Bermeo is a town and municipality in the comarca of Busturialdea . It is in the province of Biscay , which is part of the autonomous region of the Basque Country in northern Spain .
53-767: Sollube is a mountain located in Bermeo , Biscay , in the Basque Country of Spain . It is situated on the left bank of the Urdaibai estuary , and constitutes one of the limits of the reserve. It extends across the municipalities of Bermeo, Meñaka , Arrieta and Busturia . The summit is located in Arrieta. It is one of five "horn mountains" ( Spanish : montes bocineros , Basque : deiadar-mendiak ) in Biscay, peaks that were once used to announce General Assemblies in
106-415: A pinna and hair . Whales have an elongated head, especially baleen whales , due to the wide overhanging jaw. Bowhead whale plates can be 9 metres (30 ft) long. Their nostril(s) make up the blowhole , with one in toothed whales and two in baleen whales. The nostrils are located on top of the head above the eyes so that the rest of the body can remain submerged while surfacing for air. The back of
159-601: A factor in the ability to produce sounds used in echolocation. Mysticeti, who don't have the ability to echolocate, possess general symmetry of the skull and facial region, while Odontoceti display a nasofacial asymmetry that is linked to their echolocating abilities. Differences in the level of asymmetry also seem to correlate with differences in the types of sounds produced. Mysticeti have exceptionally thin, wide basilar membranes in their cochleae without stiffening agents, making their ears adapted for processing low to infrasonic frequencies. The initial karyotype includes
212-439: A large melon and multiple, asymmetric air bags. River dolphins , unlike most other cetaceans, can turn their head 90°. Most other cetaceans have fused neck vertebrae and are unable to turn their head at all. The baleen of baleen whales consists of long, fibrous strands of keratin. Located in place of the teeth, it has the appearance of a huge fringe and is used to sieve the water for plankton and krill. Sperm whales have
265-584: A latitudinal basis to move between seasonal habitats. For example, the gray whale migrates 10,000 miles (16,000 km) round trip. The journey begins at winter birthing grounds in warm lagoons along Baja California, and traverses 5,000–7,000 miles (8,000–11,300 km) of coastline to summer feeding grounds in the Bering, Chuckchi and Beaufort seas off the coast of Alaska. Conscious breathing cetaceans sleep but cannot afford to be unconscious for long, because they may drown. While knowledge of sleep in wild cetaceans
318-537: A set of chromosomes from 2n = 44. They have four pairs of telocentric chromosomes (whose centromeres sit at one of the telomeres ), two to four pairs of subtelocentric and one or two large pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The remaining chromosomes are metacentric—the centromere is approximately in the middle—and are rather small. All cetaceans have chromosomes 2n = 44, except the sperm whales and pygmy sperm whales , which have 2n = 42. Cetaceans are found in many aquatic habitats. While many marine species, such as
371-539: A significant nesting-bird population. On its cape is the Matxitxako lighthouse, which has good views of the coast and from which cetaceans may be seen. Izaro Island is part of the Urdaibai Reserve. Bermeo's old town has many houses painted in different colours and narrow streets with squares. Aritzatxu is a small beach. Ercilla Tower is the only remaining tower of 30 towers which defended Bermeo during
424-760: A specific body of water. The southern right whale dolphin and the hourglass dolphin live only in the Southern Ocean . The narwhal and the beluga live only in the Arctic Ocean. Sowerby's beaked whale and the Clymene dolphin exist only in the Atlantic and the Pacific white-sided dolphin and the northern straight dolphin live only in the North Pacific. Cosmopolitan species may be found in
477-426: A terrestrial mammal breathing out on a cold day, a small cloud of 'steam' appears. This is called the 'spout' and varies across species in shape, angle and height. Species can be identified at a distance using this characteristic. The structure of the respiratory and circulatory systems is of particular importance for the life of marine mammals . The oxygen balance is effective. Each breath can replace up to 90% of
530-654: Is bicornuate . Cetacean eyes are set on the sides rather than the front of the head. This means only species with pointed 'beaks' (such as dolphins) have good binocular vision forward and downward. Tear glands secrete greasy tears, which protect the eyes from the salt in the water. The lens is almost spherical, which is most efficient at focusing the minimal light that reaches deep water. Odontocetes have little to no ability to taste or smell, while mysticetes are believed to have some ability to smell because of their reduced, but functional olfactory system . Cetaceans are known to possess excellent hearing. At least one species,
583-417: Is about 9 °C (48 °F), and the maximum is about 19 °C (66 °F). The record maximum temperature is 45 °C (113 °F), and the record minimum is -9 °C (16 °F). As a result of increased immigration due to industrialisation during the 1960s, the population grew rapidly. Although it began to decline during the 1990s, the population has increased again since 2000. Bermeo's economy
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#1732780649560636-447: Is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales , dolphins and porpoises . Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size and exclusively carnivorous diet. They propel themselves through the water with powerful up-and-down movement of their tail which ends in a paddle-like fluke, using their flipper-shaped forelimbs to maneuver. While
689-451: Is based on fishing, and its port is the town's chief source of revenue. It has a fleet of deep-sea vessels, and Bermeo's coastal fisheries are among the region's most important. In addition to fishing, diesel engines and generators are manufactured and the commercial port receives raw materials. Bermeo also has connections with the timber and undersea-gas industries. Bermeo is connected by road to Mungia (18 km [11 mi] away) by
742-515: Is considered to be functionally extinct due to human activity. The two parvorders, baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti), are thought to have diverged around thirty-four million years ago. Baleen whales have bristles made of keratin instead of teeth . The bristles filter krill and other small invertebrates from seawater. Grey whales feed on bottom-dwelling mollusks. Rorqual family (balaenopterids) use throat pleats to expand their mouths to take in food and sieve out
795-430: Is home to elongated spindle neurons that, prior to 2019, were known only in hominids . In humans, these cells are thought to be involved in social conduct, emotions, judgment and theory of mind. Cetacean spindle neurons are found in areas of the brain homologous to where they are found in humans, suggesting they perform a similar function. The cetacean skeleton is largely made up of cortical bone , which stabilizes
848-433: Is limited, toothed cetaceans in captivity have been recorded to exhibit unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (USWS), which means they sleep with one side of their brain at a time, so that they may swim, breathe consciously and avoid both predators and social contact during their period of rest. A 2008 study found that sperm whales sleep in vertical postures just under the surface in passive shallow 'drift-dives', generally during
901-424: Is so well-adapted for both air and water that some blind specimens can survive. Some species, such as sperm whales, are well adapted for diving to great depths. Several species of toothed whales show sexual dimorphism , in which the males differ from the females, usually for purposes of sexual display or aggression. Cetacean bodies are generally similar to those of fish, which can be attributed to their lifestyle and
954-759: Is swallowed whole. Teeth are shaped like cones (dolphins and sperm whales), spades ( porpoises ), pegs ( belugas ), tusks ( narwhals ) or variable (beaked whale males). Female beaked whales' teeth are hidden in the gums and are not visible, and most male beaked whales have only two short tusks. Narwhals have vestigial teeth other than their tusk, which is present on males and 15% of females and has millions of nerves to sense water temperature, pressure and salinity. A few toothed whales, such as some orcas , feed on mammals, such as pinnipeds and other whales. Toothed whales have well-developed senses – their eyesight and hearing are adapted for both air and water, and they have advanced sonar capabilities using their melon . Their hearing
1007-412: Is vital for deep diving, since beyond a depth around 100 m (330 ft), the lung tissue is almost completely compressed by the water pressure. The stomach consists of three chambers. The first region is formed by a loose gland and a muscular forestomach (missing in beaked whales); this is followed by the main stomach and the pylorus . Both are equipped with glands to help digestion. A bowel adjoins
1060-459: The Amazon river dolphin . The collarbone is completely absent. Cetaceans have a cartilaginous fluke at the end of their tails that is used for propulsion. The fluke is set horizontally on the body and used with vertical movements, unlike fish and ichthyosaurs, which have vertical tails which move horizontally. Cetaceans have powerful hearts. Blood oxygen is distributed effectively throughout
1113-532: The beaked whale family, several species of the porpoise family, orcas, pilot whales , eastern spinner dolphins and northern right whale dolphins show this characteristic. Males in these species developed external features absent in females that are advantageous in combat or display. For example, male sperm whales are up to 63% percent larger than females, and many beaked whales possess tusks used in competition among males. Hind legs are not present in cetaceans, nor are any other external body attachments such as
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#17327806495601166-664: The blue whale , the humpback whale and the orca , have a distribution area that includes nearly the entire ocean, some species occur only locally or in broken populations. These include the vaquita , which inhabits a small part of the Gulf of California and Hector's dolphin , which lives in some coastal waters in New Zealand. Most river dolphin species live exclusively in fresh water. Many species inhabit specific latitudes, often in tropical or subtropical waters, such as Bryde's whale or Risso's dolphin . Others are found only in
1219-404: The melon as a head buckle. This is filled with air sacs and fat that aid in buoyancy and biosonar . The sperm whale has a particularly pronounced melon; this is called the spermaceti organ and contains the eponymous spermaceti , hence the name "sperm whale". Even the long tusk of the narwhal is a vice-formed tooth. In many toothed whales, the depression in their skull is due to the formation of
1272-404: The sperm whale , and the poorly understood beaked whales ) and the filter feeding Mysticeti or baleen whales (which includes species like the blue whale , the humpback whale and the bowhead whale ). Despite their highly modified bodies and carnivorous lifestyle, genetic and fossil evidence places cetaceans as nested within even-toed ungulates , most closely related to hippopotamus within
1325-433: The tucuxi or Guiana dolphin, is able to use electroreception to sense prey. The external ear has lost the pinna (visible ear), but still retains a narrow ear canal . The three small bones or ossicles that transmit sound within each ear are dense and compact , and differently shaped from those of land mammals. The semicircular canals are much smaller relative to body size than in other mammals. A bony structure of
1378-644: The BI-631 road and to Gernika-Lumo (14 km [8.7 mi] away) by the BI-2235. The BI-3101 connects the town with Bakio , 12 km (7.5 mi) away. The capital, Bilbao (33 km [21 mi] away), is reached by the BI-631 and the BI-2235. BizkaiBus connects Bermeo with Guernica , Amorebieta-Etxano , Bilbao, Derio and Bakio . Euskotren Trena connects the town directly with Bilbao, Guernica, Amorebieta-Etxano, Biscay and Gipuzkoa . Bermeo also has taxi and Bermibusa (urban bus) service. On
1431-672: The Middle Ages. In the old port, it was built at the end of the 15th century and housed the Ercilla family (including Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga , author of The Araucana ). In addition to its military use, it housed fishermen and warehoused fish. It was renovated in 1948 with Gothic arches as the Fisherman's Museum; additional renovation was done in 1984 and 1985. Bermeo's town hall, in Sabino Arana Goiri Square,
1484-675: The Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. However, northern and southern populations become genetically separated over time. In some species, this separation leads eventually to a divergence of the species, such as produced the southern right whale , North Pacific right whale and North Atlantic right whale . Migratory species' reproductive sites often lie in the tropics and their feeding grounds in polar regions. Thirty-two species are found in European waters, including twenty-five toothed and seven baleen species. Many species of whales migrate on
1537-402: The amount of brain mass available for cognitive tasks. Allometric analysis of the relationship between mammalian brain mass (weight) and body mass for different species of mammals shows that larger species generally have larger brains. However, this increase is not fully proportional. Typically the brain mass only increases in proportion to somewhere between the two-thirds power (or the square of
1590-522: The animal in the water. For this reason, the usual terrestrial compact bones, which are finely woven cancellous bone , are replaced with lighter and more elastic material. In many places, bone elements are replaced by cartilage and even fat, thereby improving their hydrostatic qualities. The ear and the muzzle contain a bone shape that is exclusive to cetaceans with a high density, resembling porcelain . This conducts sound better than other bones, thus aiding biosonar . The number of vertebrae that make up
1643-439: The body wall. The stable lumbar and tail include the other vertebrae. Below the caudal vertebrae is the chevron bone . The front limbs are paddle-shaped with shortened arms and elongated finger bones, to support movement. They are connected by cartilage. The second and third fingers display a proliferation of the finger members, a so-called hyperphalangy. The shoulder joint is the only functional joint in all cetaceans except for
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1696-416: The body. They are warm-blooded, i.e., they hold a nearly constant body temperature. Cetaceans have lungs, meaning they breathe air. An individual can last without a breath from a few minutes to over two hours depending on the species. Cetacea are deliberate breathers who must be awake to inhale and exhale. When stale air, warmed from the lungs, is exhaled, it condenses as it meets colder external air. As with
1749-403: The brain folds around the insula and expands more laterally than in terrestrial mammals. As a result, the cetacean prefrontal cortex (compared to that in humans) rather than frontal is laterally positioned. Brain size was previously considered a major indicator of intelligence . Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase
1802-556: The clade Whippomorpha . Cetaceans have been extensively hunted for their meat, blubber and oil by commercial operations. Although the International Whaling Commission has agreed on putting a halt to commercial whaling, whale hunting is still going on, either under IWC quotas to assist the subsistence of Arctic native people or in the name of scientific research, although a large spectrum of non-lethal methods are now available to study marine mammals in
1855-542: The cube root) and the three-quarters power (or the cube of the fourth root) of the body mass. m brain ∝ ( m body ) where k is between two-thirds and three-quarters. Thus if Species B is twice the size of Species A, its brain size will typically be somewhere between 60% and 70% higher. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size based on such an analysis provides an encephalization quotient that can be used as an indication of animal intelligence. The neocortex of many cetaceans
1908-530: The fin are for stabilization and steering in the water. The male genitals and the mammary glands of females are sunken into the body. The male genitals are attached to a vestigial pelvis . The body is wrapped in a thick layer of fat, known as blubber . This provides thermal insulation and gives cetaceans their smooth, streamlined body shape. In larger species, it can reach a thickness up to one-half meter (1.6 feet). Sexual dimorphism evolved in many toothed whales. Sperm whales, narwhals , many members of
1961-403: The group's members. For example, the blue whale reaches a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and a weight of 173 tonnes (190 short tons), making it the largest animal ever known to have existed. There are approximately 89 living species split into two parvorders : Odontoceti or toothed whales (containing porpoises , dolphins , other predatory whales like the beluga and
2014-405: The habitat conditions. Their body is well-adapted to their habitat, although they share essential characteristics with other higher mammals ( Eutheria ). They have a streamlined shape, and their forelimbs are flippers . Almost all have a dorsal fin on their backs, but this can take on many forms, depending on the species. A few species, such as the beluga whale , lack them. Both the flipper and
2067-434: The largest brain mass of any animal on Earth, averaging 8,000 cm (490 in ) and 7.8 kg (17 lb) in mature males. The brain to body mass ratio in some odontocetes, such as belugas and narwhals, is second only to humans. In some whales, however, it is less than half that of humans: 0.9% versus 2.1%. In cetaceans, evolution in the water has caused changes to the head that have modified brain shape such that
2120-422: The majority of cetaceans live in marine environments, a small number reside solely in brackish water or fresh water . Having a cosmopolitan distribution , they can be found in some rivers and all of Earth's oceans, and many species inhabit vast ranges where they migrate with the changing of the seasons. Cetaceans are famous for their high intelligence , complex social behaviour, and the enormous size of some of
2173-469: The middle and inner ear, the auditory bulla , is composed of two compact and dense bones (the periotic and tympanic). It is housed in a cavity in the middle ear; in the Odontoceti (apart from in the physeterids , this cavity is filled with dense foam and completely surrounds the bulla, which is connected to the skull only by ligaments. This may isolate the ear from sounds transmitted through the bones of
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2226-655: The monastery of San Juan of Gaztelugatxe in 1051. In 1082, it is mentioned by Don Lope lñiguez as "Sancti Michaelis Arcangeli in Portu of Vermelio". Ferdinand II of Aragon named the town the capital of Biscay on 31 July 1476, a position it held until 1602. Many documents have been destroyed by fire; notable fires occurred in 1297, 1347, 1360, 1422 and 1504. The founding of Bilbao in 1300 also coincided with decline in Bermeo. The town has an oceanic climate , with heavy rains in spring and late fall. The average annual minimum temperature
2279-543: The region with horns and lights. The four other "horn mountains" include Kolitza, Ganekogorta, Gorbea and Oiz . This article about a location in the Basque Country, Spain, is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bermeo With a population of 16,765, it is the most important fishing port in the Basque Country. The town was founded in 1236, and is the largest in Busturialdea. Bermeo
2332-501: The road to Bakio is the lighthouse of Matxitxako, on the cape of the same name. Further along is Akatz Island, next to Gaztelugatxe (an island with the San Juan de Gaztelugatxe monastery). During the 14th century a castle topped the island, which was replaced by the monastery. On 29 August a mass celebrates the feast of San Juan. The island is a protected area. Akatz Island, a small island next to Gaztelugatxe, has little vegetation but
2385-426: The skull is significantly shortened and deformed. By shifting the nostrils to the top of the head, the nasal passages extend perpendicularly through the skull. The teeth or baleen in the upper jaw sit exclusively on the maxilla . The braincase is concentrated through the nasal passage to the front and is correspondingly higher, with individual cranial bones that overlap. In toothed whales, connective tissue exists in
2438-908: The skull, something that also happens in bats . Cetaceans use sound to communicate , using groans, moans, whistles, clicks or the 'singing' of the humpback whale. Odontoceti are generally capable of echolocation . They can discern the size, shape, surface characteristics, distance and movement of an object. They can search for, chase and catch fast-swimming prey in total darkness. Most Odontoceti can distinguish between prey and nonprey (such as humans or boats); captive Odontoceti can be trained to distinguish between, for example, balls of different sizes or shapes. Echolocation clicks also contain characteristic details unique to each animal, which may suggest that toothed whales can discern between their own click and that of others. While differences in ear structure associated with echolocating abilities are found amongst Cetacea, cranial asymmetry has also been found to be
2491-457: The spine varies by species, ranging from forty to ninety-three. The cervical spine , found in all mammals, consists of seven vertebrae which, however, are reduced or fused. This fusion provides stability during swimming at the expense of mobility. The fins are carried by the thoracic vertebrae , ranging from nine to seventeen individual vertebrae. The sternum is cartilaginous. The last two to three pairs of ribs are not connected and hang freely in
2544-500: The stomachs, whose individual sections can only be distinguished histologically . The liver is large and separate from the gall bladder . The kidneys are long and flattened. The salt concentration in cetacean blood is lower than that in seawater, requiring kidneys to excrete salt. This allows the animals to drink seawater. The urinary bladder is proportionally smaller in cetaceans than in land mammals. The testes are located internally, without an external scrotum . The uterus
2597-427: The total lung volume. For land mammals, in comparison, this value is usually about 15%. During inhalation, about twice as much oxygen is absorbed by the lung tissue as in a land mammal. As with all mammals, the oxygen is stored in the blood and the lungs, but in cetaceans, it is also stored in various tissues, mainly in the muscles. The muscle pigment, myoglobin , provides an effective bond. This additional oxygen storage
2650-705: The water. Balaenids ( right whales and bowhead whales ) have massive heads that can make up 40% of their body mass. Most mysticetes prefer the food-rich colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, migrating to the Equator to give birth. During this process, they are capable of fasting for several months, relying on their fat reserves. The parvorder of Odontocetes – the toothed whales – include sperm whales, beaked whales, orcas, dolphins and porpoises. Generally their teeth have evolved to catch fish, squid or other marine invertebrates , not for chewing them, so prey
2703-407: The wild. Cetaceans also face severe environmental hazards from underwater noise pollution , entanglement in abandoned ropes and nets, collisions with ships, plastic and heavy metals build-up, to accelerating climate change , but how much they are affected varies widely from species to species, from minimally in the case of the southern bottlenose whale to the baiji (Chinese river dolphin) which
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#17327806495602756-599: Was built in 1732. With two clocks on its facade, it is one of the town's Artistic Historical Monuments. The Kikunbera house, in Basque Rationalist style, was designed to resemble a ship and has been an Artistic Historical Monument since 1995. Batzoki is a modernist building by Pedro Ispizua. Cetacea ( see text for families) Cetacea ( / s ɪ ˈ t eɪ ʃ ə / ; from Latin cetus ' whale ', from Ancient Greek κῆτος ( kêtos ) ' huge fish , sea monster ')
2809-477: Was the provincial capital of Biscay from 1476 to 1602. Tourist attractions include the island of Gaztelugatxe , the Ercilla Tower (a fishing museum), San Juan Gate and the port. Bermeo is connected by Euskotren Trena and BizkaiBus to Bilbao . It has a number of neighbourhoods: Arana, Artike, Agirre, San Andres, Almike, Arronategi, San Migel, Demiku, Mañu and San Pelaio. Bermeo's history dates back to
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