railway and Shanghai–Hangzhou railway were in service. As of October 2019 , the two railways have been integrated into two main railways in China: Beijing–Shanghai railway (or Jinghu Railway passing through Nanjing ) and Shanghai–Kunming railway (or Huhang Railway passing through Hangzhou ), respectively. Shanghai Rail Transit

3094-664: The British Rail Research Division in Derby , along with teams at several civil engineering firms, the "transverse-flux" system was developed into a working system. The first commercial maglev people mover was simply called " MAGLEV " and officially opened in 1984 near Birmingham , England. It operated on an elevated 600 metres (2,000 ft) section of monorail track between Birmingham Airport and Birmingham International railway station , running at speeds up to 42 kilometres per hour (26 mph). The system

3185-565: The Throgs Neck Bridge , James Powell , a researcher at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), thought of using magnetically levitated transportation. Powell and BNL colleague Gordon Danby worked out a maglev concept using static magnets mounted on a moving vehicle to induce electrodynamic lifting and stabilizing forces in specially shaped loops, such as figure-of-8 coils on a guideway. These were patented in 1968–1969. Japan operates two independently developed maglev trains. One

3276-505: The Tracked Hovercraft RTV-31, based near Cambridge, UK, although the project was cancelled in 1973. The linear motor was naturally suited to use with maglev systems as well. In the early 1970s, Laithwaite discovered a new arrangement of magnets, the magnetic river , that allowed a single linear motor to produce both lift and forward thrust, allowing a maglev system to be built with a single set of magnets. Working at

3367-603: The Transrapid 08 . The Shanghai Maglev track (guideway) was built by local Chinese companies who, as a result of the alluvial soil conditions of the Pudong area, had to deviate from the original track design of one supporting column every 50 meters (160 ft) to one column every 25 meters (82 ft), to ensure that the guideway meets the stability and precision criteria. Several thousand concrete piles were driven to depths up to 70 meters (230 ft) to attain stability for

3458-410: The 2010s. The goal was to have to 3,000 units by 2015 and to increase the percentage of its new energy buses to its total bus fleet to 30%. From 2014, the number of energy-saving and environmentally friendly buses should account for over 60% of its newly purchased bus fleet. In 2018, there were 1,543 bus routes. Bus-only lanes reached 363.7 kilometers. Before the rapid expansion of the metro, driving

3549-613: The Berlin M-Bahn . Both were low-speed operations and closed before the opening of the Shanghai maglev train. The train was inaugurated in December 2002 by the German chancellor , Gerhard Schröder , and the Chinese premier, Zhu Rongji . Initial opening was for tour only, providing a round trip. The train starts from Longyang Rd. Station, speed up to 431 km/h (268 mph) and arrives at Pudong Airport. After very short break,

3640-553: The Metro and 5.76 million (36%) via buses. Shanghai expressway traffic volume was 1.215 million vehicles on an average day. Shanghai is served by two airports: Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport . Pudong International Airport is the primary international airport, while Hongqiao International Airport mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport opened in May 1923 and

3731-493: The Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences saying the line was safe and would not affect air and water quality, and noise pollution could be controlled. In January and February 2008, hundreds of residents demonstrated in downtown Shanghai against the line being built close to their homes. The residents were reportedly concerned about potential health hazards, noise, and loss of property value. The Shanghai scheme has

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3822-585: The Shanghai Maglev Transportation Development Co. Ltd, the company that runs the line, had more than one billion RMB in losses. Nevertheless, the line's lack of profitability derives from its construction to envision the future of China's rail infrastructure, such as converting its entire high-speed rail network into maglev, rather than a viable market solution to garner a profit from travelers. A 2007 statement by Transrapid USA said with 4 million passengers in 2006

3913-705: The Shanghai Maglev had a cruising speed of 431 km/h (268 mph), this was later reduced to 300 km/h (186 mph) during most of the day, before being reduced to 300 km/h (186 mph) at all times. Maglev Longyang Road Station offers Shanghai Maglev Transportation Science and Technology Museum, located at 2100 Longyang Road, Pudong New Area (Shanghai Maglev Train Longyang Road Station ground floor). Open from 09:00 to 17:30, it showcases Shanghai Maglev related content with an exhibition space of 1250 square meters, containing most of

4004-543: The Shanghai municipal government was considering building the maglev line underground to allay the public's fear of electromagnetic pollution and the final decision on the maglev line had to be approved by the National Development and Reform commission. The total length would have been 169 km (105 mi), of which 64 km (40 mi) would be within the City of Shanghai and 105 km (65 mi) in

4095-533: The average daily passenger flow of rail transit was 1.32 million trips, taking up 10.9% of the total public passenger traffic in the city, an increase of 6 percentage points from 3.8% in 2000. The results of the "2011 Shanghai Public Transport Passenger Flow Survey" released by the Municipal Transportation and Port Bureau showed that the city's public transport travel time was gradually reduced. The average travel distance of public transport in 2011

4186-399: The average price is about CN¥89,600 ( US$ 12,739 ) in 2019. Shanghai (population of 25 million) has over four million cars on the road, the fifth-largest number of any Chinese city. Despite this the city remains plagued by congestion and vehicle pollution. The coverage of operating costs from the ticket revenue of Shanghai metro lines 1 and 2 was over 100% in the years 2000 to 2003. In 2004,

4277-414: The distance of 30.5 kilometres (19 mi) in just over 8   minutes. Different maglev systems achieve levitation in different ways, which broadly fall into two categories: electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and electrodynamic suspension (EDS) . Propulsion is typically provided by a linear motor . The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of the overall energy consumption of

4368-457: The downside, the dynamic instability demands fine track tolerances, which can offset this advantage. Eric Laithwaite was concerned that to meet required tolerances, the gap between magnets and rail would have to be increased to the point where the magnets would be unreasonably large. In practice, this problem was addressed through improved feedback systems, which support the required tolerances. Air gap and energy efficiency can be improved by using

4459-537: The field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates a force moving the train forward. The term "maglev" refers not only to the vehicles, but to the railway system as well, specifically designed for magnetic levitation and propulsion. All operational implementations of maglev technology make minimal use of wheeled train technology and are not compatible with conventional rail tracks . Because they cannot share existing infrastructure, maglev systems must be designed as standalone systems. The SPM maglev system

4550-425: The first full-size working model of the linear induction motor . He became professor of heavy electrical engineering at Imperial College in 1964, where he continued his successful development of the linear motor. Since linear motors do not require physical contact between the vehicle and guideway, they became a common fixture on advanced transportation systems in the 1960s and 1970s. Laithwaite joined one such project,

4641-462: The guideway and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repulsive and attractive force between these magnetic fields. In some configurations, the train can be levitated only by repulsive force. In the early stages of maglev development at the Miyazaki test track, a purely repulsive system was used instead of the later repulsive and attractive EDS system. The magnetic field

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4732-418: The guideway are used to exert a force on the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils that exert a force on the train are effectively a linear motor: an alternating current through the coils generates a continuously varying magnetic field that moves forward along the track. The frequency of the alternating current is synchronized to match the speed of the train. The offset between

4823-406: The historical maximum operational speed of 431 km/h (268 mph) could be reached after 4 minutes. Construction of the line began on March 1, 2001, and public commercial service commenced on 1 January 2004. The Shanghai Transrapid project took ¥10 billion (US$ 1.33bn) and two and a half years to complete. The line is 30.5 km (18.95 mi) track and has a further separate track leading to

4914-646: The history and technology of maglev train. The museum is composed of five sections: “Birth of Maglev,” “Maglev Shanghai Line,” “Maglev Technology,” “Maglev Superiorities,” and “Prospects for Maglev.” 31°12′14″N 121°33′14″E  /  31.20389°N 121.55389°E  / 31.20389; 121.55389 Transport in Shanghai Part of a series on Transport in Shanghai   13     14     15     16     17     18     Pujiang   Transport in Shanghai

5005-613: The maglev theme was continued by the Engineering Research Center "TEMP" (ИНЦ "ТЭМП") this time by the order from the Moscow government . The project was named V250 (В250). The idea was to build a high-speed maglev train to connect Moscow to the Sheremetyevo airport . The train would consist of 64-seater cars and run at speeds up to 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph). In 1993, due to the financial crisis ,

5096-472: The optimum position tends to grow, requiring sophisticated feedback systems to maintain a constant distance from the track, (approximately 15 millimetres [0.59 in]). The major advantage to suspended maglev systems is that they work at all speeds, unlike electrodynamic systems, which only work at a minimum speed of about 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph). This eliminates the need for a separate low-speed suspension system, and can simplify track layout. On

5187-539: The outskirts of central Pudong , with transfers to lines 2 , 7 , 16 , and 18 ), where passengers can interchange to the Shanghai Metro to continue their trip to the city center. The line is not part of the Shanghai Metro network, which operates on its own right-of-way to Pudong Airport. The journey takes 8 minutes and 10 seconds to complete the distance of 30 km (18.6 mi). A train can reach 300 km/h (186 mph) in 2 minutes and 15 seconds, while

5278-501: The project was abandoned. However, from 1999 the "TEMP" research center had been participating as a co-developer in the creation of the linear motors for the Moscow Monorail system. The world's first commercial maglev system was a low-speed maglev shuttle that ran between the airport terminal of Birmingham International Airport and the nearby Birmingham International railway station between 1984 and 1995. Its track length

5369-450: The province of Zhejiang . Four stations would be built: at the Expo 2010 site in east Shanghai; in south Shanghai; Jiaxing ; and east Hangzhou. The proposed design speed was 450 km/h (280 mph), which would allow the train to travel the distance in just 27 minutes. The total budget of the project was to be 35 billion RMB (about US$ 5.0 billion as of April 2008). Another approval

5460-830: The public imagination, "maglev" often evokes the concept of an elevated monorail track with a linear motor . Maglev systems may be monorail or dual rail—the SCMaglev MLX01 for instance uses a trench-like track—and not all monorail trains are maglevs. Some railway transport systems incorporate linear motors but use electromagnetism only for propulsion , without levitating the vehicle. Such trains have wheels and are not maglevs. Maglev tracks, monorail or not, can also be constructed at grade or underground in tunnels. Conversely, non-maglev tracks, monorail or not, can be elevated or underground too. Some maglev trains do incorporate wheels and function like linear motor-propelled wheeled vehicles at slower speeds but levitate at higher speeds. This

5551-489: The registration of Bachelet Levitated Railway Syndicate Limited July 9 in London, just weeks before the start of WWI. Bachelet's second related patent, U.S. patent 1,020,943 granted the same day as the first, had the levitation electromagnets in the train and the track was aluminum plate. In the patent he stated that this was a much cheaper construction, but he did not demonstrate it. In 1959, while delayed in traffic on

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5642-577: The short length of the line, high ticket prices and that it terminates at Longyang Road in Pudong – another 20 min by subway from the city centre. The line is operated by Shanghai Maglev Transportation Development Co., Ltd and runs from 06:45 to 21:42, with services every 20 minutes. Operation hours: In addition to the 57 daily two-way services, since October 2016 two additional one-way trains have been added. These depart at 10:15 pm and 10:40 pm from Pudong Airport to Longyang Road. A one-way ticket costs ¥ 50 (US$ 8), or ¥40 ($ 6.40) for those passengers holding

5733-458: The socalled "Hybrid Electromagnetic Suspension (H-EMS)", where the main levitation force is generated by permanent magnets, while the electromagnet controls the air gap, what is called electropermanent magnets . Ideally it would take negligible power to stabilize the suspension and in practice the power requirement is less than it would be if the entire suspension force were provided by electromagnets alone. In electrodynamic suspension (EDS), both

5824-590: The support column foundations. A mile-long, climate-controlled facility was built alongside the line's right of way to manufacture the guideways. The train was manufactured in Germany by Siemens-Thyssenkrupp JV (Joint venture). The electrification of the train was developed by Vahle, Inc. Two commercial maglev systems predated the Shanghai system: the Birmingham Maglev in the United Kingdom and

5915-406: The system to its original position. In addition, the attractive force varies in the opposite manner, providing the same adjustment effects. No active feedback control is needed. However, at slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant magnetic flux is not large enough to levitate the train. For this reason, the train must have wheels or some other form of landing gear to support

6006-537: The system was able to cover its operating costs. The ratio of costs were given as: 64%-energy, 19%-maintenance, and 17%-operations/support services; no overall amount of expenditures was given. The high proportion of energy costs was attributed to the short trip time and high operating speed. According to Chinese media's report, however, due to the huge costs of operating and the lack of the passenger flow, Shanghai Maglev Transportation Company would lose 500 million to 700 million RMB every year. On August 11, 2006, at 14:40,

6097-494: The train by direct current solenoids spaced along the track. The electromagnetic levitation was due to repulsion of the aluminum base plate of the train by the pulsating current electromagnets under the track. The pulses were generated by Bachelet's own Synchronizing-interrupter U.S. patent 986,039 supplied with 220 VAC. As the train moved it switched power to the section of track that it was on. Bachelet went on to demonstrate his model in London, England in 1914, which resulted in

6188-440: The train returns without opening the door. The price was 150 RMB for normal seats and 300 RMB for VIP seat. The normal operation started on 10 October 2003. Since 2010, a fourth train of Chinese production (made by Chengdou Aircraft Industries) has been added to the rolling stock. Its design slightly differs from the original Transrapid-trains: separated front lights below the shortened front-windows (instead of being placed behind

6279-456: The train until it reaches take-off speed. Since a train may stop at any location, due to equipment problems for instance, the entire track must be able to support both low- and high-speed operation. Another downside is that the EDS system naturally creates a field in the track in front and to the rear of the lift magnets, which acts against the magnets and creates magnetic drag. This is generally only

6370-489: The train, a new design was selected. In Okazaki , Japan (1987), the SCMaglev was used for test rides at the Okazaki exhibition. Tests in Miyazaki continued throughout the 1980s, before transferring to a far longer test track, 20 kilometres (12 mi) long, in Yamanashi in 1997. The track has since been extended to almost 43 kilometres (27 mi). The 603 kilometres per hour (375 mph) world speed record for crewed trains

6461-876: The transfer discount policy: when the cardholder takes a different suburban/bus/metro/tram within a 120-minute period from first touch-in, the second trip is discounted by 1 RMB. Maglev (transport)#Birmingham.2C United Kingdom.2C 1984.E2.80.931995 Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation ) is a system of rail transport whose rolling stock is levitated by electromagnets rather than rolled on wheels, eliminating rolling resistance . Compared to conventional railways, maglev trains can have higher top speeds, superior acceleration and deceleration, lower maintenance costs, improved gradient handling, and lower noise. However, they are more expensive to build, cannot use existing infrastructure, and use more energy at high speeds. Maglev trains have set several speed records . The train speed record of 603 km/h (375 mph)

6552-469: The two Shanghai airports is also referred to as Airport express line. The plan for the extension to Hangzhou was first approved by the central government in February 2006, with a planned date of completion in 2010, to be built by Germany 's Transrapid consortium ( ThyssenKrupp and Siemens ). Work was suspended in 2008, owing to public protests over radiation fears despite an environmental assessment by

6643-413: The two cities down to 45 minutes. Consequently, plans for a Maglev link have been suspended again. In addition, a new express Airport Link line (机场联络线), which began construction in June 2019 and is due for completion in 2024, would likely stop any future extension. Following the opening, overall maglev train ridership levels were at 20% of capacity. The levels were attributed to limited operating hours,

6734-408: The windows) and interior design. Hans-Dieter Bott, vice president of Siemens that won the contract to build the rail link, stated that "Transrapid views the Shanghai line, where the ride will last just eight minutes, largely as a sales tool. This serves as a demonstration for China to show that this works and can be used for longer distances, such as Shanghai to Beijing". Later, however, the decision

6825-411: Was 600 metres (2,000 ft), and trains levitated at an altitude of 15 millimetres [0.59 in], levitated by electromagnets, and propelled with linear induction motors. It operated for 11 years and was initially very popular with passengers, but obsolescence problems with the electronic systems made it progressively unreliable as years passed, leading to its closure in 1995. One of the original cars

6916-476: Was 8.5 kilometers, the travel time 50.8 minutes per trip and the travel cost of public transport is gradually reduced: in 2011, the cost of rail transit was 2.4 yuan per trip, down 14% from 2005; the cost of bus and tram trips was 1.8 yuan, down 5% from 2005. Metro accounted for 33% of the public transport passenger volume. In 2018 the public transportation system handled a total of 16.05 million rides on average each day, among which 10.17 million (63%) were made via

7007-404: Was awarded U.S. patent 782,312 (14 February 1905) and U.S. patent RE12700 (21 August 1907). In 1907, another early electromagnetic transportation system was developed by F. S. Smith. In 1908, Cleveland mayor Tom L. Johnson filed a patent for a wheel-less "high-speed railway" levitated by an induced magnetic field. Jokingly known as "Greased Lightning," the suspended car operated on

7098-486: Was certain that not only Germany, but many countries would follow the Chinese example. The German government along with a selection of German companies sought to win more projects for their maglev technology, and highlighted that a train between Shanghai and the Chinese capital, Beijing remained a possibility. No projects have been revealed as of 2014. In January 2006, the Shanghai–Hangzhou maglev line extension project

7189-481: Was closed in 1995 due to reliability problems. High-speed transportation patents were granted to various inventors throughout the world. The first relevant patent, U.S. patent 714,851 (2 December 1902), issued to Albert C. Albertson, used magnetic levitation to take part of the weight off of the wheels while using conventional propulsion. Early United States patents for a linear motor propelled train were awarded to German inventor Alfred Zehden . The inventor

7280-471: Was established on May 28, 1993, when Shanghai Metro Line 1 opened. It is mainly cosisted of High-volume railway system , Low-to-medium-volume railway system and Maglev system . Shanghai's first generation trams operated between 1908 and 1975. The Zhangjiang Tram opened in 2009, using French Translohr rubber-tired trams . The Songjiang Tram opened in 2018, and is a modern light rail system with 2 lines. The Lingang DRT opened in 2021, and

7371-474: Was granted in March 2010, with construction to begin in late 2010. The new link was to be 199.5 km (124 mi) long, 24 km (15 mi) longer than the original plan. The top speed was expected to be 450 km/h (280 mph) but limited to 200 km/h (124 mph) in built-up areas. In October 2010, the non-maglev Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway was opened, bringing travelling time between

7462-590: Was incorporated in the Incheon Airport Maglev which opened on 3 February 2016, making South Korea the world's fourth country to operate its own self-developed maglev after the United Kingdom's Birmingham International Airport, Germany's Berlin M-Bahn , and Japan 's Linimo . It links Incheon International Airport to the Yongyu Station and Leisure Complex on Yeongjong island . It offers

7553-511: Was investigating reviving the Emsland test track. In May 2019 CRRC had unveiled its "CRRC 600" prototype which is designed to reach 600 kilometres per hour (370 mph). In Vancouver, Canada, the HSST-03 by HSST Development Corporation ( Japan Airlines and Sumitomo Corporation ) was exhibited at Expo 86 , and ran on a 400-metre (0.25 mi) test track that provided guests with a ride in

7644-596: Was made to implement the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway with conventional high-speed technology. Plans for a shorter maglev extension from Longyang Road to Hangzhou, the Shanghai–Hangzhou maglev line , have been suspended. Speculation that a line would be built from Shanghai to Beijing mounted in 2002. It would cover a distance of about 1,300 km (808 mi), at an estimated cost of £15.5bn. The chief executive of ThyssenKrupp , Dr Ekkehard Schulz said he

7735-672: Was manufactured by CRRC Qingdao Sifang . Development of the low-to-medium speed systems, that is, 100–200 km/h (62–124 mph), by the CRRC has led to opening lines such as the Changsha Maglev Express in 2016 and the Line S1 in Beijing in 2017. In April 2020 a new model capable of 160 km/h (99 mph) and compatible with the Changsha line completed testing. The vehicle, under development since 2018, has

7826-538: Was proposed by the Shanghai Urban Planning Administrative Bureau. The extension would continue the existing line towards Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport , running via Shanghai South railway station and the Expo 2010 site, with a possible continuation towards Hangzhou. The extension would allow transferring between the two airports—located 55 km (34 mi) apart—in approximately 15 minutes. The section between

7917-432: Was set by the experimental Japanese L0 Series maglev in 2015. From 2002 until 2021, the record for the highest operational speed of a passenger train of 431 kilometres per hour (268 mph) was held by the Shanghai maglev train , which uses German Transrapid technology. The service connects Shanghai Pudong International Airport and the outskirts of central Pudong , Shanghai . At its historical top speed, it covered

8008-661: Was set there in 2015. Development of HSST started in 1974. In Tsukuba , Japan (1985), the HSST-03 ( Linimo ) became popular at the Tsukuba World Exposition , in spite of its low 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) top speed. In Saitama , Japan (1988), the HSST-04-1 was revealed at the Saitama exhibition in Kumagaya . Its fastest recorded speed was 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph). Construction of

8099-542: Was supposed to connect the cities of Yerevan and Sevan via the city of Abovyan . The original design speed was 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph) which was later lowered to 180 kilometres per hour (110 mph). However, the Spitak earthquake in 1988 and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War caused the project to freeze. In the end the overpass was only partially constructed. In the early 1990s,

8190-639: Was the eight busiest airport in China with 45 million passengers (source: List of the busiest airports in China ). Shanghai has four major railway stations: Shanghai railway station , Shanghai South railway station , Shanghai West railway station , and Shanghai Hongqiao railway station . All are connected to the metro network and serve as hubs in the railway network of China . Shanghai has four high-speed railways (HSRs): Beijing–Shanghai HSR (overlaps with Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway ) (opened in 2011), Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway , Shanghai–Kunming HSR , and Shanghai–Nantong railway . One HSR

8281-493: Was the only primary airport of Shanghai. During the 1990s, the expansion of Hongqiao Airport to meet growing demand became impossible as the surrounding urban area was developing significantly, and an alternative to assume all international flights had to be sought. Shanghai Pudong International Airport opened on 1 October 1999. In 2019 Shanghai Pudong International Airport was the second busiest airport in China with 76 million passengers and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport

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