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26-850: The death of Saud bin Muhammad al-Muqrin in 1726 paved the way for his son, Muhammad to succeed him as the emir of Diriyah in Najd . His hereditary succession to his father's throne is considered to be the inceptive point for the birth of the Emirate of Diriyah , otherwise known as the First Saudi State . In 1744, he forged an alliance with Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab , a reformist Sunni Islamic scholar who sought asylum following expulsion from his hometown of Uyayna due to his perceived devious teachings. Ibn Wahhab would later turn out to be

52-686: A retaliatory offensive into Najd , pressing hard and subsequently laying siege to Diriyah and vanquishing the First Saudi State in the process. However, almost six years later in 1824, Turki bin Abdullah al-Saud would retake Diriyah and Riyadh and restore the Saudi rule by driving the Ottoman Egyptian forces out of Najd and establishing the Second Saudi State . The polity would go on to exist for 67 years until 1891 when

78-681: The Al ash-Sheikh , have remained closely linked. However, the alliance was not totally supported by his family, and one of his brothers, Thunayyan bin Saud, objected to such a cooperation. Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab provided Muhammad bin Saud with the military backing for the House of Saud and helped establish the dynasty among other forces in the Arabian peninsula . In addition, following their alliance Muhammad bin Saud began to collect taxes from his subjects, and

104-586: The First Saudi State was born out of a covenant made between Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud in 1744. As per Kristin Diwan, senior resident scholar at the Arab Gulf States Institute , said that " Mohammed ibn Abd al-Wahhab is being erased from Saudi history ". She further added, "This is the new Saudi nationalism. It celebrates the Al Saud - tying the people directly to

130-568: The Hai'l based Rashidi tribe deposed the al-Saud dynasty and sent its last leader, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud and his family to exile. Almost ten years later in 1901, Ibn Saud , the son of the exiled emir Abdul Rahman al-Saud , embarked on a raiding spree into Nejd where he began targeting tribes associated with the Rashidis in an attempt to avenge his father's exile. Within months, he

156-698: The Saudi Press Agency reported that King Salman bin Abdulaziz issued a royal decree that said in part: We, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ... Taking great pride in the deep roots of this blessed state and its citizens' close ties with its leaders which began three centuries ago with the reign of Imam Muhammad bin Saud when he founded the First Saudi State in early 1727... taking into account that

182-581: The education ministry . The Washington -based Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington published an article titled The Saudi “Founding Day” and the Death of Wahhabism by Sultan Alamer in which he highlighted that reason to select 1727 instead of 1744 was to signify the current Saudi leadership's distancing from Wahhabism since the rise of Mohammed bin Salman and breaking the "myth" and narrative that

208-578: The House of Saud to the present day. The government was based on Islamic principles and made use of shura . He ruled the emirate until his death in 1765. By the time of his death the majority of the Najdi people and all of those living in the southern Najd were Wahhabi adherents. Ibn Saud's wife was Moudi bint Abi Wahtan Al Kathir who was instrumental in his meeting with Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab. He had five sons: Saud, Faisal, Abdulaziz, Abdullah and Ali. Of them, both Saud and Faisal died in his lifetime in

234-606: The Mrudah. The Mrudah are believed to be descended from the Banu Hanifa branch of the Rabi'ah tribal confederation. The Al Saud originated as a leading family in a town called Diriyah, close to the modern city of Riyadh , near the center of Najd . Sometime in the early 16th century, ancestors of Saud bin Muhammad took over some date groves, one of the few forms of agriculture the area could support, and settled there. Over time,

260-496: The country's crown prince in 2017, the country underwent unprecedented reforms that saw taming the authority and influence of religious clerics. In January 2022, King Salman issued a royal decree that made 22 February a public holiday to commemorate the approximate anniversary of Muhammad bin Saud's succession to his father's throne in 1727, making it the second non-religious holiday in Saudi Arabia . On January 27, 2022,

286-852: The country's heritage and tradition. www .foundingday .sa /en Saud bin Muhammad Al Muqrin Saud bin Muhammad Al Muqrin ( Arabic : سعود بن محمد آل مقرن Suʿūd ibn Muḥammad Āl Muqrin ; 1640–1726) was the eponymous ancestor of the House of Saud , otherwise known as the al-Saud. Saud was descended from the Al Muqrin family, whose earliest recorded ancestor was Mani' bin Rabiah Al Muraydi who settled in Diriyah in 1446–1447 with his clan,

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312-456: The demand and became followers of Wahhabism together with the Qawasameh tribe of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah . When Muhammad bin Saud himself would attack anywhere, he invited the people three times to adopt his religion, Wahhabism . If his invitation was not accepted, his forces initiated the attack and killed them. The way he set up his government has served as the model for rulers of

338-564: The first members of the Najdi-Wahhabi elites emerged. Therefore, the significant elements of the Saudi rule which have existed until now in Saudi Arabia were shaped: the royal family, Wahhabi clerics and tribal subjects. Following their cooperation, the emirs of Diriyah began to be called Imam. Abdul Wahhab remained as an adviser to Muhammad bin Saud until the end of the latter's reign. Muhammad bin Saud initiated attacks against

364-457: The groves grew into a small town, and the clan came to be recognized as its leaders. Saud had several sons: Muhammad , Thunayyan, Mishari, and Farhan. Saud died in 1726 and was succeeded by his son Muhammad. One of Saud's brothers, Muqrin, was killed by Muhammad bin Saud, which caused an intrafamilial struggle and therefore, Zaid bin Farhan ('son of Farhan') found an opportunity to control

390-490: The middle of the year 1139H, corresponding to the month of February of the year 1727, signals the commencement of the reign of Imam Muhammad bin Saud , marking his founding of the First Saudi State ; Have decreed the following: First: The 22nd day of the month of February of every year shall be designated to mark the commemoration of the founding of the Saudi state under the name "Founding Day", and shall be an official holiday. Second: This Decree shall be communicated to

416-421: The name of Saudi Arabia with Riyadh at its capital. In 1965, King Faisal issued a royal decree that instructed government institutions to observe 23 September as Saudi National Day , the first such non-religious holiday to be observed in the country. In 2005, King Abdullah declared 23 September as a public holiday despite criticism from religious clerics. Following the rise of Mohammed bin Salman as

442-499: The relevant entities for adoption and implementation. On 22 February 2022, as per the King Salman's royal decree, the Saudi government and its institutions observed the first celebrations of Founding Day across the country. Holidays were declared for employees in public and private sectors as festivities took place for three days until 25 February 2022 and students in the country saw their weekends extended up to 26 February 2022 by

468-579: The royal family - and downplays the pivotal role played by religion in the founding of the state". The Saudi authorities observed the celebrations of Founding Day on 22 February 2023. Holidays were declared for employees in public and private sector. Celebrations kicked-off with a night air-show performed by the Saudi Hawks in Jubail whereas members of the armed forces held an event in Riyadh to showcase

494-750: The rule of Diriyah. Two decades after Saud's death, his son Muhammad bin Saud made his historic pact with Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab , leading to their conquest of Arabia and the establishments of the First Saudi State . Sheikh Muhammad's patronymic "Ibn Saud" eventually gave the clan its name of Al Saud. Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin ( Arabic : محمد بن سعود آل مقرن , romanized :  Muḥammad bin Suʿūd Āl Muqrin ; 1687–1765), also known as Ibn Saud,

520-625: The ruler of Riyadh, Dahham bin Dawwas, in 1747. However, these attacks would last for 28 years, and not Muhammad but his son and successor Abdulaziz would manage to seize Riyadh in 1773 . Muhammad sent one of his slaves, Salim bin Belal Al Harik, to Oman , who was accompanied with an armed group of seventy men, to make the tribes loyal to the Saudis. The tribes, namely Bani Yas , al Shamis and al Nuaimi , initially resisted, but then, obeyed

546-443: The second one arguing that he would acquire more through the battles and persuaded him not to collect tax. Muhammad bin Saud endorsed his proposal and declared their alliance. Their cooperation was further formalized by the wedding of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab's daughter to Abdulaziz bin Muhammad , son and successor of Muhammad bin Saud. Thereafter, the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud and the descendants of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab,

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572-524: The spiritual muse of the embryonic emirate and his teachings serving as an exuberant force for future conquests and expeditions of the Arabian Peninsula by successive imams of the First Saudi State in the name of reviving theological monotheism and eradicating conceived innovative deviant beliefs amongst Muslims . The conquests would last until 1818 when the Ottoman Egyptian army led by Muhammad Ali Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha launched

598-559: Was able to capture Riyadh in January 1902 and subsequently establish the Emirate of Riyadh . Ibn Saud would go on to reclaim the territories of his ancestors, launching offensives into Hasa in 1913, Ḥa'il in 1921, Hejaz in 1924, and Yemen in 1934 as part of his unification campaigns and establishing several iterations of the Third Saudi State . In 1932, he renamed his annexes and dependencies by unifying them under

624-546: Was the chief ( emir ) of an agricultural settlement near modern-day Riyadh , called Diriyah. He had lands there and was involved in financing the commercial journeys of merchants. Furthermore, he was a competent and ambitious desert warrior. Muhammad bin Saud was born in Diriyah in 1687. Among his siblings were Mishari, Thunayan and Farhan. The family resided in the citadel of Turaif in Diriyah. Muhammad bin Saud became local emir of Diriyah in 1727. The initial power base

650-527: Was the emir of Diriyah and is considered the founder of the First Saudi State and the Saud dynasty , named after his father, Saud bin Muhammad Al Muqrin . His reign lasted between 1727 and 1765. Ibn Saud's family (then known as the Al Muqrin) traced its descent to the Banu Hanifa tribes but, despite popular misconceptions, Muhammad bin Saud was neither a nomadic Bedouin nor a tribal leader. Rather, he

676-423: Was the town of Diriyah where he met Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab , who asked for protection. They formed an alliance in 1744 or 1745. Muhammad bin Saud asked Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab to accept the two conditions: (1) Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab should settle and stay in Diriyah and (2) he would not oppose the collection of tax by the ruler, Muhammad bin Saud. Although he accepted the first condition, he did not accept

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