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25-649: Its name is derived from the Izhorian word for the peninsula, itself probably derived from a proper name. The most populous village, also known as Soikino , was destroyed during World War II . Currently the main settlement is Vistino , which has a museum dedicated to the Izhorian heritage of the region. An oil terminal is slated to be constructed at Vistino, starting from 2009. 59°46′N 28°33′E  /  59.767°N 28.550°E  / 59.767; 28.550 This Leningrad Oblast location article

50-403: A thirteenth (the comitative ) only being present in nouns. Like Finnish, Ingrian has two cases used for the direct object : the nominative-genitive (used in telic constructions) and the partitive (used in atelic constructions). Ingrian adjectives often have a separate comparative form, but lack a morphologically distinct superlative . Ingrian distinguishes between three persons . There

75-511: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Izhorian language Ingrian ( inkeroin keeli Soikkola [ˈiŋɡ̊e̞roi̯ŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi] ), also called Izhorian ( ižoran keeli Soikkola [ˈiʒ̥o̞rɑŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi] Ala-Laukaa [ˈiʒo̞rəŋ ˈkeːlʲ] ), is a Finnic language spoken by the (mainly Orthodox ) Izhorians of Ingria . It has approximately 70 native speakers left, most of whom are elderly. The Ingrian language should be distinguished from

100-689: Is expressed by means of a negative verb that inflects by person and has separate imperative forms. The phonology of the two extant Ingrian varieties differs substantially. The Soikkola dialect features a threefold contrast in consonant length ( [t] vs [tˑ] vs [tː] ) as well as a threefold distinction in voicing ( [t] vs [d̥] vs [d] ). The Ala-Laukaa dialect, on the contrary only has a twofold contrast in both length and voicing ( [tː] vs [t] vs [d] ), but features highly prominent vowel reduction, resulting in phonetically both reduced and voiceless vowels ( [o] vs [ŏ] vs [ŏ̥] ). Both dialects show various processes of consonant assimilation in voicing and, in

125-658: Is most closely related to the Karelian language and the Eastern dialects of Finnish , although the exact nature of this relationship is unclear: A popular opinion holds that the split of the Karelian and Ingrian languages can be traced back to around the 8th-12th centuries A.D., with the Ingrian language originating from a Pre-Karelian group travelling westward along the Neva river . The first Ingrian records can be traced back to

150-440: Is no distinction in gender , but there is an animacy distinction in interrogative pronouns. Ingrian verbs feature four moods : indicative , conditional , imperative and the now rare potential . Verbs are inflected for three persons , two numbers and a special impersonal form for each of the moods, although the imperative lacks a first person form. The indicative has both present and past forms. Negation in Ingrian

175-434: Is the process that the affixes attached to a lemma may change depending on the stressed vowel of the word. This means that if the word is stressed on a back vowel , the affix would contain a back vowel as well, while if the word's stress lies on a front vowel , the affix would naturally contain a front vowel. Thus, if the stress of a word lies on an "a", "o" or "u", the possible affix vowels would be "a", "o" or "u", while if

200-716: The Ingrian dialect of the Finnish language , which became the majority language of Ingria in the 17th century with the influx of Lutheran Finnish immigrants; their descendants, the Ingrian Finns , are often referred to as Ingrians. The immigration of Lutheran Finns was promoted by Swedish authorities, who gained the area in 1617 from Russia, as the local population was (and remained) Orthodox. Four dialects groups of Ingrian have been attested, two of which are probably extinct by now: A fifth dialect may have once been spoken on

225-593: The Karelian Isthmus in northernmost Ingria, and may have been a substrate of local dialects of southeastern Finnish. Ingrian is classified, together with Finnish , Karelian (including Livvi ), Ludic and Veps , in the Northern Finnic branch of the Uralic languages . The exact origin of Izhorians , and by extension the Ingrian language, is not fully clear. Most scholars agree that Ingrian

250-609: The Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa by Peter Simon Pallas , which contains a vocabulary of the so-called Chukhna language, which contains terms in Finnish, Votic and Ingrian. Not much later, Fedor Tumansky, in a description of the Saint Petersburg Governorate adds vocabularies of various local languages, among which one he dubbed ямский ("the language of Yamburg "), corresponding to

275-526: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Volmari Porkka " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for

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300-622: The Firebird and the Gray Wolf ) in all four dialects of Ingrian. In 1925, Julius Mägiste wrote a second grammatical description of Ingrian, this time of the Finnic varieties spoken in a handful of villages along the Rosona river  [ ru ] , which showed both Ingrian and Finnish features. This variety was closely related to the modern Siberian Ingrian Finnish . Simultaneously, in

325-1116: The Ingrian language: Nevertheless, borrowings from Russian , both old and new, are very common. Some borrowings from Finnish, Estonian and Votic are also present: Volmari Porkka Look for Volmari Porkka on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Volmari Porkka in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

350-534: The Soikkola dialect. Both phonemes and allophones are shown. Stress in Ingrian generally falls on the first syllable, with a secondary stress on every uneven nonfinal syllabe (third, fifth, etc.). An exception is the word paraikaa ("now"), which is stressed on the second syllable. Furthermore, some speakers might stress borrowed words according to the stress rules of the donor language. The Ingrian language has several morphophonological processes . Vowel harmony

375-416: The above mentioned books, wrote a grammar of the Ingrian language, in Ingrian. In the grammar, Junus introduced a literary language for Ingrian, which he based on the then most populous dialects: the Soikkola and Ala-Laukaa dialects. Junus' grammar included rules for spelling and inflection, as well as a general description of the spoken Ingrian language. The grammar introduced a new age of written Ingrian, and

400-501: The case of the nasal phoneme /n/ , place of articulation. The consonant inventory of the Ala-Laukaa dialect is relatively larger, as it includes a number of loaned phonemes not or only partially distinguished in the Soikkola dialect. To the right, the consonant inventory of Ingrian is shown. The consonants highlighted in red are only found in the Ala-Laukaa dialect or as loaned phonemes, while consonants in green are only found in

425-523: The collectors were not interested in the exact form of the original text. One of the collectors of the Ingrian poems, Volmari Porkka  [ fi ] , has gone on to write a first grammatical description of Ingrian, including sections on the Ingrian dialects of Finnish. This grammar includes a thorough analysis of the Soikkola, Hevaha, and Ala-Laukaa dialects, and includes a handful of texts (notably, fairy tales , including traditional versions of The Little Humpbacked Horse and Tsarevitch Ivan,

450-399: The current alphabet matches the Finnish alphabet . Like other Uralic languages, Ingrian is a highly agglutinative language . Ingrian inflection is exclusively performed using inflectional suffixes , with prefixes being only used in derivation. Ingrian nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (singular and plural) and case . Ingrian nominals distinguish between twelve cases, with

475-571: The famine the war brought. A large number of Izhorians was deported, among with Ingrian Finns and Votians to Finland in 1943-1944, as part of an agreement between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War . Almost all Izhorian families decided to return to the Soviet Union after the war ended. Upon return to the Soviet Union after the war, Izhorians were banned from settling their native lands, and were instead scattered across

500-410: The language in which these books were written included the vowel raising of mid vowels , and a lack of distinction between voiced, semivoiced and voiceless consonants. By 1935, the number of Ingrian schools increased to 23 (18 primary schools and 5 secondary schools). At the same time, a systematic process of assimilation has begun. In 1936, Väinö Junus  [ fi ] , one of the authors of

525-471: The late 1920s, Ingrian-speaking selsovets started to form across the Ingrian-speaking territory. In 1932, a total of 19 schools were opened where education was performed in Ingrian. A first primer in the Ingrian language was published, based on a subdialect of Soikkola Ingrian. The primer was the first of a series of schoolbooks written in this dialect. A number of features characteristic of

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550-486: The modern Ala-Laukaa dialect of Ingrian. During the Finnish national awakening in the end of the 19th century, as the collection of Finnic folk poetry became widespread, a large number of poems and songs were recorded in lands inhabited by Izhorians, as well, and ultimately published in various volumes of Suomen kansan vanhat runot . The songs, although originally sung in the Ingrian language, have been noted using Finnish grammar and Finnish phonology in many cases, as

575-471: The nation. Due to the many repressions, deportations and war, the number of Izhorians, as well as Ingrian speakers, decreased dramatically. The 1926 census counted over 16.000 Izhorians. In 1939 this number decreased to just over 7.000, and by 1959 just 369 people claimed to be native Ingrian speakers. The order of the 1936 alphabet is similar to the Russian Cyrillic alphabet . The order of

600-425: The stress of a word lies on an "ä", "ö" or "y", the possible affix vowels to this word would then be "ä", "ö" or "y": The vowels "e" and "i" are neutral, that is to say that they can be used together with both types of vowels. The words in the Ingrian language are mostly of native Finnic origin, and show great similarity with the surrounding Finnish and Estonian languages. Below is given a Leipzig-Jakarta list of

625-452: Was soon followed by another wave of schoolbooks, written in the new literary variety of Ingrian. The Ingrian schools stayed open until the mass repressions in 1937, during which Väinö Junus and many other teachers were executed, the schoolbooks were confiscated, and by 1938, the Ingrian selsovets were closed. Many Izhorians were sent to concentration camps or executed. During the world war, many Izhorians fell in battle, and starved due to

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