Christianity • Protestantism
77-736: The Sacred Name Movement ( SNM ) is a movement within Adventism concerned with emphasizing the use of the Hebrew name of God. Influenced by Clarence Orvil Dodd , the movement considers the use of God's name as important as the Jewish festivals. SNM believers also generally observe many of the Old Testament laws and ceremonies such as the Seventh-day Sabbath , Torah festivals , and kashrut food laws. The movement also rejects
154-699: A Sacred Name Bible . Adventism Adventism is a branch of Protestant Christianity that believes in the imminent Second Coming (or the "Second Advent") of Jesus Christ . It originated in the 1830s in the United States during the Second Great Awakening when Baptist preacher William Miller first publicly shared his belief that the Second Coming would occur at some point between 1843 and 1844. His followers became known as Millerites . After Miller's prophecies failed ,
231-669: A "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution . This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening, including the Latter Day Saints and Shakers . Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period: The Restoration Movement began during, and
308-505: A communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. Husbands, especially in the South, sometimes disapproved of their wives' conversion, forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses. Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home, providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences. Despite
385-473: A duty to purify society in preparation for that return. This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism . George Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology "was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out." During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s, some diviners expected the Millennium to arrive in a few years. By
462-618: A few congregations in West Virginia. The Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed in 1863. It believes in the sanctity of the seventh-day Sabbath as a holy day for worship. It publishes the Adventist Review , which evolved from several early church publications. Youth publications include KidsView , Guide and Insight . It has grown to a large worldwide denomination and has a significant network of medical and educational institutions. Miller did not join any of
539-462: A little during the 20th century. The Advent Christians publish the four magazines The Advent Christian Witness , Advent Christian News , Advent Christian Missions and Maranatha . They also operate a liberal arts college at Aurora, Illinois; and a one-year Bible College in Lenox, Massachusetts, called Berkshire Institute for Christian Studies. The Primitive Advent Christian Church later separated from
616-523: A part of God's plan. As a result, local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation, and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions. Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on
693-615: A personal relationship with Christ. The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains in increasing church membership. To a lesser extent the Presbyterians also gained members, particularly with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in sparsely settled areas. As a result, the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in
770-492: A revival of religion, but which turned out to be spurious." During this period, a number of nonconformist , folk religion , and evangelical sects flourished in the region. The extent to which religious fervor actually affected the region was reassessed in last quarter of the twentieth century. Linda K. Pritchard used statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in
847-831: A split ("branch") from the Davidians. A group that gathered around David Koresh (the so-called Koreshians ) abandoned Davidian teachings and turned into a religious cult . Many of them were killed during the infamous Waco Siege of April 1993. The Church of God (Seventh-Day) was founded in 1863 and it had an estimated 11,000 members in 185 churches in 1999 in America. Its founding members separated in 1858 from those Adventists associated with Ellen G. White who later organized themselves as Seventh-day Adventists in 1863. The Church of God (Seventh Day) split in 1933, creating two bodies: one headquartered in Salem, West Virginia, and known as
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#1732775637156924-536: A unity of purpose. We believe that this statement of doctrine clearly and concisely presents the faith which was once and for all time delivered to the sanctified believers. We believe that this statement of doctrine will be instrumental in uniting as all under one banner as the Body of the Messiah, and will enable us to give a ready testimony of our faith to all who seek truth, I Peter 3:15. The Sacred Name Movement spurned
1001-403: A variety of 19th century reform movements. Congregationalists set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier. Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith, and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture. The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across
1078-458: A white man present at their worship meetings. Women, who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening, played a crucial role in its development and focus. It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men. Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women,
1155-660: Is a first-day Adventist Christian body which is also known as the Church of God of the Abrahamic Faith and the Church of God General Conference (Morrow, GA) . The Creation Seventh-Day Adventist Church is a small group that broke off from the Seventh-Day Adventists in 1988, and organized itself as a church in 1991. The United Seventh-Day Brethren is a small Sabbatarian Adventist body. In 1947, several individuals and two independent congregations within
1232-522: Is best known for its teaching that Saturday, the seventh day of the week, is the Sabbath and is the appropriate day for worship. However, the second coming of Jesus Christ, along with Judgment Day based on the three angels' message in Revelation 14:6–13, remain core beliefs of Seventh-day Adventists. The Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement is a small offshoot with an unknown number of members from
1309-596: The Church of God (7th day) – Salem Conference and the other one headquartered in Denver, Colorado and known as the General Conference of the Church of God (Seventh-Day) . The Worldwide Church of God splintered from this. Many denominations known as " Church of God " have Adventist origins. The Church of God General Conference was founded in 1921 and had 7,634 members in 162 churches in 2004 in America. It
1386-766: The First Great Awakening , resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. " Black Harry " Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits , proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown , Delaware , in 1784
1463-653: The Jewish festivals (including Passover ) in 1928, adopted sacred name doctrines in the late 1930s. To promote his views, Dodd began to publish The Faith magazine in 1937. American religious scholar J. Gordon Melton wrote, "No single force in spreading the Sacred Name movement was as important as The Faith magazine." People who had dealings with the Sacred Name Movement in the 20th century, such as Herbert W. Armstrong , sharply criticized it saying that
1540-476: The Presbyterians , Methodists , and Baptists . New religious movements emerged during the Second Great Awakening, such as Adventism , Dispensationalism , and the Latter Day Saint movement . The Second Great Awakening also led to the founding of several well-known colleges, seminaries, and mission societies. Historians named the Second Great Awakening in the context of the First Great Awakening of
1617-834: The Seventh-day Adventist Church caused by disagreement over military service on the Sabbath day during World War I . The Davidians (originally named Shepherd's Rod ) is a small offshoot with an unknown number of members made up primarily of voluntarily disfellowshipped members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. They were originally known as the Shepherd's Rod and are still sometimes referred to as such. The group derives its name from two books on Bible doctrine written by its founder, Victor Houteff , in 1929. The Branch Davidians were
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#17327756371561694-584: The supernatural . It rejected the skepticism, deism , Unitarianism , and rationalism left over from the American Enlightenment , about the same time that similar movements flourished in Europe . Pietism was sweeping Germanic countries and evangelicalism was waxing strong in England . The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations; however,
1771-543: The 1730s and 1750s and of the Third Great Awakening of the late 1850s to early 1900s. The First Awakening was part of a much larger evangelical religious movement that was sweeping across England, Scotland, and Germany. Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier, the Second Great Awakening in North America reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to
1848-493: The 1830s, female moral reform societies rapidly spread across the North making it the first predominantly female social movement. Through women's positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the private sphere . Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine. In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation, ministers stressed Christ's humility and forgiveness, in what
1925-411: The 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005). In 2010, Adventism claimed to have some 22 million believers who were scattered in various independent churches. The largest church within the movement—the Seventh-day Adventist Church —had more than 21 million members in 2020. Adventism began as an inter-denominational movement. Its most vocal leader was William Miller. Between 50,000 and 100,000 people in
2002-526: The Advent Christian Church. It differs from the parent body mainly on two points. Its members observe foot washing as a rite of the church, and they teach that reclaimed backsliders should be baptized (even though they had formerly been baptized). This is sometimes referred to as rebaptism. The Seventh-day Adventist Church , founded in 1863, had over 19,500,000 baptized members (not counting children of members) worldwide as of June 2016. It
2079-919: The Assemblies of Yahweh. To this day, the Sacred Name Movement is very divided on doctrine despite holding 'unity conferences' every year. Below are a list of Sacred Name Movement groups: Angelo Traina , a disciple of Dodd, undertook the production of a Sacred Name edition of the Bible , publishing the Holy Name New Testament in 1950 and the Holy Name Bible in 1962, both based on the King James Version , but with some names and words changed to Hebraic forms, such as " God " to " Elohim ", "LORD" to "Yahweh" and " Jesus " to "Yahshua". Other Sacred Name Bibles have since been produced, and most Sacred Name Movement denominations use
2156-554: The Bible Students do not identify as part of the Millerite Adventist movement (or other denominations, in general), some theologians categorize these groups and related sects as Millerite Adventist because of their teachings regarding an imminent Second Coming and their use of specific dates. The various independent Bible Student groups currently have a cumulative membership of about 20,000 worldwide. According to
2233-698: The Church of God Adventist movement formed the United Seventh-Day Brethren , seeking to increase fellowship and to combine their efforts in evangelism, publications, and other . Early in its development, the Bible Student movement founded by Charles Taze Russell had close connections with the Millerite movement and stalwarts of the Adventist faith, including George Storrs and Joseph Seiss . Although both Jehovah's Witnesses and
2310-434: The Millerite movement split up and was continued by a number of groups that held different doctrines from one another. These groups, stemming from a common Millerite ancestor, collectively became known as the Adventist movement. Although the Adventist churches hold much in common with mainline Christianity, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state of the dead is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether
2387-496: The October 22 date, many maintained that Jesus had come not literally but "spiritually", and consequently were known as "spiritualizers". A small minority held that something concrete had indeed happened on October 22, but that this event had been misinterpreted. This belief later emerged and crystallized with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the largest remaining body today. The Albany Conference in 1845, attended by 61 delegates,
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2464-444: The Sacred Name Movement consisted of 'small', 'splintered' and 'divided' groups doctrinally. After the death of C. O. Dodd (an early Sacred Name pioneer) in 1955, those using the Sacred Name are reported to have become even more confused in doctrine, since the shepherd had disappeared. Little has amounted from the Sacred Name Movement. The Assemblies of Yahweh , which is not part of the Sacred Name Movement, came in to being because of
2541-718: The Scotch-Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains in present-day Maryland and Virginia , where Presbyterian emigrants and Baptists held large outdoor gatherings in the years prior to the war. The Presbyterians and Methodists sponsored similar gatherings on a regular basis after the Revolution. The denominations that encouraged
2618-481: The Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System . More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere. The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party. Historians stress the common understanding among participants of reform as being
2695-522: The Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826. Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert. The Advent Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America, and was preached by ministers such as William Miller , whose followers became known as Millerites . The name refers to belief in
2772-724: The United States in 1816. Soon after, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion) was founded as another denomination in New York City. Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia. Especially in the Baptist Church, African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers. By the early 19th century, independent African-American congregations numbered in
2849-402: The United States supported Miller's predictions of Christ's return. After the " Great Disappointment " of October 22, 1844, many people in the movement gave up on Adventism. Of those remaining Adventist, the majority gave up believing in any prophetic (biblical) significance for the October 22 date, yet they remained expectant of the near Advent ( second coming of Jesus). Of those who retained
2926-482: The Watch Tower Society, there were about 8.6 million Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide as of 2023. General: Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements. Revivals were a key part of
3003-616: The colonial period—the Anglicans , Presbyterians, Congregationalists . Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the Latter Day Saint movement , Restoration Movement , Jehovah's Witnesses , Churches of Christ , Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) , the Seventh-day Adventist Church , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada . The converts during
3080-416: The common people, which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert. Postmillennialist theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century. Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the " Millennium ", which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative "long period" of peace and happiness. Christians thus had
3157-448: The conversion and religious upbringing of children. During the period of revival, mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family, and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics. The greatest change in women's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies. Women's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women's organization. In
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3234-560: The dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. The revivals also followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis on the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, and a sense of restoring personal salvation. This differed from the Calvinists' belief in predestination as outlined in the Westminster Confession of Faith , which emphasized the inability of men to save themselves and decreed that
3311-514: The doctrine of the Trinity as unbiblical. The Sacred Name Movement arose in the early 20th century out of the Church of God (Seventh Day) movement. The movement was influenced by Joseph Franklin Rutherford after he changed the name of the main branch of the Bible Student movement to Jehovah's Witnesses in 1931. C. O. Dodd , a member of the Church of God (Seventh Day) who began to keep
3388-614: The early camp meetings, but the Presbyterians eventually became less involved because of the noise and often raucous activities that occurred during the protracted sessions. As a result of the Revival of 1800, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was founded in 1810 near Dickson, Tennessee by the Revs: Samuel McAdow, Finis Ewing, and Samuel King and became a strong supporter of the revivalist movement. Cane Ridge
3465-459: The evangelical converts of the New York frontier. There were also societies that broadened their focus from traditional religious concerns to larger societal ones. These organizations were primarily sponsored by affluent women. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated
3542-555: The evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells. Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century. Converts were taught that to achieve salvation they needed not just to repent personal sin but also work for the moral perfection of society, which meant eradicating sin in all its forms. Thus, evangelical converts were leading figures in
3619-418: The form of more secular movements. In the midst of shifts in theology and church polity , American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period. Known commonly as antebellum reform , this phenomenon included reforms against the consumption of alcohol , for women's rights and abolition of slavery , and a multitude of other issues faced by society. The religious enthusiasm of
3696-416: The historian Barbara Welter calls a "feminization" of Christianity. Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations, especially in urban areas. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements. The influence of the Awakening continued in
3773-400: The late 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle-class pursuit of reform and progress. Beginning in the 1820s, Western New York State experienced a series of popular religious revivals that would later earn this region the nickname "the burned-over district ," which implied the area
3850-639: The lower Midwest, and the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional. More recent works, however, have argued that these revivals in Western New York had a unique and lasting impact upon the religious and social life of the entire nation. On the American frontier , evangelical denominations, especially Methodists and Baptists , sent missionary preachers and exhorters to meet
3927-457: The movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. The Methodist Church used circuit riders to reach people in frontier locations. The Second Great Awakening led to a period of antebellum social reform and an emphasis on salvation by institutions. The outpouring of religious fervor and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among
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#17327756371564004-426: The movements, and he spent the last few years of his life working for unity, before dying in 1849. The Handbook of Denominations in the United States , 12th ed., describes the following churches as "Adventist and Sabbatarian (Hebraic) Churches": The Christadelphians were founded in 1844 by John Thomas and had an estimated 25,000 members in 170 ecclesias, or churches, in 2000 in America. The Advent Christian Church
4081-570: The nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations. All three of these congregations were under the ministry of Presbyterian Reverend James McGready. A year later, in August 1801, an even larger sacrament occasion that is generally considered to be America's first camp meeting was held at Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky , under Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) with numerous Presbyterian , Baptist, and Methodist ministers participating in
4158-459: The need to have a doctrinally sound, harmonious, organized and unified worship. The Preamble to the original Statement of Doctrine of the Assemblies of Yahweh produced in 1969 reads as follows: The brethren in the faith who have united in organization to form the Assemblies of Yahweh, present this document as their statement of doctrine. These dedicated brethren have become concerned with the widespread disorganization which has been rampant during
4235-604: The only way to be saved was by God's electing grace. Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly. The Revival of 1800 in Logan County, Kentucky , began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion. The first informal camp meeting began in June, when people began camping on the grounds of the Red River Meeting House . Subsequent meetings followed at
4312-644: The other black attendee, was ordained by the Methodists in 1799, but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination. They founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Philadelphia. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in
4389-403: The past several years in the Sacred Name movement. This concern has led to the conclusion that a statement of doctrine such as this is necessary to define for the interested inquirers after Truth, the sound doctrines which are contained in the inspired Scriptures, the Word of Almighty Yahweh. We hereby present this document as the articles of faith on which we all can stand, and on which we can base
4466-448: The people in the backcountry in an effort to support the growth of church membership and the formation of new congregations. Another key component of the revivalists' techniques was the camp meeting . These outdoor religious gatherings originated from field meetings and the Scottish Presbyterians ' " Holy Fairs ", which were brought to America in the mid-eighteenth century from Ireland , Scotland , and Britain's border counties. Most of
4543-499: The predominance of women in the movement, they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions. However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. Leaders such as Charles Finney saw women's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion. Women also took crucial roles in
4620-406: The revivals were based on an interpretation of man's spiritual equality before God, which led them to recruit members and preachers from a wide range of classes and all races. Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of the Tidewater South, where an increasing number of common planters, plain folk , and slaves were converted. In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival
4697-572: The revivals were very similar. As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries. The movement quickly spread throughout Kentucky , Indiana , Tennessee , and southern Ohio , as well as other regions of the United States and Canada. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier. The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as circuit riders , who sought out people in remote frontier locations. The circuit riders came from among
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#17327756371564774-440: The role of women's social benevolence work. Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement . They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill. They believed in the perfectibility of people and were highly moralistic in their endeavors. Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with
4851-435: The services. The six-day gathering attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people, although the exact number of attendees was not formally recorded. Due to the efforts of such leaders as Stone and Alexander Campbell (1788–1866), the camp meeting revival spread religious enthusiasm and became a major mode of church expansion, especially for the Methodists and Baptists. Presbyterians and Methodists initially worked together to host
4928-413: The several hundreds in some cities of the South, such as Charleston, South Carolina , and Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia . With the growth in congregations and churches, Baptist associations formed in Virginia, for instance, as well as Kentucky and other states. The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom. In 1800, out of African-American revival meetings in Virginia, a plan for slave rebellion
5005-479: The soon Second Advent of Jesus (popularly known as the Second coming ) and resulted in several major religious denominations, including Seventh-day Adventists , Advent Christians , and Jehovah's Witnesses . Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier, a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening, leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches. The idea of restoring
5082-433: The ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups observe the seventh day Sabbath . The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in
5159-525: The western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges. Publication and education societies promoted Christian education; most notable among them was the American Bible Society , founded in 1816. Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies. The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, NY, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of
5236-470: Was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement , which consisted of non-denominational churches committed to what they viewed as the original, fundamental Christianity of the New Testament . Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ , Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada . The congregations of these denomination were committed to individuals' achieving
5313-442: Was called to attempt to determine the future course and meaning of the Millerite movement. Following this meeting, the "Millerites" then became known as "Adventists" or "Second Adventists". However, the delegates disagreed on several theological points. Four groups emerged from the conference: The Evangelical Adventists, The Life and Advent Union, the Advent Christian Church , and the Seventh-day Adventist Church . The largest group
5390-429: Was devised by Gabriel Prosser , although the rebellion was discovered and crushed before it started. Despite white attempts to control independent African-American congregations, especially after the Nat Turner uprising of 1831, a number of African-American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations. State legislatures passed laws requiring them always to have
5467-425: Was founded in 1860 and had 25,277 members in 302 churches in 2002 in America. It is a "first-day" body of Adventist Christians founded on the teachings of William Miller. It adopted the "conditional immortality" doctrine of Charles F. Hudson and George Storrs , who formed the "Advent Christian Association" in Salem, Massachusetts , in 1860. The Primitive Advent Christian Church is a small group which separated from
5544-457: Was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening. While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement, Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell , resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch, led by Barton W. Stone . The Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped
5621-472: Was implemented through camp meetings. These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion, and they were important as social venues. The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length with preachers. Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired
5698-702: Was organized as the American Millennial Association, a portion of which was later known as the Evangelical Adventist Church. Unique among the Adventists, they believed in an eternal hell and consciousness in death. They declined in numbers, and by 1916 their name did not appear in the United States Census of Religious Bodies. It has diminished to almost non-existence today. Their main publication
5775-451: Was set ablaze with spiritual fervor. This term, however, was not used by contemporaries in the first half of the nineteenth century, as it originates from Charles Grandison Finney 's Autobiography of Charles G Finney (1876), in which he writes, "I found that region of country what, in the western phrase, would be called, a 'burnt district.' There had been, a few years previously, a wild excitement passing through that region, which they called
5852-601: Was the Advent Herald , of which Sylvester Bliss was the editor until his death in 1863. It was later called the Messiah's Herald . The Life and Advent Union was founded by George Storrs in 1863. He had established The Bible Examiner in 1842. It merged with the Adventist Christian Church in 1964. The Advent Christian Church officially formed in 1861 and grew rapidly at first. It declined
5929-527: Was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation. Despite being called the "greatest orator in America" by Benjamin Rush and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke , Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism. Richard Allen ,
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