The Saemaul Undong ( Korean : 새마을운동 ), also known as the New Community Movement , New Village Movement , Saemaul Movement or Saema'eul Movement , was a political initiative launched on April 22, 1970 by South Korean president Park Chung Hee to modernize the rural South Korean economy . The idea was based on the Korean traditional communalism called Hyangyak (향약, 鄕約) and Dure (두레), which provided the rules for self-governance and cooperation in traditional Korean communities. The movement initially sought to rectify the growing disparity of the standard of living between the nation's urban centers, which were rapidly industrializing, and the small villages, which continued to be mired in poverty. Diligence, self-help and collaboration were the slogans to encourage community members to participate in the development process. The early stage of the movement focused on improving the basic living conditions and environments, whereas later projects concentrated on building rural infrastructure and increasing community income . Though hailed as a great success by force in the 1970s, the movement lost momentum during the 1980s due to the unexpected assassination of Park Chung-hee .
51-516: (Redirected from Saemaul ) Saemaul , Saema'eul or "new village," may refer to: The New Community Movement or Saemaul Undong for rural development in South Korea in the 1970s Saemaeul-ho , a class of passenger train operated by Korail Saemaeul Restaurant (also "Saemaeul Sikdang"), a Korean barbecue restaurant chain Topics referred to by
102-417: A by-election is held. The National Assembly is charged with deliberating and passing legislation , auditing the budget and administrative procedures, ratifying treaties, and approving state appointments. In addition, it has the power to impeach or recommend the removal of high officials. The Assembly forms 17 standing committees to deliberate matters of detailed policy. For the most part, these coincide with
153-546: A few thousand each are employed by the national legislative and judicial branches; the overwhelming majority are employed in the various ministries of the executive branch. The size of the civil service increased steadily from the 1950s to the late 1990s, but has dropped slightly since 1995 The civil service, not including political appointees and elected officials, is composed of career civil servants and contract civil servants. Contract servants are typically paid higher wages and hired for specific jobs. Career civil servants make up
204-565: A final decision. At the national level, the legislative branch consists of the National Assembly of South Korea . This is a unicameral legislature; it consists of a single large assembly. Most of its 300 members are elected from-member constituencies; however, 56 are elected through proportional representation . The members of the National Assembly serve for four years; if a member is unable to complete his or her term,
255-451: A position in civil service, it is usually necessary to pass one or more difficult examinations. Positions have traditionally been handed out based on seniority, in a complex graded system; however, this system was substantially reformed in 1998. There are more than 800,000 civil servants in South Korea today. More than half of these are employed by the central government; only about 300,000 are employed by local governments. In addition, only
306-473: A relatively independent chief executive in the form of a president. As with most stable three-branch systems, a careful system of checks and balances is in place. For instance, the judges of the Constitutional Court are partially appointed by the executive, and partially by the legislature. Likewise, when a resolution of impeachment is passed by the legislature, it is sent to the judiciary for
357-418: A ton of iron bars. The New Community Movement did much to improve infrastructure in rural South Korea , bringing modernized facilities such as irrigation systems , bridges and roads in rural communities. The program also marked the widespread appearance of orange tiled houses throughout the countryside, replacing the traditional thatched or choga-jip houses. Encouraged by the success in rural areas,
408-636: Is basically a presidential system yet with certain aspects of parliamentary cabinet system combined, the Cabinet of the Republic of Korea also is a combination of both systems. More specifically, the Korean Cabinet performs policy resolutions as well as policy consultations to the President. Reflecting that the Republic of Korea is basically a presidential republic the Cabinet resolutions cannot bind
459-604: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages New Community Movement The movement promoted self-help and collaboration among the people during its first phase, as the central government provided a fixed amount of raw materials to each of the participating villages free of charge and entrusted the locals to build whatever they wished with them. The government first selected 33,267 villages and provided 335 sacks of cement. 16,600 villages that demonstrated success were then granted additional resources of 500 sacks of cement and
510-557: Is led by a minister-level Prosecutor General. The Minister of Strategy and Finance and the Minister of Education, by law, automatically assume the positions of Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Korea. The respective ministers of the below ministries assume the President's position in the below order, if the President cannot perform his/her duty and the Prime Minister cannot assume the President's position. Also note that
561-453: Is not required to be a member of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister is assisted in his/her duties by the Prime Minister's Office which houses both the Office for Government Policy Coordination and the Prime Minister's Secretariat ( 국무총리비서실 ; 國務總理祕書室 ), the former of which is headed by a cabinet-level minister and the latter by a vice minister-level chief of staff. if the president
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#1732772921584612-671: Is organized into two groups. One is the Constitutional Court which is the highest court on adjudication of matters on constitutionality , including judicial review and constitutional review . Another is ordinary courts on matters except jurisdiction of Constitutional Court . These ordinary courts are regarding the Supreme Court as the highest court. Both the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and
663-603: Is similar to those cabinets in strict parliamentary cabinet systems. The official residence and office of the President of the Republic of Korea is the Blue House , located in Jongno District , Seoul. The name "Cheongwadae" literally means "the house with blue-tiled roof" and is named as such due to its appearance. In addition to the Office of the President, Cheongwadae also houses the Office of National Security and
714-399: Is unable to fulfill his duties, the Prime Minister assumes the president's powers and takes control of the state until the President can once again fulfill his/her duties or until a new president is elected. If they are suspected of serious wrongdoing, the president and cabinet-level officials are subject to impeachment by the National Assembly. Once the National Assembly votes in favor of
765-656: The President of the Constitutional Court have equivalent status as two heads of the judiciary branch in South Korea. Elections in South Korea are held on national level to select the President and the National Assembly . South Korea has a multi-party system, with two dominant parties and numerous third parties. Elections are overseen by the Electoral Branch of the National Election Commission . The most recent presidential election
816-608: The Presidential Security Service to assist the President. Currently, 18 ministries exist in the South Korean government. The 18 ministers are appointed by the President and report to the Prime Minister. Also, some ministries have affiliated agencies (listed below), which report both to the Prime Minister and to the minister of the affiliated ministry. Each affiliated agency is headed by a vice-minister-level commissioner except Prosecution Service which
867-539: The Saemaul Undong period. Old zelkova trees that had stood at village entrances and have traditionally served as guardian figures were cut down in order to erase "superstition". Practitioners of Korean shamanism were harassed, essentially destroying centuries old Korean traditions. In addition, Saemaul Undong meetings were often used to identify political dissidents and reinforce dedication to Park's military regime. Under The Presidential Trust Commission, it
918-446: The 1970s and early 1980s, but it became less effective after South Korea entered into a more developed and industrialized stage, which diminished the momentum of the movement. The relatively low income levels in rural areas compared to urban areas became a major political issue in the late 1980s – one that no government intervention was able to fully solve during the first phase – and the movement proved ultimately inadequate in addressing
969-538: The Cabinet be composed of between 15 and 30 members including the Chairperson, and currently the Cabinet includes the President, the Prime Minister, the Vice Prime Minister (the Minister of Strategy and Finance), and the cabinet-level ministers of the 17 ministries. The Constitution designates the President as the chairperson of the Cabinet and the Prime Minister as the vice chairperson. Nevertheless,
1020-491: The Chairperson of Korea Fair Trade Commission ( 공정거래위원장 ; 公正去來委員長 ), the Chairperson of Financial Services Commission ( 금융위원장 ; 金融委員長 ), the Mayor of Seoul , and other officials designated by law or deemed necessary by the Chairperson of the Cabinet can also attend the Cabinet meetings and speak in front of the Cabinet without the right to vote on the matters discussed in the meetings The Mayor of Seoul, although being
1071-470: The Constitution and the affiliated laws of the Republic of Korea stipulates only so far as the Prime Minister and the 17 ministers as those who can assume the President's position. Moreover, if the Prime Minister cannot perform his/her duty the Vice Prime Minister will assume the Prime Minister's position, and if both the Prime Minister and the Vice Prime Minister cannot perform the Prime Minister's role
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#17327729215841122-413: The National Assembly. The executive branch is headed by the president . The president is elected directly by the people, and is the only elected member of the national executive. The president serves for one five-year term; additional terms are not permitted. The president is head of state , head of government and commander-in-chief of the South Korean armed forces. The president is vested with
1173-483: The President can either pick one of the 17 ministers to assume the Prime Minister's position or let the 17 ministers assume the position according to the below order. The commissioner of National Tax Service, a vice-minister-level official by law, is customarily considered to be a minister-level official due to the importance of National Tax Service. For example, the vice-commissioner of the agency will attend meetings where other agencies would send their commissioners, and
1224-422: The Prime Minister frequently holds the meetings without the presence of the President as the meeting can be lawfully held as long as the majority of the Cabinet members are present at the meeting. Also, as many government agencies have moved out of Seoul into other parts of the country since 2013, the need to hold Cabinet meetings without having to convene in one place at the same time has been growing, and therefore
1275-571: The Project Step 5: Feedback at National Level During the late 1960s and 1970s when the policy started being implemented under the regime of President Park, local traditions and beliefs were suppressed, akin to the Cultural Revolution in communist China which happened at the same time. The movement Misin tapa undong ("to defeat the worship of gods"), also described as "movement to destroy superstition") reached its peak during
1326-729: The Saemaul Movement has entered into the second phase, focusing on new issues such as enhancing voluntary services in the community and international cooperation with developing countries . Many developing countries in Africa are paying attention to the implications of the Saemaul Undong. Through the program such as Yonsei-KOICA Master's Degree Program , the Korean government is helping officials working in developing countries to design and implement new policies and programs in
1377-432: The bulk of the civil service, and are arranged in a nine-tiered system in which grade 1 is occupied by assistant ministers and grade 9 by the newest and lowest-level employees. Promotions are decided by a combination of seniority, training, and performance review. Civil servants' base salary makes up less than half of their annual pay; the remainder is supplied in a complex system of bonuses. Contract civil servants are paid on
1428-476: The chief executive of each district is locally elected, deputy executives are still appointed by the central government. It is these deputy officials who have detailed authority over most administrative matters. The South Korean civil service is managed by the Ministry of Personnel Management . This is large, and remains a largely closed system, although efforts at openness and reform are ongoing. In order to gain
1479-655: The commissioner of the agency will attend meetings where minister-level officials convene. The following agencies report directly to the President: The following councils advise the president on pertinent issues: The following agencies report directly to the Prime Minister: The Independent Central Administrative Agencies are Until 2013, almost all of the central government agencies were located in either Seoul or Gwacheon government complex, with
1530-600: The context of national development policies. A 2022 study attributed the initiative with shoring up support for Park Chung Hee 's authoritarian regime. The initiative had persistent effects, leading to greater support for the dictator's daughter when she was democratically elected in 2012. The Korea Saemaul Undong Center explains how Saemaul Undong was practiced in the 1970s in South Korea in five steps: Step 1. Basic Arrangements Step 2: Operation of Projects Step 3: Main Stage of Project Operation Step 4: Final Stage of
1581-511: The exception of a few agencies located in Daejeon government complex. Considering that Gwacheon is a city constructed just outside Seoul to house the new government complex, virtually all administrative functions of South Korea were still concentrated in Seoul. It has been decided, however, that government agencies decide if they will relocate themselves to Sejong Special Self-Governing City , which
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1632-553: The executive, legislative and judicial authority of the republic. The president acts as the head of state and is the highest figure of executive authority in the country, followed by the prime minister and government ministers in decreasing order. The Executive and Legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. Local governments are semi-autonomous and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own. The judicial branch operates at both
1683-614: The experience of authoritarian governments under the First , Third , and Fourth Republics. The president is assisted in his or her duties by the Prime Minister of South Korea as well as the Presidential Secretariat . The Prime Minister is appointed by the president upon the approval of the National Assembly, and has the power to recommend the appointment or dismissal of the Cabinet ministers. The officeholder
1734-477: The head of a local autonomous region in South Korea and not directly related to the central executive branch, has been allowed to attend the Cabinet meeting considering the special status of Seoul (Special City) and its mayor (the only cabinet-level mayor in Korea). The Cabinet of the Republic of Korea performs somewhat different roles than those of many other nations with similar forms. As the Korean political system
1785-411: The impeachment the Constitutional Court should either confirm or reject the impeachment resolution, once again reflecting the system of checks and balances between the three branches of the government. The State Council is the highest body and national cabinet for policy deliberation and resolution in the executive branch of the Republic of Korea. The Constitution of the Republic of Korea mandates that
1836-419: The judicial branch. It also does not yet extend to many other areas, including fire protection and education, which are managed by independent national agencies. Local governments also have very limited policy-making authority; generally, the most that they can do is decide how national policies will be implemented. However, there is some political pressure for the scope of local autonomy to be extended. Although
1887-473: The larger problem of migration from the villages to the cities by the country's younger demographic. Moreover, the government-led centralized system caused corruption , such as misuse of funding, and changed South Korea's environment. Recognizing these problems, the South Korean government changed the centralized structure of the movement by empowering civil society to lead the movement. Since 1998,
1938-425: The law has been amended to allow Cabinet meetings in a visual teleconference format. Although not the official members of the Cabinet, the chief presidential secretary ( 대통령비서실장 ; 大統領祕書室長 ), the Minister of the Office for Government Policy Coordination ( 국무조정실장 ; 國務調整室長 ), the Minister of Government Legislation ( 법제처장 ; 法制處長 ), the Minister of Food and Drug Safety ( 식품의약품안전처장 ; 食品醫藥品安全處長 ),
1989-404: The ministries of the executive branch. Bills pass through these committees before they reach the floor. However, before they reach committee, they must already have gained the support of at least 20 members, unless they have been introduced by the president. To secure final passage, a bill must be approved by a majority of those present; a tie vote defeats the bill. After passage, bills are sent to
2040-495: The movement spread through factories and urban areas as well, and became a nationwide modernization movement. However, despite the Saemaul Movement's great success in reducing poverty and improving living conditions in rural areas during its first phase, income levels in urban areas were still higher than income levels in rural areas after the rapid industrialization of South Korea. The government-led movement with its highly centralized organization proved to be efficient in
2091-471: The national and local levels. The South Korean government's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea . This document has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948 (for details, see History of South Korea ). However, it has retained many broad characteristics; with the exception of the short-lived Second Republic of South Korea , the country has always had
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2142-460: The national government. However, since the elections of 1995, a degree of local autonomy has been restored. Local magistrates and assemblies are elected in each of the primary and secondary administrative divisions of South Korea , that is, in every province, metropolitan or special city, and district. Officials at lower levels, such as eup and dong , are appointed by the city or county government. As noted above, local autonomy does not extend to
2193-552: The national party-vote reaching over 3.00% on a proportional basis or ii) more than 5 members of their party being elected in each of their first-past-the-post election constituencies. Local autonomy was established as a constitutional principle of South Korea beginning with the First Republic. However, for much of the 20th century this principle was not honored. From 1965 to 1995, local governments were run directly by provincial governments, which in turn were run directly by
2244-468: The power to declare war, and can also propose legislation to the National Assembly. The president can also declare a state of emergency or martial law, subject to the Assembly's subsequent approval. The President can veto bills, subject to a two-thirds majority veto override by the National Assembly. However, the president does not have the power to dissolve the National Assembly. This safeguard reflects
2295-454: The president for approval; they must be approved within 15 days. Each year, the budget bill is submitted to the National Assembly by the executive. By law, it must be submitted at least 90 days before the start of the fiscal year , and the final version must be approved at least 30 days before the start of the fiscal year. The Assembly is also responsible for auditing accounts of past expenditures, which must be submitted at least 120 days before
2346-410: The president's decision, and in this regard, the Korean Cabinet is similar to those advisory counsels in strict presidential republics. At the same time, however, the Constitution of the Republic of Korea specifies in details 17 categories including budgetary and military matters, which necessitates the resolution of the Cabinet in addition to the President's approval, and in this regard the Korean Cabinet
2397-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Saemaeul . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saemaeul&oldid=1243566243 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2448-527: The start of the fiscal year. Sessions of the Assembly may be either regular (once a year, for no more than 100 days) or extraordinary (by request of the president or a caucus, no more than 30 days). These sessions are open-door by default but can be closed to the public by majority vote or by decree of the Speaker. In order for laws to be passed in any session, a quorum of half the members must be present. Currently, seven political parties are represented in
2499-1130: Was created from territory comprising South Chungcheong Province , so that government agencies are better accessible from most parts of South Korea and reduce the concentration of government bureaucracy in Seoul. Since the plan was announced, 22 agencies have moved to the new government complex in Sejong. The following agencies will settle in the Government Complex Seoul : The following agencies will settle in Seoul, but in separate locations: The following agencies will settle in Government Complex Gwacheon: The following agencies will settle in Government Complex, Daejeon : The following agencies will settle in Government Complex Sejong: The following agencies will settle in separate locations: The judicial branch of South Korea
2550-472: Was found that 334 individuals were killed, 1,744 were killed , and 7,328 people were falsely incarcerated largely due to expressing anti-government beliefs in connection to Saemaul Udong. South Korean government [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The government of South Korea is the national government of the Republic of Korea , created by the Constitution of South Korea as
2601-418: Was held on 9 March 2022. The president is directly elected for a single five-year term by plurality vote. The National Assembly has 300 members elected for a four-year term, 253 in single-seat constituencies and 47 members by proportional representation . Each individual party intending to represent its policies in the National Assembly must be qualified through the assembly's general election by either: i)
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