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92-562: Sony HDVS ( High-Definition Video System ) is a range of high-definition video equipment developed in the 1980s to support the Japanese Hi-Vision standard which was an early analog high-definition television system (used in multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding (MUSE) broadcasts) thought to be the broadcast television systems that would be in use today. The line included professional video cameras , video monitors and linear video editing systems. Sony first demonstrated

184-416: A letterbox view of the image, again with correct proportions. The EU defines HD resolution as 1920 x 1080 pixels or 2 073 600 pixels and UHD resolution as 3840 x 2160 pixels or 8 294 400 pixels. Note: Image is either a frame or, in case of interlaced scanning, two fields (EVEN and ODD). Also, there are less common but still popular UltraWide resolutions, such as 2560×1080p (1080p UltraWide). There

276-463: A 6 MHz broadcast channel were mostly unsuccessful. All attempts at using this format for terrestrial TV transmission were abandoned by the mid-1990s. Europe developed HD-MAC (1,250 lines, 50 Hz), a member of the MAC family of hybrid analogue/digital video standards; however, it never took off as a terrestrial video transmission format. HD-MAC was never designated for video interchange except by

368-490: A Swiss conference in 1983. The NHK system was standardized in the United States as Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) standard #240M in the early 1990s, but abandoned later on when it was replaced by a DVB analog standard. HighVision video is still usable for HDTV video interchange, but there is almost no modern equipment available to perform this function. Attempts at implementing HighVision as

460-675: A TV set with a VHS mechanism, were also once available for purchase. Combo units containing both a VHS mechanism and a DVD player were introduced in the late 1990s, and at least one combo unit, the Panasonic DMP-BD70V, included a Blu-ray player. VHS has been standardized in IEC 60774–1. The VHS cassette is a 187  mm wide, 103 mm deep, and 25 mm thick (7 3 ⁄ 8 × 4 1 ⁄ 16 × 1 inch) plastic shell held together with five Phillips-head screws . The flip-up cover, which allows players and recorders to access

552-569: A disadvantage. Matsushita's backing of JVC persuaded Hitachi , Mitsubishi , and Sharp to back the VHS standard as well. Sony's release of its Betamax unit to the Japanese market in 1975 placed further pressure on the MITI to side with the company. However, the collaboration of JVC and its partners was much stronger, which eventually led the MITI to drop its push for an industry standard. JVC released

644-427: A flying erase head for erasing individual video fields, and one was a dummy used for balancing the head drum. The high tape-to-head speed created by the rotating head results in a far higher bandwidth than could be practically achieved with a stationary head. VHS machines record up to 3  MHz of baseband video bandwidth and 300 kHz of baseband chroma bandwidth. The luminance (black and white) portion of

736-591: A functional prototype of the Betamax format, and was very close to releasing a finished product. With this prototype, Sony persuaded the MITI to adopt Betamax as the standard, and allow it to license the technology to other companies. JVC believed that an open standard , with the format shared among competitors without licensing the technology, was better for the consumer. To prevent the MITI from adopting Betamax, JVC worked to convince other companies, in particular Matsushita (Japan's largest electronics manufacturer at

828-460: A higher resolution format, but removing the interlace to match the common 720p format may distort the picture or require filtering which actually reduces the resolution of the final output. Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings are recorded in either the 720p or the 1080i format. The format used is set by the broadcaster (if for television broadcast). In general, 720p is more accurate with fast action, because it progressively scans frames, instead of

920-555: A maximum of about 430 m (1,410 ft) of tape at the lowest acceptable tape thickness, giving a maximum playing time of about four hours in a T-240/DF480 for NTSC and five hours in an E-300 for PAL at "standard play" (SP) quality. More frequently, however, VHS tapes are thicker than the required minimum to avoid complications such as jams or tears in the tape. Other speeds include "long play" (LP), "extended play" (EP) or "super long play" (SLP) (standard on NTSC; rarely found on PAL machines ). For NTSC, LP and EP/SLP double and triple

1012-493: A medium has inherent limitations, such as difficulty of viewing footage while recording, and suffers other problems, caused by poor film development/processing, or poor monitoring systems. Given that there is increasing use of computer-generated or computer-altered imagery in movies, and that editing picture sequences is often done digitally, some directors have shot their movies using the HD format via high-end digital video cameras. While

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1104-462: A new HDVS digital line, including a reel-to-reel digital recording VTR (the HDD-1000) that used digital signals between the machines for dubbing but the primary I/O remained analog signals . The Sony HDVS HDC-300 camera was also introduced. The large HDD-1000 unit was housed in a 1-inch reel-to-reel transport, and because of the high tape speed needed, had a limit of 1-hour per reel. By this time,

1196-458: A process known as IMAX HD . Depending upon available bandwidth and the amount of detail and movement in the image, the optimum format for video transfer is either 720p24 or 1080p24. When shown on television in PAL system countries, film must be projected at the rate of 25 frames per second by accelerating it by 4.1 percent. In NTSC standard countries, the projection rate is 30 frames per second, using

1288-499: A resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second and 50i means 25 progressive frames per second, consisting of 50 interlaced fields per second. Most HDTV systems support some standard resolutions and frame or field rates. The most common are noted below. High-definition signals require a high-definition television or computer monitor in order to be viewed. High-definition video has an aspect ratio of 16:9 (1.78:1). The aspect ratio of regular widescreen film shot today

1380-489: A second VCR. The first version of Macrovision introduces high signal levels during the vertical blanking interval , which occurs between the video fields. These high levels confuse the automatic gain control circuit in most VHS VCRs, leading to varying brightness levels in an output video, but are ignored by the TV as they are out of the frame-display period. "Level II" Macrovision uses a process called "colorstriping", which inverts

1472-440: A technique called 3:2 pull-down. One film frame is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second), and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second) and then the process is repeated, thus achieving the correct film projection rate with two film frames shown in one twelfth of a second. Older (pre-HDTV) recordings on video tape such as Betacam SP are often either in the form 480i60 or 576i50. These may be upconverted to

1564-505: A total of 1125 (horizontal) lines, and 1035 active lines of resolution. The Sony HDL-5800 had a price of over 56,000 US dollars The Sony HDVS system was used in the production of a 5-min feature film about Halley's Comet in 1986, titled " Arrival ", and shown in US theatres later that year after being transferred to 35mm film. The first drama film shot using the HDVS professional video camera

1656-597: A wideband analog video HDTV capable video camera, monitor and video tape recorder (VTR) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers , Algeria . The HDVS range was launched in April 1984, with the HDC-100 camera, which was the world's first commercially available HDTV camera and HDV-1000 video recorder, with its companion HDT-1000 processor/TBC, and HDS-1000 video switcher all working in

1748-563: Is 3.335  cm / s (1.313 ips) for NTSC , 2.339 cm/s (0.921 ips) for PAL —or just over 2.0 and 1.4 metres (6 ft 6.7 in and 4 ft 7.2 in) per minute respectively. The tape length for a T-120 VHS cassette is 247.5 metres (812 ft). As with almost all cassette-based videotape systems, VHS machines pull the tape out of the cassette shell and wrap it around the inclined head drum, which rotates at 1,800 rpm in NTSC machines and at 1,500  rpm for PAL , one complete rotation of

1840-462: Is a 1994 TV movie , directed by Joseph Sargent , that stars John Lithgow , Michael Caine and Bob Hoskins as the three major Allied leaders. It was the first video production to be produced in the 1125-line high-definition television (HDTV) format. It was converted to NTSC for broadcast in the United States. The HDVS brand and logo was still used by Sony since 1997 as "Digital HDVS" on their digital high-definition HDCAM -format cameras such as

1932-594: Is acute for surveillance purposes to ensure that the quality of the video output is of an acceptable standard that can be used both for preventative surveillance as well as for evidence purposes. Although, HD cameras can be highly effective indoor, special industries with outdoor environments called for a need to produce much higher resolutions for effective coverage. The ever-evolving image sensor technologies allowed manufacturers to develop cameras with 10-20 MP resolutions, which therefore have become efficient instruments to monitor larger areas. In order to further increase

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2024-637: Is also a WQHD+ option for some of these. High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc ( BD ), digital cameras, Internet downloads, and video game consoles. Blu-ray Discs were jointly developed by 9 initial partners including Sony and Phillips (which jointly developed CDs for audio), and Pioneer (which developed its own Laser-disc previously with some success) among others. HD DVD discs were primarily developed by Toshiba and NEC with some backing from Microsoft, Warner Bros., Hewlett Packard, and others. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it

2116-598: Is an unusual case, due to its hybrid nature as both a home console and a handheld: the built-in screen displays games at 720p maximum, but the console can natively display imagery at 1080p when docked. The Xbox One X and PlayStation 4 Pro can display some games in 4K. The PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X can display games in 4K and 8K. Generally, PC games are only limited by the display's resolution and GPU driver support. Some PC hardware supports DisplayPort 2.1 for native 8k resolution at high refresh rates. Ultrawide monitors are supported, which can display more of

2208-424: Is applied to over 550 million videocassettes annually and is used by every MPAA movie studio on some or all of their videocassette releases. Over 220 commercial duplication facilities around the world are equipped to supply Macrovision videocassette copy protection to rights owners...The study found that over 30% of VCR households admit to having unauthorized copies, and that the total annual revenue loss due to copying

2300-450: Is estimated at $ 370,000,000 annually. The system was first used in copyrighted movies beginning with the 1984 film The Cotton Club . Macrovision copy protection saw refinement throughout its years, but has always worked by essentially introducing deliberate errors into a protected VHS tape's output video stream. These errors in the output video stream are ignored by most televisions, but will interfere with re-recording of programming by

2392-419: Is extended/super long play ( 1 ⁄ 3 speed) which was primarily released into the NTSC market. As VHS was designed to facilitate recording from various sources, including television broadcasts or other VCR units, content producers quickly found that home users were able to use the devices to copy videos from one tape to another. Despite generation loss in quality when a tape was copied, this practice

2484-422: Is magnified by the narrower tracks. The heads for linear audio are not on the spinning drum, so for them, the tape speed from one reel to the other is the same as the speed of the heads across the tape. This speed is quite slow: for SP it is about 2/3s that of an audio cassette, and for EP it is slower than the slowest microcassette speed. This is widely considered inadequate for anything but basic voice playback, and

2576-425: Is typically 1.85:1 or 2.39:1 (sometimes traditionally quoted at 2.35:1). Standard-definition television (SDTV) has a 4:3 (1.33:1) aspect ratio, although in recent years many broadcasters have transmitted programs squeezed horizontally in 16:9 anamorphic format , in hopes that the viewer has a 16:9 set which stretches the image out to normal-looking proportions, or a set which squishes the image vertically to present

2668-626: The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) adopted a range of standards from interlaced 1,080-line video (a technical descendant of the original analog NHK 1125/30 Hz system) with a maximum frame rate of 30 Hz, (60 fields per second) and 720-line video, progressively scanned, with a maximum frame rate of 60 Hz. In the end, however, the DVB standard of resolutions (1080, 720, 480) and respective frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with

2760-525: The European Broadcasting Union . High-definition digital video was not possible with uncompressed video due to impractically high memory and bandwidth requirements, with a bit rate exceeding 1  Gbit/s for 1080p video. Digital HDTV was enabled by the development of discrete cosine transform (DCT) video compression . The DCT is a lossy compression technique that was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, and

2852-469: The NTSC television standard were able to record one hour of programming at their standard tape speed of 1.5  inches per second  (ips). The first VHS machines could record for two hours, due to both a slightly slower tape speed (1.31 ips) and significantly longer tape. Betamax's smaller cassette limited the size of the reel of tape, and could not compete with VHS's two-hour capability by extending

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2944-644: The PlayStation 3 the Xbox 360 game consoles can output native 1080p through HDMI or component cables, but the systems have few games which appear in 1080p; most games only run natively at 720p or less but can be upscaled to 1080p. Visually, native 1080p produces a sharper and clearer picture compared to upscaled 1080p. The Wii does not support HD. In the 8th generation , Nintendo's Wii U and Nintendo Switch , Microsoft's Xbox One , and Sony's PlayStation 4 display games 1080p natively. The Nintendo Switch

3036-514: The TF1 network. Modern HD specifications date to the early 1980s, when Japanese engineers developed the HighVision 1,125-line interlaced TV standard (also called MUSE ) that ran at 60 frames per second. The Sony HDVS system was presented at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers , April 1981 and Japan's NHK presented its analog high-definition television (HDTV) system at

3128-404: The omega transport system) in a helical fashion, assisted by the slanted tape guides. The head rotates constantly at 1798.2 rpm in NTSC machines, exactly 1500 in PAL, each complete rotation corresponding to one frame of video. Two tape heads are mounted on the cylindrical surface of the drum, 180 degrees apart from each other, so that the two heads "take turns" in recording. The rotation of

3220-420: The 1080i, which uses interlaced fields and thus might degrade the resolution of fast images. 720p is used more for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because computer monitors progressively scan; 720p video has lower storage-decoding requirements than either the 1080i or the 1080p. This is also the medium for high-definition broadcasts around the world and 1080p is used for Blu-ray movies. Film as

3312-558: The 1125-line component video format with interlaced video and a 5:3 aspect ratio. The first system consisting of a monitor, camera and VTR was sold by Sony in 1985 for $ 1.5 million, and the first HDTV production studio, Captain Video, was opened in Paris. The helical scan VTR (the HDV-100) used magnetic tape similar to 1" type C videotape for analog recording . Sony in 1988 unveiled

3404-533: The 2000s. In 1956, after several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, the Ampex VRX-1000 , was introduced by Ampex Corporation . At a price of US$ 50,000 in 1956 (equivalent to $ 560,343 in 2023) and US$ 300 (equivalent to $ 3,362 in 2023) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi , a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw

3496-525: The Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard in 1996 (which included both HD and SD video standards). In the early 2000s, it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future. However, both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high-definition video that preclude the interoperability that

3588-680: The HDD-1000 and its required companion HDDP-1000 video processor in 1988 was US$ 600,000. The metal evaporate tape (tape whose magnetic material was evaporated and deposited onto the tape in a vacuum chamber using physical vapor deposition) cost US$ 2500.00 per hour of tape and each reel weighed nearly 10 pounds. The high price of the system limited its adoption severely, selling just several dozen systems and making its adoption largely limited to medical , aerospace engineering , and animation applications. In 1986, HDVS systems cost $ 1.5 million, and 30-40 were sold until then. Sony HDVS systems made video with

3680-581: The HDW-750, HDW-F900, HDC-1550, "Power HAD" camera Sony HSC-300 Series, and XDCAM camera PDW-850, PXW-X500. By 2022, HDVS branded cameras have been discontinued and new camera models released don't have the HDVS logo. Optical Fiber Transmission System (G/B/R analog component video (signals for Green, Blue and Red portions of images with Green for sync, a kind of RGB (component) video Analog audio x2; AES/EBU x6) High-definition video The first electronic scanning format, 405 lines ,

3772-872: The HR-3300EK in the United Kingdom. The United States received its first VHS-based VCR, the RCA VBT200, on August 23, 1977. The RCA unit was designed by Matsushita and was the first VHS-based VCR manufactured by a company other than JVC. It was also capable of recording four hours in LP (long play) mode. The UK received its first VHS-based VCR, the Victor HR-3300EK, in 1978. Quasar and General Electric followed-up with VHS-based VCRs – all designed by Matsushita. By 1999, Matsushita alone produced just over half of all Japanese VCRs. TV/VCR combos , combining

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3864-522: The Techniscope 2 perforation format. Movies are also produced using other film gauges , including 70 mm films (22 mm × 48 mm) or the rarely used 55 mm and CINERAMA . The four major film formats provide pixel resolutions (calculated from pixels per millimeter) roughly as follows: In the process of making prints for exhibition, this negative is copied onto other film (negative → interpositive → internegative → print) causing

3956-529: The U-matic format. In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a VTR for consumers. By the end of 1971, they created an internal diagram, "VHS Development Matrix", which established twelve objectives for JVC's new VTR: In early 1972, the commercial video recording industry in Japan took a financial hit. JVC cut its budgets and restructured its video division, shelving

4048-536: The VHS became the most popular media format for VCRs as it would win the "format war" against Betamax (backed by Sony ) and a number of other competing tape standards. The cassettes themselves use a 0.5-inch magnetic tape between two spools and typically offer a capacity of at least two hours. The popularity of VHS was intertwined with the rise of the video rental market, with films being released on pre-recorded videotapes for home viewing. Newer improved tape formats such as S-VHS were later developed, as well as

4140-491: The VHS project. However, despite the lack of funding, Takano and Shiraishi continued to work on the project in secret. By 1973, the two engineers had produced a functional prototype. In 1974, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), desiring to avoid consumer confusion , attempted to force the Japanese video industry to standardize on just one home video recording format. Later, Sony had

4232-454: The analog signal's colorburst period and causes off-color bands to appear in the picture. Level III protection added additional colorstriping techniques to further degrade the image. These protection methods worked well to defeat analog-to-analog copying by VCRs of the time. Consumer products capable of digital video recording are mandated by law to include features which detect Macrovision encoding of input analog streams, and disrupt copying of

4324-594: The aspect ratio of the system had been changed to 16:9. Sony, owner of Columbia Pictures/Tri-Star, would start to archive feature films on this format, requiring an average of two reels per movie. There was also a portable videocassette recorder (the HDV-10) for the HDVS system, using the "UniHi" format of videocassette using 1/2" wide tape. The tape housing is similar in appearance to Sony's D1/D2 Standard Definition Digital VTRs, but recorded analog HD. The small cassette size limited recording time to about 63 min. The price of

4416-454: The bandwidth to over 5 megahertz, yielding 420 analog horizontal (560 pixels left-to-right). Most Super VHS recorders can play back standard VHS tapes, but not vice versa. S-VHS was designed for higher resolution, but failed to gain popularity outside Japan because of the high costs of the machines and tapes. Because of the limited user base, Super VHS was never picked up to any significant degree by manufacturers of pre-recorded tapes, although it

4508-409: The cassette through the circular hole in the center of the underside, and two photodiodes are on the left and right sides of where the tape exits the cassette. When the clear tape reaches one of these, enough light will pass through the tape to the photodiode to trigger the stop function; some VCRs automatically rewind the tape when the trailing end is detected. Early VCRs used an incandescent bulb as

4600-482: The dominant home video format throughout the tape media period in the late 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. Magnetic tape video recording was adopted by the television industry in the 1950s in the form of the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs), but the devices were expensive and used only in professional environments. In the 1970s, videotape technology became affordable for home use, and widespread adoption of videocassette recorders (VCRs) began;

4692-399: The drum moving across the tape at (a writing speed of) 4.86 or 6.096 meters per second. To maximize the use of the tape, the video tracks are recorded very close together. To reduce crosstalk between adjacent tracks on playback, an azimuth recording method is used: The gaps of the two heads are not aligned exactly with the track path. Instead, one head is angled at plus six degrees from

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4784-520: The earliest optical disc format, LaserDisc ; the lack of global adoption of these formats increased VHS's lifetime, which eventually peaked and started to decline in the late 1990s after the introduction of DVD , a digital optical disc format. VHS rentals were surpassed by DVD in the United States in 2003, which eventually became the preferred low-end method of movie distribution. For home recording purposes, VHS and VCRs were surpassed by (typically hard disk –based) digital video recorders (DVR) in

4876-643: The early 1990s, DCT video compression had been widely adopted as the video coding standard for HDTV. The current high-definition video standards in North America were developed during the course of the advanced television process initiated by the Federal Communications Commission in 1987 at the request of American broadcasters. In essence, the end of the 1980s was a death knell for most analog high definition technologies that had developed up to that time. The FCC process, led by

4968-587: The ease of transfer to editing systems for special effects. Depending on the year and format in which a movie was filmed, the exposed image can vary greatly in size. Sizes range from as big as 24 mm × 36 mm for VistaVision / Technirama 8 perforation cameras (same as 35 mm still photo film) going down through 18 mm × 24 mm for Silent Films or Full Frame 4 perforations cameras to as small as 9 mm × 21 mm in Academy Sound Aperture cameras modified for

5060-459: The edge label. The tapes are made, pre-recorded, and inserted into the cassettes in cleanrooms , to ensure quality and to keep dust from getting embedded in the tape and interfering with recording (both of which could cause signal dropouts) There is a clear tape leader at both ends of the tape to provide an optical auto-stop for the VCR transport mechanism. In the VCR, a light source is inserted into

5152-415: The first VHS machines in Japan in late 1976, and in the United States in mid-1977. Sony's Betamax competed with VHS throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s (see Videotape format war ). Betamax's major advantages were its smaller cassette size, theoretical higher video quality, and earlier availability, but its shorter recording time proved to be a major shortcoming. Originally, Beta I machines using

5244-419: The following steps, in this order: The erase head is fed by a high-level, high-frequency AC signal that overwrites any previous recording on the tape. Without this step, the new recording cannot be guaranteed to completely replace any old recording that might have been on the tape. The tape path then carries the tape around the spinning video-head drum, wrapping it around a little more than 180 degrees (called

5336-464: The game world than a traditional display with a 16:9 aspect ratio , and multi-monitor setups are possible, such as having a single game span across three monitors for a more immersive experience. VHS The VHS ( Video Home System ) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes , introduced in 1976 by the Victor Company of Japan (JVC) . It was

5428-414: The head corresponding to one video frame. VHS uses an "M-loading" system, also known as M-lacing, where the tape is drawn out by two threading posts and wrapped around more than 180 degrees of the head drum (and also other tape transport components) in a shape roughly approximating the letter M . The heads in the rotating drum get their signal wirelessly using a rotary transformer . A VHS cassette holds

5520-436: The image detail produced by these formats can be far below that of broadcast HD, and often even inferior to DVD-Video (3-9 Mbit/s MP2) upscaled to the same image size. The following is a chart of numerous online services and their HD offering: Since the late 2000s a considerably large number of security camera manufacturers have started to produce HD cameras. The need for high resolution, color fidelity, and frame rate

5612-409: The inclined head drum, combined with the relatively slow movement of the tape, results in each head recording a track oriented at a diagonal with respect to the length of the tape, with the heads moving across the tape at speeds higher than what would otherwise be possible. This is referred to as helical scan recording. A tape speed of 1 + 5 ⁄ 16 inches per second corresponds to the heads on

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5704-446: The light source: when the bulb failed, the VCR would act as if a tape were present when the machine was empty, or would detect the blown bulb and completely stop functioning. Later designs use an infrared LED , which has a much longer life. The recording medium is a Mylar magnetic tape , 12.7 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2 inch) wide, coated with metal oxide , and wound on two spools . The tape speed for "Standard Play" mode (see below)

5796-502: The majority stockholder of JVC until 2011) to build a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first cassette format to become a unified standard for different companies. It was preceded by the reel-to-reel 1 ⁄ 2 " EIAJ format. The U-matic format was successful in businesses and some broadcast television applications, such as electronic news-gathering, and

5888-414: The miniaturized drum required twice as many heads to complete any given task. This almost always meant four heads on the miniaturized drum with performance similar to a two head VCR with a full sized drum. No attempt was made to record Hi-Fi audio with such devices, as this would require an additional four heads to work. W-VHS decks could have up to 12 heads in the head drum, of which 11 were active including

5980-451: The need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japanese market at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder and, by 1960, a color version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s. In 1969, JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric (Matsushita was

6072-474: The playing time for an E-XXX tape in an NTSC machine, this formula is used: Since the recording/playback time for PAL/SECAM is roughly 1/3 longer than the recording/playback time for NTSC, some tape manufacturers label their cassettes with both T-XXX and E-XXX marks, like T60/E90, T90/E120 and T120/E180. SP is standard play, LP is long play ( 1 ⁄ 2 speed, equal to recording time in DVHS "HS" mode), EP/SLP

6164-419: The playing time for any given cassette will vary between the systems. To avoid confusion, manufacturers indicate the playing time in minutes that can be expected for the market the tape is sold in: E-XXX indicates playing time in minutes for PAL or SECAM. T-XXX indicates playing time in minutes for NTSC or PAL-M. To calculate the playing time for a T-XXX tape in a PAL machine, this formula is used: To calculate

6256-457: The quality of HD video is very high compared to SD video, and offers improved signal/noise ratios against comparable sensitivity film, film remains able to resolve more image detail than current HD video formats. In addition some films have a wider dynamic range (ability to resolve extremes of dark and light areas in a scene) than even the best HD cameras. Thus the most persuasive arguments for the use of HD are currently cost savings on film stock and

6348-534: The quality of the SP speed, and dramatically lowered the quality of freeze frame and high speed search. Later models implemented both wide and narrow heads, and could use all four during pause and shuttle modes to further improve quality although machines later combined both pairs into one. In machines supporting VHS HiFi (described later), yet another pair of heads was added to handle the VHS HiFi signal. Camcorders using

6440-616: The recording time accordingly, but these speed reductions cause a reduction in horizontal resolution – from the normal equivalent of 250 vertical lines in SP, to the equivalent of 230 in LP and even less in EP/SLP. Due to the nature of recording diagonally from a spinning drum, the actual write speed of the video heads does not get slower when the tape speed is reduced. Instead, the video tracks become narrower and are packed closer together. This results in noisier playback that can be more difficult to track correctly: The effect of subtle misalignment

6532-437: The resolution of security cameras, some manufacturers developed multi-sensor cameras. Within these devices several sensor-lens combinations produce the images, which are later merged during image processing . These security cameras are able to deliver even hundreds of megapixels with motion picture frame rate. Such high resolutions, however, requires special recording, storage and also video stream display technologies. Both

6624-437: The resolution to be reduced with each emulsion copying step and when the image passes through a lens (for example, on a projector). In many cases, the resolution can be reduced down to 1/6 of the original negative's resolution (or worse). Note that resolution values for 70 mm film are higher than those listed above. Many online video streaming, on-demand and digital download services offer HD video. Due to heavy compression,

6716-512: The respective analog TV standard (625 for PAL or 525 for NTSC ; somewhat fewer scan lines are actually visible due to overscan and the VBI ). In modern-day digital terminology, NTSC VHS resolution is roughly equivalent to 333×480 pixels for luma and 40×480 pixels for chroma. 333×480=159,840 pixels or 0.16 MP (1/6 of a megapixel). PAL VHS resolution is roughly 333×576 pixels for luma and 40×576 pixels for chroma (although when decoded PAL and SECAM half

6808-452: The second tape head, is another 1 ⁄ 60 or 1 ⁄ 50 of a second TV picture field, and so on. Thus one complete head rotation records an entire NTSC or PAL frame of two fields. The original VHS specification had only two video heads. When the EP recording speed was introduced, the thickness of these heads was reduced to accommodate the narrower tracks. However, this subtly reduced

6900-517: The tape length. Instead, Sony had to slow the tape down to 0.787 ips (Beta II) in order to achieve two hours of recording in the same cassette size. Sony eventually created a Beta III speed of 0.524 ips, which allowed NTSC Betamax to break the two-hour limit, but by then VHS had already won the format battle. Additionally, VHS had a "far less complex tape transport mechanism" than Betamax, and VHS machines were faster at rewinding and fast-forwarding than their Sony counterparts. VHS eventually won

6992-441: The tape, has a latch on the right side, with a push-in toggle to release it (bottom view image). The cassette has an anti-despooling mechanism, consisting of several plastic parts between the spools, near the front of the cassette (white and black in the top view). The spool latches are released by a push-in lever within a 6.35 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4 inch) hole at the bottom of the cassette, 19 mm ( 3 ⁄ 4 inch) in from

7084-565: The time, marketing its products under the National brand in most territories and the Panasonic brand in North America, and JVC's majority stockholder), to accept VHS, and thereby work against Sony and the MITI. Matsushita agreed, primarily out of concern that Sony might become the leader in the field if its proprietary Betamax format was the only one allowed to be manufactured. Matsushita also regarded Betamax's one-hour recording time limit as

7176-409: The track, and the other at minus six degrees. This results, during playback, in destructive interference of the signal from the tracks on either side of the one being played. Each of the diagonal-angled tracks is a complete TV picture field , lasting 1 ⁄ 60 of a second ( 1 ⁄ 50 on PAL) on the display. One tape head records an entire picture field. The adjacent track, recorded by

7268-444: The vertical color resolution). JVC countered 1985's SuperBeta with VHS HQ, or High Quality. The frequency modulation of the VHS luminance signal is limited to 3 megahertz, which makes higher resolutions technically impossible even with the highest-quality recording heads and tape materials, but an HQ branded deck includes luminance noise reduction, chroma noise reduction, white clip extension, and improved sharpness circuitry. The effect

7360-404: The video is frequency modulated and combined with a down-converted " color under " chroma (color) signal that is encoded using quadrature amplitude modulation . Including side bands , the signal on a VHS tape can use up to 10 MHz of RF bandwidth. VHS horizontal resolution is 240 TVL , or about 320 lines across a scan line. The vertical resolution (number of scan lines) is the same as

7452-411: The video. Both intentional and false-positive detection of Macrovision protection has frustrated archivists who wish to copy now-fragile VHS tapes to a digital format for preservation. As of the 2020s, modern software decoding ignores Macrovison as software is not limited to the fixed standards that Macrovision was intended to disrupt in hardware based systems. The recording process in VHS consists of

7544-753: The war, gaining 60% of the North American market by 1980. The first VCR to use VHS was the Victor HR-3300 , and was introduced by the president of JVC in Japan on September 9, 1976. JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara , Tokyo, Japan, on October 31, 1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, and

7636-613: Was RAI 's Julia and Julia ( Italian : Giulia e Giulia ) in 1987, and the first HDTV television show was CBC 's Chasing Rainbows , shot using the HDVS system in 1988. For the Genesis Invisible Touch Tour shows at Wembley Stadium in July 1987, the Sony HDVS system was used to film these shows, which were later released on VHS and LaserDisc in 1988 and DVD in 2003. Montreux Jazz Festival in 1991

7728-512: Was a major liability for VHS-C camcorders that encouraged the use of the EP speed. Color depth deteriorates significantly at lower speeds in PAL: often, a color image on a PAL tape recorded at low speed is displayed only in monochrome, or with intermittent color, when playback is paused. VHS cassettes for NTSC and PAL/SECAM systems are physically identical, although the signals recorded on the tape are incompatible. The tape speeds are different too, so

7820-497: Was abandoning the format and would discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD DVD players and drives. The high resolution photographic film used for cinema projection is exposed at the rate of 24 frames per second but usually projected at 48, each frame getting projected twice helping to minimise flicker. One exception to this was the 1986 National Film Board of Canada short film Momentum , which briefly experimented with both filming and projecting at 48 frame/s, in

7912-427: Was hoped for after decades of largely non-interoperable analog TV broadcasting. High definition video (prerecorded and broadcast) is defined threefold, by: Often, the rate is inferred from the context, usually assumed to be either 50 Hz (Europe) or 60 Hz (USA), except for 1080p , which denotes 1080p24, 1080p25, and 1080p30, but also 1080p50 and 1080p60. A frame or field rate can also be specified without

8004-561: Was later adapted into a motion-compensated DCT algorithm for video coding formats such as the H.26x formats from the Video Coding Experts Group from 1988 onwards and the MPEG formats from 1993 onwards. Motion-compensated DCT compression significantly reduced the amount of memory and bandwidth required for digital video, capable of achieving a data compression ratio of around 100:1 compared to uncompressed video. By

8096-522: Was produced by all three companies until the late 1980s, but because of cost and limited recording time, very few of the machines were sold for home use. Therefore, soon after the U-Matic release, all three companies started working on new consumer-grade video recording formats of their own. Sony started working on Betamax , Matsushita started working on VX , and JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on

8188-400: Was recorded using the Sony HDVS video system. Four HDC-300 cameras in 1125-line format (1035i visible, close to 1080i today), 60 fps, and one Sony HDC-500 3 CCD prototype HDVS camera were used. The five cameras were connected to a 7-input HDS-1000T switcher and the live mix was recorded to an HDD-1000 Digital 1" VTR. World War II: When Lions Roared (also known as Then There Were Giants )

8280-534: Was regarded as a widespread problem, which members of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) claimed caused them great financial losses. In response, several companies developed technologies to protect copyrighted VHS tapes from casual duplication by home users. The most popular method was Analog Protection System , better known simply as Macrovision , produced by a company of the same name. According to Macrovision: The technology

8372-475: Was the first high definition television system, since the mechanical systems it replaced had far fewer. From 1939, Europe and the US tried 605 and 441 lines until, in 1941, the FCC mandated 525 for the US. In wartime France, René Barthélemy tested higher resolutions, up to 1,042. In late 1949, official French transmissions finally began with 819 . In 1984, however, this standard was abandoned for 625-line color on

8464-534: Was to increase the apparent horizontal resolution of a VHS recording from 240 to 250 analog (equivalent to 333 pixels from left-to-right, in digital terminology). The major VHS OEMs resisted HQ due to cost concerns, eventually resulting in JVC reducing the requirements for the HQ brand to white clip extension plus one other improvement. In 1987, JVC introduced a new format called Super VHS (often known as S-VHS) which extended

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