95-1180: Sagawa is a Japanese family name (surname). It may refer to: People with the surname [ edit ] Hajime Sagawa , Japanese securities broker involved in the "Olympus scandal" in 2011–12 Issei Sagawa (1949–2022), Japanese man who in 1981 murdered and cannibalized Renée Hartevelt Keisuke Sagawa (1937–2017), Japanese actor and television personality Masato Sagawa (born 1943), Japanese scientist and entrepreneur Ryosuke Sagawa (born 1993), Japanese footballer Tetsurō Sagawa (born 1937), Japanese actor and voice actor from Tateyama, Chiba Transport [ edit ] Sagawa Express , major transportation company in Japan Soccer [ edit ] Sagawa Express Osaka S.C. , Soccer Club owned by Sagawa Express Sagawa Express Tokyo S.C. , industrial-league football team based on Kōtō district of Tokyo Sagawa Printing S.C. , football (soccer) club based in Muko, Kyoto, Japan Sagawa Shiga F.C. , amateur Japanese football club Topics referred to by
190-434: A 5×10 grid ( gojūon , 五十音, literally "fifty sounds"), as shown in the adjacent table, read ア ( a ) , イ ( i ) , ウ ( u ) , エ ( e ) , オ ( o ) , カ ( ka ) , キ ( ki ) , ク ( ku ) , ケ ( ke ) , コ ( ko ) and so on. The gojūon inherits its vowel and consonant order from Sanskrit practice. In vertical text contexts, which used to be the default case, the grid is usually presented as 10 columns by 5 rows, with vowels on
285-434: A Japanese name a very difficult problem. For this reason, business cards often include the pronunciation of the name as furigana , and forms and documents often include spaces to write the reading of the name in kana (usually katakana). A few Japanese names, particularly family names, include archaic versions of characters . For example, the very common character shima , "island", may be written as 嶋 or 嶌 instead of
380-574: A career overseas. Yoko Ono , for example, was born in Japan, with the name 小野 洋子 , and spent the first twenty years of her life there. However, having lived outside the country for more than fifty years, and basing her career in the United States, Ono is often referred to in the press as オノ・ヨーコ , preserving the Japanese order of her name (Ono Yōko), but rendering it in katakana. Another example
475-540: A chance to practice reading and writing kana with meaningful words. This was the approach taken by the influential American linguistics scholar Eleanor Harz Jorden in Japanese: The Written Language (parallel to Japanese: The Spoken Language ). Katakana is commonly used by Japanese linguists to write the Ainu language . In Ainu katakana usage, the consonant that comes at the end of a syllable
570-485: A different final kanji is also common), Udō , Etō , Endō , Gotō , Jitō, Katō , Kitō , Kudō , Kondō , Saitō , Satō , Shindō , Sudō, Naitō , Bitō, and Mutō . As already noted, some of the most common family names are in this list. Japanese family names usually include characters referring to places and geographic features. Given names are called the "name" ( 名 , mei ) or "lower name" ( 下の名前 , shita no namae ) , because, in vertically written Japanese,
665-414: A given individual. The character 一 when used as a male given name may be used as the written form for "Hajime", "Hitoshi", "Ichi-/-ichi" "Kazu-/-kazu", and many others. The name Hajime may be written with any of the following: 始 , 治 , 初 , 一 , 元 , 肇 , 創 , 甫 , 基 , 哉 , 啓 , 本 , 源 , 東 , 大 , 孟 , or 祝 . This many-to-many correspondence between names and the ways they are written
760-538: A long vowel, resulting in Hanachan, Hanchan, and Hāchan. The segmental content is usually a left substring of that of the given name. However, in some cases it is obtained by other means, including the use of another reading of the kanji used to write the name. For example, a girl named Megumi may be called Keichan or just Kei, because the character used to write Megumi ( 恵 ) , can also be read Kei . The common Japanese practice of forming abbreviations by concatenating
855-482: A massive public outcry. Though there are regulations on the naming of children, many archaic characters can still be found in adults' names, particularly those born prior to the Second World War . Because the legal restrictions on use of such kanji cause inconvenience for those with such names and promote a proliferation of identical names, many recent changes have been made to increase rather than to reduce
950-512: A measure of politeness. When children are born into the Imperial family, they receive a standard given name as well as a special title. For instance, the Emperor emeritus Akihito was born Tsugu-no-miya Akihito ( 継宮明仁 ) . In this name, the title is Tsugu-no-miya ( 継宮 , "Prince Tsugu") , and he was referred to as "Prince Tsugu" during his childhood. This title is generally used until
1045-538: A mixture of kanji and kana . While most "traditional" names use kun'yomi (native Japanese) kanji readings, a large number of given names and surnames use on'yomi (Chinese-based) kanji readings as well. Many others use readings which are only used in names ( nanori ), such as the female name Nozomi ( 希 ) . The sound no , indicating possession (like the Saxon genitive in English), and corresponding to
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#17327762745901140-478: A name is Saitō : there are two common kanji for sai here. The two sai characters have different meanings: 斉 means "together" or "parallel", but 斎 means "to purify". These names can also exist written in archaic forms, as 齊藤 and 齋藤 respectively. A problem occurs when an elderly person forgets how to write their name in old kanji that is no longer used. Family names are sometimes written with periphrastic readings, called jukujikun , in which
1235-417: A name, names may be rejected if they are believed to fall outside what would be considered an acceptable name by measures of common sense. Japanese names may be written in hiragana or katakana , the Japanese language syllabaries for words of Japanese or foreign origin, respectively. As such, names written in hiragana or katakana are phonetic rendering and lack meanings that are expressed by names written in
1330-748: A particular expectation of her. Names ending with -ko dropped significantly in popularity in the mid-1980s, but are still given, though much less than in the past. Male names occasionally end with the syllable -ko as in Mako , but very rarely using the kanji 子 (most often, if a male name ends in -ko , it ends in -hiko , using the kanji 彦 meaning "boy"). Common male name endings are -shi and -o ; names ending with -shi are often adjectives, e.g., Atsushi, which might mean, for example, "(to be) faithful." Katakana and hiragana spellings are characteristic of feminine names rather than masculine names, with katakana often used for women's names in
1425-432: A primary alteration; most often it voices the consonant: k → g , s → z , t → d and h → b ; for example, カ ( ka ) becomes ガ ( ga ) . Secondary alteration, where possible, is shown by a circular handakuten : h → p ; For example; ハ ( ha ) becomes パ ( pa ) . Diacritics, though used for over a thousand years, only became mandatory in the Japanese writing system in the second half of the 20th century. Their application
1520-416: A space in given names (to separate first and middle names) is not allowed in official documents, because technically, a space is not an allowed character. However, spaces are sometimes used on business cards and in correspondence. Historically, families consisted of many children and it was a common practice to name sons by numbers suffixed with rō ( 郎 , "son") . The first son would be known as "Ichirō",
1615-546: A special set of rules. Because parents when naming children, and foreigners when adopting a Japanese name, are able to choose which pronunciations they want for certain kanji, the same written form of a name may have multiple readings. In exceptional cases, this makes it impossible to determine the intended pronunciation of a name with certainty. Even so, most pronunciations chosen for names are common, making them easier to read. While any jōyō kanji (with some exceptions for readability) and jinmeiyō kanji may be used as part of
1710-587: A species, is written ヒト ( hito ) , rather than its kanji 人 . Katakana are often (but not always) used for transcription of Japanese company names. For example, Suzuki is written スズキ , and Toyota is written トヨタ . As these are common family names, Suzuki being the second most common in Japan, using katakana helps distinguish company names from surnames in writing. Katakana are commonly used on signs, advertisements, and hoardings (i.e., billboards ), for example, ココ ( koko , "here") , ゴミ ( gomi , "trash") , or メガネ ( megane , "glasses") . Words
1805-578: A vowel, but this is not exactly the case (and never has been). Existing schemes for the romanization of Japanese either are based on the systematic nature of the script, e.g. nihon-shiki チ ti , or they apply some Western graphotactics , usually the English one, to the common Japanese pronunciation of the kana signs, e.g. Hepburn-shiki チ chi . Both approaches conceal the fact, though, that many consonant-based katakana signs, especially those canonically ending in u , can be used in coda position, too, where
1900-425: Is Petoro ( ペトロ ) , John is Yohane ( ヨハネ ) , Jacob is Yakobu ( ヤコブ ) , Martin is Maruchino ( マルチノ ) , Dominic is Dominiko ( ドミニコ ) , and so on. For most purposes in real life, Christian names are not used; for example, Taro Aso has a Christian name, Francisco ( フランシスコ , Furanshisuko ) , which is not nearly as well-known. 16th century kirishitan daimyō Dom Justo Takayama , on
1995-407: Is Finnish , is a famous example. Others transliterate their names into phonetically similar kanji compounds, such as activist Arudou Debito ( 有道 出人 ) , an American-Japanese activist known as 'David Aldwinckle' before taking Japanese citizenship. (Tsurunen has similarly adopted 弦念 丸呈 .) Still others have abandoned their native names entirely in favor of Yamato names, such as Lafcadio Hearn (who
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#17327762745902090-422: Is abbreviated as Jimihen ( ジミヘン ) . Some Japanese celebrities have also taken names combining kanji and katakana, such as Terry Ito ( テリー伊藤 ) . Another slightly less common method is doubling one or two syllables of the person's name, such as the use of "MamiMami" for Mamiko Noto . Many ethnic minorities living in Japan, mostly Korean and Chinese, adopt Japanese names. The roots of this custom go back to
2185-419: Is also used for this purpose). This phenomenon is often seen with medical terminology . For example, in the word 皮膚科 hifuka (" dermatology "), the second kanji, 膚 , is considered difficult to read, and thus the word hifuka is commonly written 皮フ科 or ヒフ科 , mixing kanji and katakana. Similarly, difficult-to-read kanji such as 癌 gan (" cancer ") are often written in katakana or hiragana. Katakana
2280-621: Is also used for traditional musical notations, as in the Tozan- ryū of shakuhachi , and in sankyoku ensembles with koto , shamisen and shakuhachi . Some instructors teaching Japanese as a foreign language "introduce katakana after the students have learned to read and write sentences in hiragana without difficulty and know the rules." Most students who have learned hiragana "do not have great difficulty in memorizing" katakana as well. Other instructors introduce katakana first, because these are used with loanwords. This gives students
2375-595: Is considered a social superior by their title. Similarly to Western cultures, one would not address their mother by their name, but perhaps as okāsan ( お母さん , "mother") ; however, this readily extends outside the family circle as well. A teacher would be addressed as sensei ( 先生 , "teacher") , while a company president would be addressed as shachō ( 社長 , "company president") . Pronouns meaning "you" ( anata ( あなた ) , kimi ( きみ ) , omae ( お前 ) ) are uncommon in Japanese, as when used improperly they may be perceived as being affrontive or sarcastic. It
2470-399: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Japanese family name Japanese names ( 日本人の氏名、日本人の姓名、日本人の名前 , Nihonjin no shimei, Nihonjin no seimei, Nihonjin no namae ) in modern times consist of a family name (surname) followed by a given name . Japanese names are usually written in kanji , where the pronunciation follows
2565-503: Is more common for people to address each other by name/title and honorific, even in face-to-face conversations. Any given name corresponds with one or more hypocoristics , or affectionate nicknames. These are formed by adding the suffix -chan ( ちゃん ) to a name stem. There are two types of stem: the full given name or a modified stem derived from the full given name. Examples of the first type are Tarō-chan from Tarō, Kimiko-chan from Kimiko, and Yasunari-chan from Yasunari. Examples of
2660-415: Is much more common with male given names than with surnames or female given names but can be observed in all these categories. The permutations of potential characters and sounds can become enormous, as some very overloaded sounds may be produced by over 500 distinct kanji and some kanji characters can stand for several dozen sounds. This can and does make the collation , pronunciation , and romanization of
2755-456: Is no longer applicable to kana) . The adjacent table shows the origins of each katakana: the red markings of the original Chinese character (used as man'yōgana ) eventually became each corresponding symbol. Katakana is also heavily influenced by Sanskrit due to the original creators having travelled and worked with Indian Buddhists based in East Asia during the era. Official documents of
2850-483: Is read Takanashi , because little birds ( kotori ) play ( asobi ) where there are no ( nashi ) hawks ( taka ). Most Japanese people and agencies have adopted customs to deal with these issues. Address books , for instance, often contain furigana or ruby characters to clarify the pronunciation of the name. Japanese nationals are also required to give a romanized name for their passport . Not all names are complicated. Some common names are summarized by
2945-424: Is referred to as Erikku Shinseki ( エリック シンセキ ) . However, sometimes Japanese parents decide to use Japanese order when mentioning the child's name in Japanese. Also, Japanese parents tend to give their children a name in kanji, hiragana, or katakana, particularly if it is a Japanese name. Even individuals born in Japan, with a Japanese name, might be referred to using katakana if they have established residency or
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3040-489: Is represented as ベッド ( beddo ). The sokuon also sometimes appears at the end of utterances, where it denotes a glottal stop . However, it cannot be used to double the na , ni , nu , ne , no syllables' consonants; to double these, the singular n (ン) is added in front of the syllable. The sokuon may also be used to approximate a non-native sound: Bach is written バッハ ( Bahha ); Mach as マッハ ( Mahha ). Both katakana and hiragana usually spell native long vowels with
3135-490: Is represented by a small version of a katakana that corresponds to that final consonant followed by a vowel (for details of which vowel, please see the table at Ainu language § Special katakana for the Ainu language ). For instance, the Ainu word up is represented by ウㇷ゚ ( ウ プ [ u followed by small pu ]). Ainu also uses three handakuten modified katakana: セ゚ ( [tse] ) and either ツ゚ or ト゚ ( [tu̜] ). In Unicode,
3230-427: Is strictly limited in proper writing systems, but may be more extensive in academic transcriptions. Furthermore, some characters may have special semantics when used in smaller sizes after a normal one (see below), but this does not make the script truly bicameral . The layout of the gojūon table promotes a systematic view of kana syllabograms as being always pronounced with the same single consonant followed by
3325-601: Is the inventor of Bitcoin , who has gone under the name Satoshi Nakamoto , and which is most likely a pseudonym, perhaps even of a non-Japanese person; Nakamoto is referred to in Japanese with katakana in Western order, サトシ・ナカモト , rather than 中本聡 . Christians in Japan traditionally have Christian names in addition to their native Japanese names. These Christian names are written using katakana, and are adapted to Japanese phonology from their Portuguese or Latin forms rather than being borrowed from English. Peter, for example,
3420-670: Is the surname and which is the given name is usually apparent, no matter in which order the names are presented. It is thus unlikely that the two names will be confused, for example, when writing in English while using the family name-given name naming order. However, due to the variety of pronunciations and differences in languages, some common surnames and given names may coincide when Romanized: e.g., Maki ( 真紀、麻紀、真樹 ) (given name) and Maki ( 真木、槇、牧 ) (surname). The term surname or family name can translate into three different Japanese words, myōji ( 苗字 ) , uji ( 氏 ) , and sei ( 姓 ) , which historically had different meanings. Sei ( 姓 )
3515-493: Is the unit of which a light syllable contains one and a heavy syllable two. For example, the stems that may be derived from Tarō are /taro/, consisting of two light syllables, and /taa/, consisting of a single syllable with a long vowel, resulting in Taro-chan and Tā-chan. The stems that may be derived from Hanako are /hana/, with two light syllables, /han/, with one syllable closed by a consonant, and /haa/, with one syllable with
3610-407: Is typically added. Calling someone's name (family name) without any title or honorific is called yobisute ( 呼び捨て ) , and may be considered rude even in the most informal and friendly occasions. This faux pas , however, is readily excused for foreigners. Japanese people often avoid referring to their seniors or superiors by name at all. Rather, it is considered more respectful to address one who
3705-426: Is usually referred to as アメリカ ( Amerika ) , rather than in its ateji kanji spelling of 亜米利加 ( Amerika ) . Katakana are also used for onomatopoeia, words used to represent sounds – for example, ピンポン ( pinpon ) , the "ding-dong" sound of a doorbell. Technical and scientific terms, such as the names of animal and plant species and minerals, are also commonly written in katakana. Homo sapiens , as
3800-510: The on'yomi tō (or, with rendaku , dō ). Many Japanese people have surnames that include this kanji as the second character. This is because the Fujiwara clan ( 藤原家 ) gave their samurai surnames ( myōji ) ending with the first character of their name (which can be pronounced either fuji or tō ), to denote their status in an era when commoners were not allowed surnames. Examples include Atō, Andō , Itō (although
3895-755: The Cabinet of Japan 's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology . Katakana combinations with beige backgrounds are suggested by the American National Standards Institute and the British Standards Institution as possible uses. Ones with purple backgrounds appear on the 1974 version of the Hyōjun-shiki formatting. Pronunciations are shown in Hepburn romanization . Katakana
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3990-460: The Empire of Japan were written exclusively with kyūjitai and katakana. Katakana have variant forms. For example, [REDACTED] (ネ) and [REDACTED] (ヰ). However, katakana's variant forms are fewer than hiragana's. Katakana's choices of man'yōgana segments had stabilized early on and established – with few exceptions – an unambiguous phonemic orthography (one symbol per sound) long before
4085-566: The Muromachi period . Japanese peasants had surnames in the Edo period ; however, they could not use them in public. Most surnames are written with two kanji characters, but some common surnames are written with one or three kanji. Some surnames written with four or five kanji exist, such as Kadenokōji ( 勘解由小路 ) , but these are rare. One large category of family names can be categorized as -tō names. The kanji 藤 , meaning wisteria , has
4180-546: The logographic kanji. The majority of Japanese people have one surname and one given name, except for the Japanese imperial family , whose members have no surname. The family name precedes the given name. People with mixed Japanese and foreign parentage may have middle names. Very few names are in use both as surnames and as given names (for example Mayumi ( 真弓 ) , Izumi ( 泉 ) , Masuko ( 益子 ) , or Arata ( 新 ) ). Therefore, to those familiar with Japanese names, which name
4275-563: The zhùyīn fúhào characters, with kana serving as initials, vowel medials and consonant finals, marked with tonal marks. A dot below the initial kana represents aspirated consonants, and チ, ツ, サ, セ, ソ, ウ and オ with a superpositional bar represent sounds found only in Taiwanese. Katakana is used as a phonetic guide for the Okinawan language , unlike the various other systems to represent Okinawan, which use hiragana with extensions. The system
4370-647: The 1870s, when the Japanese government created the new family registration system. Katakana Katakana ( 片仮名 、 カタカナ , IPA: [katakaꜜna, kataꜜkana] ) is a Japanese syllabary , one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana , kanji and in some cases the Latin script (known as rōmaji ). The word katakana means "fragmentary kana", as the katakana characters are derived from components or fragments of more complex kanji. Katakana and hiragana are both kana systems. With one or two minor exceptions, each syllable (strictly mora ) in
4465-515: The 1900 script regularization. The following table shows the method for writing each katakana character. It is arranged in a traditional manner, where characters are organized by the sounds that make them up. The numbers and arrows indicate the stroke order and direction, respectively. In addition to fonts intended for Japanese text and Unicode catch-all fonts (like Arial Unicode MS ), many fonts intended for Chinese (such as MS Song) and Korean (such as Batang) also include katakana. In addition to
4560-418: The Japanese language is represented by one character or kana in each system. Each kana represents either a vowel such as " a " (katakana ア ); a consonant followed by a vowel such as " ka " (katakana カ ); or " n " (katakana ン ), a nasal sonorant which, depending on the context, sounds like English m , n or ng ( [ ŋ ] ) or like the nasal vowels of Portuguese or Galician . In contrast to
4655-859: The Katakana Phonetic Extensions block ( U+31F0–U+31FF ) exists for Ainu language support. These characters are used for the Ainu language only. Taiwanese kana (タイ [REDACTED] ヲァヌ [REDACTED] ギイ [REDACTED] カア [REDACTED] ビェン [REDACTED] ) is a katakana-based writing system once used to write Holo Taiwanese , when Taiwan was under Japanese rule . It functioned as a phonetic guide for Chinese characters , much like furigana in Japanese or Zhùyīn fúhào in Chinese. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including Hakka and Formosan languages . Unlike Japanese or Ainu, Taiwanese kana are used similarly to
4750-399: The addition of a second vowel kana. However, in foreign loanwords, katakana instead uses a vowel extender mark, called a chōonpu ("long vowel mark"). This is a short line (ー) following the direction of the text, horizontal for yokogaki (horizontal text), and vertical for tategaki (vertical text). For example, メール mēru is the gairaigo for e-mail taken from the English word "mail";
4845-555: The character の , is often included in names but not written as a separate character, as in the common name i-no-ue ( 井上 , well-(possessive)-top/above, top of the well) , or historical figures such as Sen no Rikyū . A name written in kanji may have more than one common pronunciation, only one of which is correct for a given individual. For example, the surname written in kanji as 東海林 may be read either Tōkairin or Shōji . Conversely, any one name may have several possible written forms, and again, only one will be correct for
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#17327762745904940-478: The characters in their names because not all characters are legally recognized in Japan for naming purposes. Japanese citizenship used to require adoption of a Japanese name. In recent decades, the government has allowed individuals to simply adopt katakana versions of their native names when applying for citizenship, as is already done when referring to non-East Asian foreigners: National Diet member Tsurunen Marutei ( ツルネン マルテイ ) , originally 'Martti Turunen', who
5035-673: The colonial-era policy of sōshi-kaimei , which forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names. Nowadays, ethnic minorities, mostly Korean, who immigrated to Japan after WWII take on Japanese names (sometimes called 'pass names') to ease communication and, more importantly, to avoid discrimination . A few of them (e.g., Han Chang-Woo , founder and chairman of Maruhan Corp., pronounced 'Kan Shōyū' in Japanese) still keep their native names. Sometimes, however, ethnic Chinese and Koreans in Japan who choose to renounce Permanent Resident status to apply for Japanese citizenship have to change
5130-466: The computer equipment of the day. This space is narrower than the square space traditionally occupied by Japanese characters, hence the name "half-width". In this scheme, diacritics (dakuten and handakuten) are separate characters. When originally devised, the half-width katakana were represented by a single byte each, as in JIS X 0201, again in line with the capabilities of contemporary computer technology. In
5225-523: The early 20th century due to being easier to read and write. A single name-forming element, such as hiro ("expansiveness") can be written by more than one kanji ( 博 , 弘 , or 浩 ). Conversely, a particular kanji can have multiple meanings and pronunciations. In some names, Japanese characters phonetically "spell" a name and have no intended meaning behind them. Many Japanese personal names use puns. Although usually written in kanji, Japanese names have distinct differences from Chinese names through
5320-493: The extended Imperial family became commoners after World War II and adopted their princely family names minus the honorific -no-miya ( 宮 , "Prince") as regular surnames. Conversely, if a commoner or a noble were to become a member of the Imperial family, such as through marriage, their family name is lost. An example is Empress Michiko , whose name was Michiko Shōda before she married Prince Akihito . The current structure (family name + given name) did not materialize until
5415-428: The first two morae of two words is sometimes applied to names (usually those of celebrities). For example, Takuya Kimura ( 木村 拓哉 , Kimura Takuya ) , a famous Japanese actor and singer, becomes Kimutaku ( キムタク ) . This is sometimes applied even to non-Japanese celebrities: Brad Pitt , whose full name in Japanese is Buraddo Pitto ( ブラッド・ピット ) is commonly known as Burapi ( ブラピ ) , and Jimi Hendrix
5510-399: The full list. In modern Japanese, katakana is most often used for transcription of words from foreign languages or loanwords (other than words historically imported from Chinese), called gairaigo . For example, "ice cream" is written アイスクリーム ( aisukurīmu ) . Similarly, katakana is usually used for country names, foreign places, and foreign personal names. For example, the United States
5605-456: The given name appears under the family name. While family names follow relatively consistent rules, given names are much more diverse in pronunciation and characters. While many common names can easily be spelled or pronounced, parents may choose names with unusual characters or pronunciations; the pronunciation of such names generally cannot be inferred from the written form, or vice versa. Unusual pronunciations have become much more common, as
5700-702: The hiragana syllabary, which is used for Japanese words not covered by kanji and for grammatical inflections, the katakana syllabary usage is comparable to italics in English; specifically, it is used for transcription of foreign-language words into Japanese and the writing of loan words (collectively gairaigo ); for emphasis; to represent onomatopoeia ; for technical and scientific terms; and for names of plants, animals, minerals and often Japanese companies. Katakana evolved from Japanese Buddhist monks transliterating Chinese texts into Japanese. The complete katakana script consists of 48 characters, not counting functional and diacritic marks: These are conceived as
5795-447: The individual becomes heir to the throne or inherits one of the historical princely family names ( Hitachi-no-miya ( 常陸宮 ) , Mikasa-no-miya ( 三笠宮 ) , Akishino-no-miya ( 秋篠宮 ) , etc.). When a member of the Imperial family becomes a noble or a commoner, the emperor gives them a family name. In medieval era, the family name " Minamoto " was often used. In modern era, princely family names are used. For example, many members of
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#17327762745905890-461: The introduction of multibyte characters – in the 1980s. Most computers of that era used katakana instead of kanji or hiragana for output. Although words borrowed from ancient Chinese are usually written in kanji, loanwords from modern Chinese varieties that are borrowed directly use katakana instead. The very common Chinese loanword rāmen , written in katakana as ラーメン , is rarely written with its kanji ( 拉麺 ). There are rare instances where
5985-478: The kanji 人 has a Japanese pronunciation, written in hiragana as ひと hito (person), as well as a Chinese derived pronunciation, written in katakana as ジン jin (used to denote groups of people). Katakana is sometimes used instead of hiragana as furigana to give the pronunciation of a word written in Roman characters, or for a foreign word, which is written as kanji for the meaning, but intended to be pronounced as
6080-528: The late 1970s, two-byte character sets such as JIS X 0208 were introduced to support the full range of Japanese characters, including katakana, hiragana and kanji. Their display forms were designed to fit into an approximately square array of pixels, hence the name "full-width". For backward compatibility, separate support for half-width katakana has continued to be available in modern multi-byte encoding schemes such as Unicode, by having two separate blocks of characters – one displayed as usual (full-width) katakana,
6175-667: The majority of personal names. Kanji names in Japan are governed by the Japanese Ministry of Justice's rules on kanji use in names. As of January 2015 , only the 843 "name kanji" ( jinmeiyō kanji ) and 2,136 "commonly used characters" ( jōyō kanji ) are permitted for use in personal names. This is intended to ensure that names can be readily written and read by those literate in Japanese. Names may be rejected if they are considered unacceptable; for example, in 1993 two parents who tried to name their child Akuma ( 悪魔 ) , which means "devil", were prohibited from doing so after
6270-689: The medieval noble clans, and they trace their lineage either directly to these sei or to the courtiers of these sei . Myōji ( 苗字 ) was simply what a family chooses to call itself, as opposed to the sei granted by the emperor. While it was passed on patrilineally in male ancestors including in male ancestors called haku (uncles), one had a certain degree of freedom in changing one's myōji . See also kabane . According to estimates, there are over 300,000 different surnames in use today in Japan. The three most common family names in Japan are Satō ( 佐藤 ) , Suzuki ( 鈴木 ) , and Takahashi ( 高橋 ) . People in Japan began using surnames during
6365-455: The nasal ン ( n ). This can appear in several positions, most often next to the N signs or, because it developed from one of many mu hentaigana , below the u column. It may also be appended to the vowel row or the a column. Here, it is shown in a table of its own. The script includes two diacritic marks placed at the upper right of the base character that change the initial sound of a syllabogram. A double dot, called dakuten , indicates
6460-492: The number of kanji allowed for use in names. The Sapporo High Court held that it was unlawful for the government to deny registration of a child's name because it contained a kanji character that was relatively common but not included in the official list of name characters compiled by the Ministry of Justice. Subsequently, the Japanese government promulgated plans to increase the number of kanji "permitted" in names. The use of
6555-408: The opposite has occurred, with kanji forms created from words originally written in katakana. An example of this is コーヒー kōhī , (" coffee "), which can alternatively be written as 珈琲 . This kanji usage is occasionally employed by coffee manufacturers or coffee shops for novelty. Katakana is used to indicate the on'yomi (Chinese-derived readings) of a kanji in a kanji dictionary . For instance,
6650-436: The original. Katakana are also sometimes used to indicate words being spoken in a foreign or otherwise unusual accent. For example, in a manga , the speech of a foreign character or a robot may be represented by コンニチワ konnichiwa ("hello") instead of the more typical hiragana こんにちは . Some Japanese personal names are written in katakana. This was more common in the past, hence elderly women often have katakana names. This
6745-638: The other displayed as half-width katakana. Although often said to be obsolete, the half-width katakana are still used in many systems and encodings. For example, the titles of mini discs can only be entered in ASCII or half-width katakana, and half-width katakana are commonly used in computerized cash register displays, on shop receipts, and Japanese digital television and DVD subtitles. Several popular Japanese encodings such as EUC-JP , Unicode and Shift JIS have half-width katakana code as well as full-width. By contrast, ISO-2022-JP has no half-width katakana, and
6840-466: The other hand, is far more well known by his Christian name Justo ( ジュスト ) than his birth name, Hikogorō Shigetomo. For historical reasons, the Japanese emperor and his families do not have a surname and possess only a given name, such as Hirohito ( 裕仁 ) . However, Japanese people prefer to say "the Emperor" or "the Crown Prince", rather than using the personal name out of respect and as
6935-494: The phrase tanakamura ("the village in the middle of the rice fields") : the three kanji ( ta ( 田 , "rice field") , naka ( 中 , "middle") and mura ( 村 , "village") ), together in any pair, form a simple, reasonably common surname: Tanaka , Nakamura , Murata , Nakata (Nakada), Muranaka , Tamura . Despite these difficulties, there are enough patterns and recurring names that most native Japanese will be able to read virtually all family names they encounter and
7030-409: The right hand side and ア ( a ) on top. Katakana glyphs in the same row or column do not share common graphic characteristics. Three of the syllabograms to be expected, yi , ye and wu , may have been used idiosyncratically with varying glyphs , but never became conventional in any language and are not present at all in modern Japanese. The 50-sound table is often amended with an extra character,
7125-495: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sagawa . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagawa&oldid=1125376883 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Japanese-language surnames Hidden categories: Short description
7220-636: The second as "Jirō", and so on. Girls were often named with ko ( 子 , "child") at the end of the given name (this should not be confused with the less common male suffix hiko ( 彦 ) ). Both practices have become less common, although many children continue to be given names that originate from these conventions. Conventions of direct address and name use in conversation are heavily governed by respect for those considered in higher social positions (ex. older family members, teachers, employers), familiarity with those considered to be in lower social positions (ex. younger family members, students, employees) and
7315-402: The second type are Ta-chan from Tarō, Kii-chan from Kimiko, and Yā-chan from Yasunari. Hypocoristics with modified stems are considered more intimate than those based on the full given name. Hypocoristics with modified stems are derived by adding -chan to a stem consisting of an integral number, usually one but occasionally two, of feet , where a foot consists of two moras . A mora ( 音節 )
7410-446: The selection of characters in a name and the pronunciation of them. A Japanese person can distinguish a Japanese name from a Chinese name. Akie Tomozawa said that this was equivalent to how "Europeans can easily tell that the name 'Smith' is English and 'Schmidt' is German or that 'Victor' is English or French and 'Vittorio' is Italian". Japanese names are usually written in kanji, although some names use hiragana or even katakana , or
7505-488: The slant and stroke shape. These differences in slant and shape are more prominent when written with an ink brush . Notes Using small versions of the five vowel kana, many digraphs have been devised, mainly to represent the sounds in words of other languages. Digraphs with orange backgrounds are the general ones used for loanwords or foreign places or names, and those with blue backgrounds are used for more accurate transliterations of foreign sounds, both suggested by
7600-496: The small y kana is called yōon . A character called a sokuon , which is visually identical to a small tsu ッ, indicates that the following consonant is geminated (doubled). This is represented in rōmaji by doubling the consonant that follows the sokuon . In Japanese this is an important distinction in pronunciation; for example, compare サカ saka "hill" with サッカ sakka "author". Geminated consonants are common in transliterations of foreign loanwords; for example, English "bed"
7695-418: The speaker's relationships with the listener and the addressee. Typically, the family name is used to refer to an individual, and personal or given names are largely restricted to informal situations and cases where the speaker is older than, a superior of, or very familiar with the named individual. When addressing someone or referring to a member of one's out-group , a respectful title such as -san ( さん )
7790-1320: The trend has significantly increased in popularity since the 1990s. For example, the popular masculine name 大翔 is traditionally pronounced "Hiroto", but in recent years alternative pronunciations "Haruto", " Yamato ", "Taiga", "Sora", "Taito", "Daito", and "Masato" have all entered use. Male names often end in -rō ( 郎/朗 , "son" or "clear, bright") (e.g. " Ichirō "), -ta ( 太 , "great, thick" or "first [son]") (e.g. " Kenta "), or -o ( 男/雄/夫 , "man") (e.g. "Teruo" or " Akio "). Male names often also contain ichi ( 一 , "first [son]") (e.g. " Ken'ichi "), kazu ( 一 , "first [son]") (also written with 一 , along with several other possible characters; e.g. " Kazuhiro "), ji ( 二/次 , "second [son]" or "next") (e.g. " Jirō "), or dai ( 大 , "great, large") (e.g. " Daichi "). Female names often end in -ko ( 子 , "child") (e.g. " Keiko ") or -mi ( 美 , "beauty") (e.g. " Yumi "). Other popular endings for female names include -ka ( 香/花 , "scent, perfume" or "flower") (e.g. " Reika ") and -na ( 奈/菜 , "greens" or "apple tree") (e.g. " Haruna "). Most personal names use one, two, or three kanji. Four-syllable given names are common, especially in eldest sons. The usage of -ko ( 子 ) has changed significantly over
7885-451: The usual 島 . Some names also feature very uncommon kanji, or even kanji which no longer exist in modern Japanese . Japanese people who have such names are likely to compromise by substituting similar or simplified characters. This may be difficult for input of kanji in computers, as many kanji databases on computers only include common and regularly used kanji, and many archaic or mostly unused characters are not included. An example of such
7980-453: The usual full-width ( 全角 , zenkaku ) display forms of characters, katakana has a second form, half-width ( 半角 , hankaku ) . The half-width forms were originally associated with the JIS X 0201 encoding. Although their display form is not specified in the standard, in practice they were designed to fit into the same rectangle of pixels as Roman letters to enable easy implementation on
8075-443: The vowel is unvoiced and therefore barely perceptible. Of the 48 katakana syllabograms described above, only 46 are used in modern Japanese, and one of these is preserved for only a single use: A small version of the katakana for ya , yu or yo (ャ, ュ or ョ, respectively) may be added to katakana ending in i . This changes the i vowel sound to a glide ( palatalization ) to a , u or o , e.g. キャ ( ki + ya ) /kja/. Addition of
8170-512: The writer wishes to emphasize in a sentence are also sometimes written in katakana, mirroring the usage of italics in European languages. Pre–World War II official documents mix katakana and kanji in the same way that hiragana and kanji are mixed in modern Japanese texts, that is, katakana were used for okurigana and particles such as wa or o . Katakana was also used for telegrams in Japan before 1988, and for computer systems – before
8265-489: The written characters relate indirectly to the name as spoken. For example, 四月一日 would normally be read as shigatsu tsuitachi ("April 1st") , but as a family name it is read watanuki ("unpadded clothes") , because the first day of the fourth lunar month (in the old lunar calendar, closer to 1 May) is the traditional date to switch from winter to summer clothes. In the same way 小鳥遊 would normally be read as kotori asobi ("little birds play") or shōchōyū , but
8360-520: The years: prior to the Meiji Restoration (1868), it was reserved for members of the imperial family. Following the restoration, it became popular and was overwhelmingly common in the Taishō and early Shōwa era. The suffix -ko increased in popularity after the mid-20th century. Around the year 2006, due to the citizenry mimicking naming habits of popular entertainers, the suffix -ko
8455-722: The ー lengthens the e . There are some exceptions, such as ローソク ( rōsoku ( 蝋燭 , "candle") ) or ケータイ ( kētai ( 携帯 , "mobile phone") ), where Japanese words written in katakana use the elongation mark , too. Standard and voiced iteration marks are written in katakana as ヽ and ヾ, respectively. Small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds (ハァ haa , ネェ nee ), but in katakana they are more often used in yōon-like extended digraphs designed to represent phonemes not present in Japanese; examples include チェ ( che ) in チェンジ chenji ("change"), ファ ( fa ) in ファミリー famirī ("family") and ウィ ( wi ) and ディ ( di ) in ウィキペディア Misplaced Pages ; see below for
8550-439: Was declining in popularity. At the same time, names of western origin, written in kana, were becoming increasingly popular for naming of girls. By 2004 there was a trend of using hiragana instead of kanji in naming girls. Molly Hakes said that this may have to do with using hiragana out of cultural pride, since hiragana is Japan's indigenous writing form, or out of not assigning a meaning to a girl's name so that others do not have
8645-461: Was developed in the 9th century (during the early Heian period ) by Buddhist monks in Nara in order to transliterate texts and works of arts from India, by taking parts of man'yōgana characters as a form of shorthand, hence this kana is so-called kata ( 片 , "partial, fragmented") . For example, ka ( カ ) comes from the left side of ka ( 加 , lit. "increase", but the original meaning
8740-667: Was devised by the Okinawa Center of Language Study of the University of the Ryukyus . It uses many extensions and yōon to show the many non-Japanese sounds of Okinawan. This is a table of katakana together with their Hepburn romanization and rough IPA transcription for their use in Japanese. Katakana with dakuten or handakuten follow the gojūon kana without them. Characters shi シ , tsu ツ , so ソ , and n ン look very similar in print except for
8835-511: Was half Anglo-Irish and half Greek ), who used the name Koizumi Yakumo ( 小泉 八雲 ) . At the time, to gain Japanese citizenship, it was necessary to be adopted by a Japanese family (in Hearn's case, it was his wife's family) and take their name. Individuals born overseas with Western given names and Japanese surnames are usually given a katakana name in Western order ([given name] [surname]) when referred to in Japanese. Eric Shinseki , for instance,
8930-552: Was originally the patrilineal surname which was granted by the emperor as a title of male rank. In the 8th century, eight types of sei were established, but later all surnames except for ason ( 朝臣 ) almost disappeared. Uji ( 氏 ) was another name used to designate patrilineal clan. Uji and Sei used in the set: e.g., Minamoto no Ason ( 源朝臣 ) , Taira no Ason ( 平朝臣 ) , Fujiwara no Ason ( 藤原朝臣 ) . Uji and sei together are called seishi or shōji ( 姓氏 ) and also simply sei . There were relatively few sei of
9025-725: Was particularly common among women in the Meiji and Taishō periods, when many poor, illiterate parents were unwilling to pay a scholar to give their daughters names in kanji. Katakana is also used to denote the fact that a character is speaking a foreign language, and what is displayed in katakana is only the Japanese "translation" of their words. Some frequently used words may also be written in katakana in dialogs to convey an informal, conversational tone. Some examples include マンガ ("manga"), アイツ aitsu ("that guy or girl; he/him; she/her"), バカ baka ("fool"), etc. Words with difficult-to-read kanji are sometimes written in katakana (hiragana
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