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68-663: The Sonoma Mountains range is approximately fourteen miles (23 km) long. It separates the Sonoma Creek watershed from the Petaluma River and Tolay Creek watersheds. The highest point of this range is Sonoma Mountain , elevation 2,287 ft (697 m). Jack London State Historic Park , Crane Creek Regional Park , and the Fairfield Osborn Preserve are all on Sonoma Mountain. A number of threatened and endangered species are found in

136-420: A council–manager form of government, wherein a council sets policy and hires staff to implement it. The city council has five members, elected to four-year terms. The city council selects one of its members to serve as mayor. In addition to the official mayor, Sonoma has a tradition of naming an honorary mayor each year, titled " Alcalde /Alcaldesa". The Alcalde or Alcaldesa presides over ceremonial events for

204-571: A pueblo in 1835, it remained under military control, lacking the political structures of municipal self-government of other Alta California pueblos. In 1843, Lieutenant Colonel Vallejo wrote to the Governor recommending that a civil government be organized for Sonoma. A town council ( ayuntamiento ) was established in 1844 and Jacobo Leese was named first alcalde , and Cayetano Juárez second alcalde . Before dawn on Sunday, June 14, 1846, thirty-three Americans, already in rebellion against

272-430: A female householder with no husband present, 174 (3.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 230 (4.6%) unmarried partnerships , and 48 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 1,920 households (38.7%) were made up of individuals, and 1,054 (21.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10. There were 2,693 families (54.3% of all households);

340-405: A household in the city was $ 50,505, and the median income for a family was $ 65,600. Males had a median income of $ 51,831 versus $ 40,276 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 32,387. 3.7% of the population and 2.0% of families were below the poverty line . 3.3% of those under 18 and 4.7% of those were 65 and older. The City of Sonoma was incorporated on September 3, 1883. It uses

408-571: A larger plan Governor Luis Antonio Argüello had devised to fortify Spanish presence north of San Francisco Bay and thus deter Russian encroachment into the region. Franciscan padre José Altimira worked with Governor Argüello to plan the mission, against the desires of José Francisco de Paula Señan , then the President-General of the Californian missions , who disapproved of government intervention into religious matters. In 1833

476-550: A local radio station, KSVY , and a public-access television station, SVTV 27 . California State Route 12 is the main route in Sonoma, passing through the populated areas of the Sonoma Valley and connecting it to Santa Rosa to the north and Napa to the east. State routes 121 and 116 run to the south of town, passing through the unincorporated area of Schellville and connecting Sonoma Valley to Napa, Petaluma to

544-554: A political party. The two primary news sources for Sonoma are the Sonoma Index-Tribune and the Sonoma Valley Sun . The Sonoma Index-Tribune publishes twice weekly on Wednesdays and Fridays and has a circulation of 9,000. The Sonoma Valley Sun publishes every other Thursday and is free. The Sun is recognized as the alternative weekly for the Sonoma Valley. It has a circulation of 5,000. Sonoma has

612-793: A single military unit. Frémont then took the majority of the men back to Sutter's Fort and left fifty men to defend Sonoma. The Bear Flag Revolt ended and the California Republic ceased to exist on July 9 when Lieutenant Joseph Warren Revere of the U.S. Navy raised the United States flag in front of the Sonoma Barracks . Following the American Conquest of California and the advent of the California Gold Rush , local businesses prospered with

680-514: A southerly direction to discharge ultimately to the Napa Sonoma Marsh ; Arroyo Seco Creek is a tributary to Schell Creek with a confluence in the eastern portion of the town. The active Rodgers Fault lies to the west of Sonoma Creek ; however, the risk of major damage is mitigated by the fact that most of the soils beneath the city consist of a slight alluvial terrace underlain by strongly cemented sedimentary and volcanic rock. To

748-534: A vineyard beside the creek and were exterminated, leading to civic uproar and a shift to accommodate beaver resettlement. Sonoma Ecology Center executive director Richard Dale reports that although beavers fell trees and dam culverts, on balance they perform nearly "perfect stream restoration," because they cause the creation of deep pools, slowing the flow of flood water and enhancing fishery habitat. New beavers have recolonized Sonoma Creek and are currently located in both Sonoma and Glen Ellen . A " keystone species ",

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816-415: Is Adobe Canyon . Locally part of this upper reach flow is sometimes called Adobe Creek. Tributaries near the headwaters include Mount Hood Creek and Graywood Creek. A diversity of aquatic and terrestrial organisms populate Sonoma Creek and its riparian zone . Winter-run Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tsawytscha ), Delta smelt ( Hypomesus transpacificus ) and steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) are

884-492: Is a 33.4-mile-long (53.8 km) stream in northern California . It is one of two principal drainages of southern Sonoma County, California , with headwaters rising in the rugged hills of Sugarloaf Ridge State Park and discharging to San Pablo Bay , the northern arm of San Francisco Bay . The watershed drained by Sonoma Creek is roughly equivalent to the wine region of Sonoma Valley , an area of about 170 square miles (440 km ). The State of California has designated

952-670: Is already occurring, rendering water unsuitable for many uses. Sonoma, California Sonoma ( / s ə ˈ n oʊ m ə / ) is a city in Sonoma County, California , United States, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . Sonoma is one of the principal cities of California's Wine Country and the center of the Sonoma Valley AVA . Sonoma's population was 10,739 as of

1020-546: Is also a 25 foot (eight meter) high waterfall, present only when fed by the winter rains but can persist until late May for high rainfall years such as 2006. In the 100  foot (30 m) deep gorge into which the waterfall spills is a moist mixed forest habitat including California bay laurel , coast redwood , Douglas fir , big leaf maple , cherry holly, coffeeberry , and even tanbark oak . The understory features abundant ferns and boulder laden mosses . A prominent landform in this upper reach created by Sonoma Creek

1088-588: Is present in the northern reach draining the south slopes of Annadel State Park . Several endangered species (mostly associated with the marshy discharge area) present include California clapper rail ( Rallus longirostris ), California black rail ( Laterallus jamaicensis ), California brown pelican ( Pelicanus occidentalis ), California freshwater shrimp ( Syncaris pacifica ), salt marsh harvest mouse ( Reithrodontomys raviventris ), Suisun shrew ( Sorex ornatus sinuosus ), Sacramento splittail ( Pogonichtys macrolepidotus ). The above are endangered species with

1156-518: Is prevalent on the Sonoma Valley floor. Up until about 1850, Sonoma Creek was unchanged from its natural state. Adverse erosion and bank cutting were at sustainable levels and did not add enough turbidity to the creek system to discourage aquatic species. Flooding in the downstream reaches did not realize the modern frequencies since all the creek reaches could absorb more excess water from peak rainfall events. The Kenwood area existed in

1224-587: The California coast. Figueroa's next step in implementing his instructions was to name Lieutenant Vallejo as Military Commander of the Northern Frontier and to order the soldiers, arms and materiel at the Presidio of San Francisco moved to the site of the recently secularized Mission San Francisco Solano . The Sonoma Barracks were built to house the soldiers. Until the building was habitable,

1292-677: The Mexican Congress passed the Mexican secularization act of 1833 , ending mission stewardship and control of huge tracts of associated lands in California, one goal being to diminish the church's highly influential standing in California's economy and political system. Governor José Figueroa appointed Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , then the Commandant of the Presidio of San Francisco , as administrator ( comisionado ) to oversee

1360-430: The U.S. military occupation of California ended in 1850, when California was admitted as a state, Sonoma was named the county seat for Sonoma County . About that time the flow of miners had slowed and the U.S. Army was leaving Sonoma. Business in Sonoma moved into a recession in 1851. Surrounding towns such as Petaluma and Santa Rosa were developing and gaining population faster than Sonoma. An 1854 special election moved

1428-507: The 2020 census , while the Sonoma urban area had a population of 32,679. Sonoma is a popular tourist destination, owing to its Californian wineries , noted events like the Sonoma International Film Festival , and its historic center. In 1823, Spaniard José Altimira established Mission San Francisco Solano , under the direction of Governor Luis Antonio Argüello . Following the Mexican secularization of

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1496-696: The Alta California government, arrived in Sonoma. Some of the group had traveled from the camp of U.S. Army Brevet Captain John C. Frémont who had entered California illegally in late 1845 with his exploration and mapping expedition. Others had joined along the way. As the number of immigrants arriving in California had swelled, the Mexican government barred them from buying or renting land and threatened them with expulsion because they had entered without official permission. Mexican officials were concerned about

1564-464: The Board of Supervisors of Sonoma County. Most notably a special parcel tax may be submitted to voters to assess landowners adjacent to Sonoma Creek. These funds could be used in flood control , hydrology modeling studies , stream conservation work, including erosion control and wildlife conservation. Other current activities include considerable research in public and private sectors including work by

1632-696: The Laguna. Tributaries of Sonoma Creek rise on the eastern exposures of the Sonoma Mountains: Yulupa Creek , Carriger Creek , Graham Creek , Felder Creek, and Rogers Creek. These eventually enter San Pablo Bay south of Sonoma, California . The southwestern slopes drain to San Pablo Bay by other routes: either Tolay Creek or else some tributary of the Petaluma River such as Lichau Creek , Lynch Creek , or Adobe Creek . [REDACTED] Media related to Sonoma Mountains at Wikimedia Commons Sonoma Creek Sonoma Creek

1700-596: The Plaza, is home to a particularly vibrant Farmers Market on Tuesdays during season. The city is situated in the Sonoma Valley , with the Mayacamas Mountains to the east and the Sonoma Mountains to the west, with the prominent landform Sears Point to the southwest. Sonoma has an area of 2.7 sq mi (7.0 km ). The principal watercourse in the town is Sonoma Creek , which flows in

1768-614: The Sonoma Creek watershed as a “Critical Coastal Water Resource”. To the east of this generally rectangular watershed is the Napa River watershed, and to the west are the Petaluma River and Tolay Creek watersheds. This south flowing river drains the western slopes of the Mayacamas Range , the southern slopes of Annadel State Park and the eastern slopes of the Sonoma Mountains with intermittent winter flows in

1836-582: The Sonoma Mountains including the fragrant fritillary ( Fritillaria liliacea ). Many creeks rise in the Sonoma Mountains. From the northwestern slopes, Copeland Creek and Hinebaugh Creek flow to the Laguna de Santa Rosa , eventually entering the Pacific Ocean just south of Jenner, California . Matanzas Creek and Spring Creek flow north into Santa Rosa Creek , another tributary of

1904-495: The Sonoma Valley, the racial makeup was 46.3% White, 49.1% Hispanic, and 2.7% Native American. The average household income was $ 96,722. The Census reported that 10,411 people (97.8% of the population) lived in households, 11 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 226 (2.1%) were institutionalized. There were 4,955 households, out of which 1,135 (22.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 2,094 (42.3%) were married couples living together, 425 (8.6%) had

1972-549: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sonoma County and various private conservation groups. Due to overpopulation of Sonoma Valley as well as overly intensive agriculture , groundwater supplies have been drawn down to the point of causing deleterious effects. The U.S. Geological Survey has found in the Carneros region between Sonoma Creek and the Napa Ridge that due to excessive groundwater drawdown, saltwater intrusion

2040-558: The approval of the governor) and the diputación (Alta California's legislature ). Vallejo had also been instructed by Governor Figueroa to establish a pueblo at the site of the old Mission. In 1835, with the assistance of William A. Richardson , he laid out, in accordance with the Spanish Laws of the Indies , the streets, lots, central plaza and broad main avenue of the new Pueblo de Sonoma . Although Sonoma had been founded as

2108-532: The area was near the northeast corner of the Coast Miwok territory, with Southern Pomo to the northwest, Wappo to the northeast, Suisunes and Patwin peoples to the east. Mission San Francisco Solano is the direct predecessor to the founding of Sonoma. The mission, the only to be constructed not by the Spanish but by the Mexican authorities (Spanish Viceroyalty at that time), was built as part of

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2176-644: The average family size was 2.82. The population was spread out, with 1,920 people (18.0%) under the age of 18, 559 people (5.2%) aged 18 to 24, 2,252 people (21.1%) aged 25 to 44, 3,250 people (30.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,667 people (25.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.8 males. There were 5,544 housing units at an average density of 2,021.9 units per square mile (780.7 units/km ), of which 2,928 (59.1%) were owner-occupied, and 2,027 (40.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate

2244-801: The beaver have created habitat that has, in turn, led to the return of river otter ("Lontra canadensis") which have been sighted recently in the beaver pond below the Boyes Boulevard bridge in Boyes Hot Springs . Upland ecosystems drained include mixed California oak woodland , chaparral and savannah woodland , In these upland reaches one finds plentiful black-tailed deer , coyote , skunk, raccoon, opossum, wild turkey , turkey vulture , red-tailed hawk and occasionally bobcat and mountain lion . Prominent higher elevation trees include: coast live oak , Garry oak , Pacific madrone , California buckeye , Douglas fir , whereas valley oak

2312-432: The business brought by the soldiers as well as miners traveling to and from the gold fields. The prosperity and optimism about Sonoma's future promoted land speculation which was particularly problematic because of the cloudy records regarding land ownership. Vallejo had granted land by virtue of his office as Director of Colonization before the pueblo was organized. Among the traditional duties of Alta California's alcaldes

2380-443: The city of Sonoma it is an urban creek which emerges into agricultural areas to the south. Finally, Sonoma Creek discharges to the vast Napa-Sonoma Marsh at the northern tip of San Pablo Bay. Principal tributaries to the creek include Yulupa Creek , Graham Creek , Calabazas Creek , Bear Creek , Schell Creek , and Fowler Creek . Headwaters rise on the west facing slopes of the inner coast southern Mayacamas Mountains , where

2448-548: The city was 93.80% White , 0.36% African American , 0.34% Native American , 1.70% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 1.61% from other races , and 2.14% from two or more races. 6.85% of the population were Hispanics (of any race). There were 4,373 households, of which 21.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 39.2% of households consisted of individuals, and 21.5% had someone living alone who

2516-853: The city. In the California State Legislature , Sonoma is in the 3rd Senate District , represented by Democrat Bill Dodd , and in the 10th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Stephanie Nguyen . In the United States House of Representatives , Sonoma is in California's 4th congressional district , represented by Democrat Mike Thompson . According to the California Secretary of State , as of February 10, 2019, Sonoma has 7,162 registered voters. Of those, 3,694 (51.6%) are registered Democrats , 1,309 (18.3%) are registered Republicans , and 1,783 (24.9%) have declined to state

2584-645: The closing of Mission San Francisco Solano and its conversion into a civilian town. Governor Figueroa had received instructions from the Mexican Congress to establish a strong presence in the region north of the San Francisco Bay to protect the area from encroachments of foreigners. An immediate concern was the further eastward movement of the Russian America Company from their settlements at Fort Ross and Bodega Bay on

2652-481: The coming war with the United States coupled with the growing influx of American immigrants into California. A group of rebellious Americans had departed from Frémont's camp on June 10 and captured a herd of 170 Mexican government-owned horses being moved by Californio soldiers from San Rafael and Sonoma to Alta California's Commandante General José Castro in Santa Clara. The insurgents next determined to seize

2720-637: The county seat and its entailed economic activity to Santa Rosa. The Sonoma City Hall , located in the center of the Sonoma Plaza, was dedicated on September 9, 1908. The United States Navy operated a rest center at the Mission Inn through World War II . Parts of Wes Craven 's Scream (1996) were filmed in the city, with shots of the Sonoma Community Center masked as Westboro High School. The center of town, known as

2788-532: The creek. Sediment and nitrates may also enter the stream through urban stormwater runoff in the city of Sonoma reach. Because Sonoma Creek is the sole drainage flow of the Sonoma Valley Wine Country , it is a vital resource for aquifer recharge. Proportionally a greater percent of Sonoma Creek feeds recharge than its neighbors, the Napa and Petaluma Rivers . This outcome derives from

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2856-422: The efficacy of anadromous fish summering habitat by increasing critical summer water temperatures in these pools. Pathogens appear to be linked to septic tank or leach field failures in some of the rural reaches, particularly in the upper valley sections. Nitrates enter the stream system from excess fertilizers applied to land uses in the drainage basin and may also be present in septic wastes improperly entering

2924-566: The exception of the splittail, steelhead and black rail, which species are federally designated as threatened. California golden beaver ("Castor canadensis subauratus") were historically abundant along Sonoma Creek but were trapped out in the California Fur Rush of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In 1828 fur trapper Michel La Framboise travelled from the Bonaventura River to San Francisco and then

2992-587: The expression, and their uprising became known as the Bear Flag Revolt. There were some small unit skirmishes between the Bears and the Californios but no major confrontations. After hearing reports that General José Castro was preparing to attack Sonoma, Frémont left Sutter's Fort with his forces for Sonoma. There he called a meeting with "the Bears" and united his forces with the revolters to form

3060-507: The form of a large marsh effectively blocked by a natural earthen dam from penetrating the course of the creek as it flows west out of Kenwood toward Glen Ellen . With the advent of more intensive farming of Sonoma Valley in the latter half of the 19th century, the Kenwood Marsh was drained in favor of grazing , vineyards and other agricultural uses. This action removed the largest upstream buffer that assisted flood control in

3128-517: The higher tributary reaches. As the tributaries and headwaters reach the valley floor, a perennial stream cuts through scenic and valuable vineyards of Kenwood . Sonoma Creek veers west at Kenwood and cuts a gorge running parallel to Warm Springs Road, where it turns south to historic Glen Ellen , passing within one mile (1.6 kilometers) of Jack London State Historic Park and the Wolf House and thence southward paralleling Arnold Drive. In

3196-606: The highest peaks are Hood Mountain , elevation 2750 feet (833 m) and Bald Mountain, elevation 2729 feet (826 m), each of which has views of the Pacific Ocean and the Sierra Nevada range. The headwaters cut through gorge and meadow of Sugarloaf Ridge State Park , which boasts 25 miles (40 kilometers) of self-guided trails and the Robert Ferguson Observatory . There

3264-454: The immediate south, west and east are deeper rich, alluvial soils that support valuable agricultural cultivation. The mountain block to the north rises to 1,200 feet (370 m) and provides an important scenic backdrop. Sonoma has a typical lowland near-coastal Californian warm-summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csb ) with hot, dry summers (although nights are comfortably cool) and cool, wet winters. In January,

3332-684: The lagoons behind its island arcs , which resulted from geological events dating from 140 to 42 million years. Recharge for the Sonoma Valley is critical because local rainfall is only about 29 inches (74 centimeters) per year. Grape growing and wine production require considerable groundwater extraction, and there is controversy over wineries use of annual creeks and waterways. This large marsh area has been reduced considerably from its historic dimensions due to construction of multiple levee systems and encroachment by agriculture and other forms of development. This Napa-Sonoma Marsh has been formed largely by sedimentary deposits over

3400-521: The last two million years. The basement depositional layer is the Alameda group . Higher are Old bay mud and Young bay mud, between which there are intermediate deposits of the Alameda formation , which consists of alluvial and swamp origins. The entire marsh area is considered subject to liquefaction in the case of a major seismic event. The marsh is subject to diurnal tidal variations of approximately 5.5 feet (1.7 m). Historically

3468-557: The lower reaches of Sonoma Creek. Consequently, the frequency and severity of modern floods (1960s onward) has been exacerbated by these interventions of humans. In 1978, Sonoma Creek was named a historic resource by the Sonoma League of Historic Preservation for being "one of the most picturesque sites and valuable natural resources in Sonoma County." The State of California Regional Water Quality Control Board considers

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3536-550: The lowest temperature was 13 °F (−11 °C) on December 22, 1990. Normal annual precipitation is 29.43 inches (748 mm). The wettest month on record was 20.29 inches (515 mm) in January 1995. The greatest 24-hour rainfall was 6.75 inches (171 mm) on January 4, 1982. There are an average of 68.6 days with measurable precipitation. Snow has rarely fallen, but 1 inch (2.5 cm) fell in January 1907; more recently, snow flurries were observed on February 5, 1976, and in

3604-631: The marsh supported an extremely diverse wetlands ecosystem , with a variety of primary productivity plants including pickleweed , eelgrass and giant bulrush ( Scirpus californiens ). There has also been historically significant fish, mammal , amphibian and avafauna. The marsh is a significant element within the Pacific Flyway providing resting and feeding areas for migratory birds. As of 2006 this ecosystem has been significantly compromised by fill, levee formation, dredging and other development; estimates generally state that 75 percent of

3672-470: The missions , Californio statesman Mariano G. Vallejo founded Sonoma on the former mission's lands in 1835. Sonoma served as the base of General Vallejo's operations until the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846, when American filibusters overthrew the local Mexican government and declared the California Republic , ushering in the American Conquest of California . When the first Spaniards arrived,

3740-519: The missions of San José , San Francisco Solano and San Rafael Arcángel . La Framboise stated that "the Bay of San Francisco abounds in beaver", and that he "made his best hunt in the vicinity of the missions". The beaver were likely wiped out by the mid-nineteenth century but returned to Sonoma Creek, likely from the Delta , in the 1990s. In 1996 a beaver family developed a taste for merlot grapevine bark in

3808-515: The most prominent fishes . Anadromous fish movements in Sonoma Creek have been studied extensively not only in the mainstem Sonoma Creek, but in some of the tributaries. These investigations have demonstrated a historical decline in spawning and habitat value for these species, primarily due to sedimentation and secondarily to removal of riparian vegetation since the 1800s. A variety of salamanders , snakes and frogs are also present. The federally listed as threatened California red-legged frog

3876-523: The most significant water quality parameters in Sonoma Creek to be: turbidity , pathogens and nitrates . Turbidity is an issue because of historical problems of erosion of stream banks, especially in the presence of ongoing land development in Sonoma Valley . Increased sedimentation has a variety of adverse impacts including direct harm to aquatic organisms and the more specific impact of altering streambed gravels to reduce productivity of spawning habitats; additionally sedimentation of pools decreases

3944-425: The normal high is 57.2 °F (14.0 °C) and the typical low is 37.2 °F (2.9 °C). In July, the normal high is 88.6 °F (31.4 °C) and the normal low is 51.2 °F (10.7 °C). There are an average of 58.1 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and 12.1 days with highs of 100 °F (38 °C). The highest temperature on record was 116 °F (47 °C) on July 13, 1972, and

4012-431: The original biological productivity of the marsh has been destroyed. However, it remains a significant habitat and is subject to meaningful wetland restoration activity, that is being actively evaluated as of the 2000–2006 timeframe. Because of the recognition of impacts of land development and land use practices, which began in the mid-19th century and have continued until 2006, certain actions are being considered by

4080-555: The presence of pervious valley floor alluvial soils and the gentle stream gradients along the valley floor, where most of the reaches occur. The valley itself is part of the Franciscan Complex , which includes crumpled, uplifted terranes that have resulted from the subduction of the former oceanic Farallon Plate under the North American continent. The area is attended by volcanism and sediments, deposited in

4148-482: The rebels to stay in Sonoma and start a new republic. Afterwards, Vallejo and his three associates were taken as prisoners and placed on horseback and taken to Frémont. The Sonoma Barracks became the headquarters for the remaining twenty-four rebels, who within a few days created their Bear Flag . After the flag was raised Californios called the insurgents Los Osos (The Bears) because of their flag and in derision of their often scruffy appearance. The rebels embraced

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4216-539: The troops were housed in the buildings of the old Mission. In 1834, George C. Yount , the first Euro-American permanent settler in the Napa Valley , was employed as a carpenter by General Vallejo. The Governor granted Lieutenant Vallejo the initial lands (approximately 44,000 acres (178 km )) of Rancho Petaluma immediately west of Sonoma. Vallejo was also named Director of Colonization which meant that he could initiate land grants for other colonists (subject to

4284-518: The weapons and materiel stored in the Sonoma Barracks and to deny Sonoma to the Californios as a rallying point north of San Francisco Bay. Meeting no resistance, they approached the home of General Vallejo, who invited the filibusters ' leaders into his home to negotiate terms. However, when the agreement was presented to those outside they refused to endorse it. Rather than releasing the Mexican officers under parole, they insisted they be held as hostages. William Ide gave an impassioned speech urging

4352-641: The west, and Marin County to the south. Sonoma County Transit provides bus service from Sonoma to other points in the county. VINE Transit also operates a route between Napa and Sonoma. The nearest airport with regularly scheduled commercial passenger service is Charles M. Schulz–Sonoma County Airport , about 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Sonoma. San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport are both about 60 miles (100 km) south of Sonoma. Apple 's desktop operating system, macOS Sonoma , announced on June 5, 2023, during WWDC ,

4420-488: The winter of 2001. The 2010 United States Census reported that Sonoma had a population of 10,648. The population density was 3,883.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,499.4/km ). The racial makeup of Sonoma was 9,242 (86.8%) White , 52 (0.5%) African American , 56 (0.5%) Native American , 300 (2.8%) Asian , 23 (0.2%) Pacific Islander , 711 (6.7%) from other races , and 264 (2.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,634 persons (15.3%). Within

4488-507: Was 2.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.0%. 6,294 people (59.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,117 people (38.7%) lived in rental housing units. At the previous census of 2000, there were 9,128 people, 4,373 households, and 2,361 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,442 people per square mile (1,329 people/km ). There were 4,671 housing units at an average density of 1,762 units per square mile (680 units/km ). The racial makeup of

4556-414: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.77. The age distribution was as follows: 18.6% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 24.2% who had achieved age 65. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.0 males. The median income for

4624-514: Was the selling of town lots. Political factions backed different Sonoma alcaldes (John H. Nash, supported by American immigrants, and Lilburn Boggs supported by Vallejo and the Californios ) made the situation more complex. Some property was sold more than once. A valid land sale depended on proof of the seller's chain of title . Over thirty years of lawsuits were required before land owners in Sonoma were able to obtain clear titles. When

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