74-581: Saifuddin Choudhury (1 August 1952 – 14 September 2014), was an Indian politician who was a CPI(M) leader and MP from West Bengal state of India . In February 2001 he formed Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS). He was elected to the Lok Sabha on a CPI(M) ticket from Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency) in 1980, 1984, 1989 and 1991. He took a progressive role in Shah Bano case in his tenure as
148-413: A Member of Parliament . He later took important role during discussion on Narasima Rao government also. He fared very badly in the 2009 election from Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency) . His membership of the party was not renewed. This article about a West Bengal politician is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician
222-467: A Model Code of Conduct for political parties and candidates to ensure that the elections are conducted in a free and fair manner. The Code of Conduct was issued for the first time in 1971 for the 5th Lok Sabha elections and has revised it from time to time. It lays down guidelines for the conduct of political parties and candidates during an election period. Instances of violation of the code by various political parties and misuse of official machinery by
296-710: A Polit Bureau including the General Secretary. The Polit Bureau carries on the work of the Central Committee between its two sessions and has the right to take political and organisational decisions in between two meetings of the Central Committee. CPI(M) had a total income of ₹1,620,000,000 in fiscal year 2021–22. The party reported zero funding from Electoral Bonds . CPI(M) is officially known as भारत की कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (मार्क्सवादी) [ Bhārat kī Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī (Mārksvādī) ] in Hindi, but it
370-511: A damning charge within the communist movement, in which the prioritization of working-class interests and independence is considered paramount. Ideological difference also grew on the analysis of the role and character of the Indian bourgeoisie and the character of the Indian revolution. While the 'right wing' in the Party sought the Indian bourgeoisie to have a 'progressive' character and called for
444-710: A member of the Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister. They were earlier appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In March 2023, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the appointments shall be made by a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, leader of opposition and the Chief Justice of India and the process would be in place until
518-509: A national democratic revolution, the 'left wing' sought the character of the Indian bourgeoisie to be essentially reactionary and called for a peoples' democratic revolution. However as the 'left wing' grew, the Congress and the Party's 'right wing' dubbed them as pro-Chinese and essentially made extensive efforts to incriminate them of committing 'anti-national' activities. This ideological difference later intensified, and ultimately gave rise to
592-514: A new law is enacted with regards to the same. The new law enacted in 2023, replaced the Chief Justice with a member appointed by the Prime Minister in the selection committee. The term of the CEC can be a maximum of six years from the date on which he/she assumes his office. However, the CEC retires from office if he/she attains the age of sixty-five years before the expiry of the term. While
666-565: A semi- feudal country and that Class conflict could not be put on the back-burner for the sake of guarding the interests of Soviet trade and foreign policy. Moreover, the Indian National Congress appeared to be generally hostile towards political competition. In 1959 the central government intervened to impose President's rule in Kerala, toppling the E. M. S. Namboodiripad cabinet (the sole non-Congress state government in
740-534: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Communist Party of India (Marxist) Former parties Former parties Former parties Post-independence and Cold War Contemporary history The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated as CPI(M) ) is a communist political party in India . It is the largest communist party in India in terms of membership and electoral seats, and one of
814-734: Is a part of ruling alliances in two states - the LDF in Kerala , which it leads, and the SPA in Tamil Nadu . It also has representation in the legislative assemblies of seven states. The All-India Party Congress is the supreme authority of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). However, during the time between two party congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making body. The Central Committee shall elect from among its members
SECTION 10
#1732802534511888-524: Is done using Electronic voting machines (EVMs) and there are provisions for Postal voting and special arrangements for the disabled. Electronic voting machines (EVM) were introduced by the Election Commission to reduce malpractices and improve efficiency. The EVMs were first trialed in 1982 in the by-election to Paravur assembly constituency in Kerala in a limited number of polling stations. After successful testing and legal inquiries,
962-403: Is often known as मार्क्सवादी कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी ( Mārksvādī Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī , abbreviated MaKaPa ) in press and media circles. During its initial years after the split, the party was often referred to by different names such as 'Left Communist Party' or 'Communist Party of India (Left)'. The party has used the name 'Left' because CPI people were dubbed 'rightist' in nature for their support of
1036-404: Is responsible for scrutinizing and accepting the applications of the candidates willing to contest in the elections. A person can be disqualified from contesting the elections if incorrect or incomplete information is provided in the affidavits and if he/she has been convicted by any court in India in which a jail term of two or more years has been awarded. In 2017, the Election Commission supported
1110-697: Is taken by the opinion of the majority among the three. At the states and union territories , the Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the state or union territory (CEO), who leads the election machinery in the states and union territories. At the district and constituency levels, the District Magistrates/District Collectors (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work. The appointment and term of
1184-653: The Indian state of Tripura besides a good presence in West Bengal , Kerala and Kanpur . They have an average presence in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh . According to the provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour , CITU had a membership of approximately 6,040,000 in 2015. Tapan Kumar Sen is the General Secretary and K. Hemalata is the president of CITU. K. Hemalata was the first woman President in CITU who
1258-473: The national parties of India. The party was founded through a splitting from the Communist Party of India in 1964 and it quickly became the dominant faction. The 34 years of CPI(M) led Left Front rule in West Bengal was the longest-serving democratically elected communist-led government in the world. It has been also the third largest party of parliament several times. Presently, CPI(M)
1332-617: The AICCCR separated itself from CPI(M). This split divided the party throughout the country. But notably in West Bengal, which was the center of the violent radicalized stream, no prominent leading figure left the party. The party and the Naxalites (as the rebels were called) were soon to get into a bloody feud. In Andhra Pradesh, another revolt was taking place. There the pro-Naxalbari dissidents had not established any presence. But in
1406-606: The CEC can only be removed by office through the process of impeachment requiring two-thirds majority of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha to be present and voting for the same, election commissioners can be removed by the President on the recommendation of the CEC. The Election Commission of India is a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national , the State Legislative Assemblies , State Legislative Councils and
1480-548: The CPI died. After his death, Shripad Amrit Dange was installed as the party chairman (a new position) and E.M.S. Namboodiripad as general secretary. This was an attempt to achieve a compromise. At a CPI National Council meeting held on 11 April 1964, 32 Council members walked out. The leftist section, to which the 32 National Council members belonged, organized a convention in Tenali , Andhra Pradesh 7 to 11 July. In this convention,
1554-606: The CPI-M were also influenced by JP with Jyoti Basu noted to be one of his prominent admirers having worked under him in the All India Railwaymen's Federation during the 1940s. The involvement of the Hindutva movement however complicated matters, according to JP the formal inclusion of the marxists who had undergone a splintering and whose organisation was localised in particular region would have been detrimental to
SECTION 20
#17328025345111628-537: The CPI-M's labour union became the first subject to political repression and mass arrests while the rest of the members of the CPI-M went underground. With the initiation of the Jayaprakash Narayan (JP)'s movement, the CPI-M began providing support to it and went on to participate in discussions for the creation of a united front under the umbrella of the Janata Party . Several of the leaders of
1702-527: The CPI. The CPI(M) also adopted its own political program. Puchalapalli Sundarayya was elected general secretary of the party. In total, 422 delegates took part in the Calcutta Congress. CPI(M) claimed that they represented 104,421 CPI members, 60% of the total party membership. At the Calcutta conference, the party adopted a class analysis of the character of the Indian state, that claimed
1776-509: The CPSU. The Central Committee of CPI(M) held its first meeting on 12–19 June 1966. The reason for delaying the holding of a regular CC meeting was that several of the persons elected as CC members at the Calcutta Congress were jailed at the time. A CC meeting had been scheduled to have been held in Thrissur during the last days of 1964, but had been canceled due to the wave of arrests against
1850-707: The Congress-Nehru regime. During the Kerala Legislative Assembly elections of 1965, the party adopted the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)' and applied to obtain its election symbol from the Election Commission of India . The Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged from a division within the Communist Party of India , which was formed on 26 December 1925. The CPI had experienced an upsurge in support during
1924-764: The EVM. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. Employees working in the union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and those working for the Government of India who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote. People in preventive detention can use postal vote while prisoners are not allowed to vote. The Election Commission of India has granted permission for individuals aged 80 and above and those with physical challenges to cast their votes from their homes. The Election Commission of India did not have data with regards to disabilities of voters as ascertained by
1998-561: The Election Commission of India was a single member body with only the Chief Election Commissioner . As per The Election Commissioner Amendment Act, 1989 , the Commission was made a multi-member body with two additional election commissioners who were appointed to the commission for the first time on 16 October 1989. On 1 January 1990, the post of election commissioners were abolished again. The Election Commission
2072-400: The Indian bourgeoisie was increasingly collaborating with imperialism . Parimal Das Gupta's alternative draft program was not circulated at the Calcutta conference. However, Souren Bose , a delegate from the far-left stronghold Darjeeling , spoke at the conference asking why no portrait had been raised of Mao Tse-Tung along with the portraits of other communist stalwarts. His intervention
2146-475: The Indian situation. The alleged 'right-wing' inside the party followed the Soviet path whereas the 'left-wing' wanted to follow the mass party with a class line with national characteristics, based on the 'independent' development of socialism in accordance to the India situation. Moreover, the faction of CPI which later became CPI(M) referred to the "right" strategy as a national approach of class collaboration,
2220-656: The Janata Alliance. CPI(M) West Bengal under the leadership of Jyoti Basu fought the 1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election . Initially the election was planned to fight in alliance with the Janata Party but the negotiations between the parties broke down. This led to a three sided contested between the Indian National Congress , the Janata Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led Left Front coalition . The results of
2294-514: The Tenali convention, a Bengal-based pro-Chinese group, representing one of the most radical streams of the CPI left-wing, presented a draft program proposal of their own. These radicals criticized the draft program proposal prepared by Makineni Basavapunnaiah for undermining Class conflict and failing to take a clear pro-Chinese position in the ideological conflict between the CPSU and the CPC. After
Saifuddin Choudhury - Misplaced Pages Continue
2368-528: The Tenali convention, the CPI left-wing organized party district and state conferences. In West Bengal , a few of these meetings became battlegrounds between the most radical elements and the more moderate leadership. At the Calcutta Party District Conference, an alternative draft program was presented to the leadership by Parimal Das Gupta (a leading figure amongst far-left intellectuals in the party). Another alternative proposal
2442-562: The above (NOTA) was also added as an option on the voting machines which is now a mandatory option to be provided in any election. The specific symbol for NOTA, a ballot paper with a black cross across it, was introduced on 18 September 2015. Photo electoral rolls with photographs of the candidates on the EVMs were first introduced in the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election . Election Commission organised an open hackathon on 3 June 2017 encouraging people to attempt hacking of EVMs used by
2516-433: The candidates are dealt according to the law. A law for the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989. The registration ensures that the political parties are recognized as national, state and regional parties. The election commission has the right to allot symbols to the political parties depending on the status. The same symbol cannot be allocated to two political parties even if they do not contest in
2590-500: The case for a lifetime ban on convicted felons from contesting elections in an affidavit filed in the Supreme Court . The Election Commission sets limits on poll related expenditure by the candidates during election campaigns. The commission appoints officers of Indian Revenue Service from the Income Tax Department as Election Observers. The commission takes details of the candidate's assignment in an affidavit at
2664-523: The central government. Initially, the Indian National Congress formed a minority government led by Prafulla Chandra Ghosh , but that cabinet did not last long. Following the proclamation that the United Front government had been dislodged, a 48-hour hartal was effective throughout the state. After the fall of the Ghosh cabinet, the state was put under President's Rule. CPI(M) launched agitations against
2738-674: The commission decided to introduce these voting machines on a large scale. EVMs are manufactured by two public sector undertakings , Bharat Electronics and Electronics Corporation of India Limited . Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) was introduced on a trail basis in a by-poll in September 2013 in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) in Nagaland . It was later used in various Legislative elections and in eight Lok Sabha constituencies in 2014 Indian general election . In 2014, none of
2812-415: The commission in various Indian elections. While none of them participated, functioning of the EVM and VVPAT machines were demonstrated in the event. Postal voting in India is done only through Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB). Ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters who return the votes by post. Postal votes are counted first before the counting of votes from
2886-473: The country). The basis of difference in opinion between the two factions in CPI was ideological – about the assessment of the Indian scenario and the development of a party programme. This difference in opinion was also a reflection of whether the Communist Party in India would toe the lines of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) or follow an independent path based on the concrete analysis of
2960-638: The critique of the development of CPI(M). It was signed by T. Nagi Reddy, D.V. Rao, Kolla Venkaiah, and Chandra Pulla Reddy . In total, around 50% of the party cadres in Andhra Pradesh left the party to form the Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries , under the leadership of T. Nagi Reddy. In November 1967, the West Bengal United Front government was dismissed by
3034-425: The declaration of the emergency and the formal draft of the ordinance were both notably corroborated to have been forwarded by Siddhartha Shankar Ray . The Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as one of the primary opposition to The Emergency (India) . The following period witnessed a succession of authoritarian measures and political repression, which was particularly severe in West Bengal. The members of
Saifuddin Choudhury - Misplaced Pages Continue
3108-743: The efforts to create a new political organization. In the fall of 1971 three small groups, which were all hosted by the CPI(M), came together to form the Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist) . The new party became the sister party of CPI(M) in Bangladesh. In 1975, the Prime Minister of India , Indira Gandhi imposed a State of emergency on the premise of internal disturbances suspending elections, legitimising rule by decree and curbing civil liberties . The proposition for
3182-729: The election commissioner is prescribed in the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023. As per the Section 7 of the act, an election commissioner is appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a selection committee headed by the Prime Minister of India and consisting of the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha and
3256-584: The election was a surprising sweep for the Left Front winning 230 seats out of 290 with the CPI-M winning an absolute majority on its own, Basu became the Chief Minister of West Bengal . From the 1977 election the CPI(M) led Left Front won 7 continuous elections till 2011. Under Jyoti Basu's leadership the Left Front won, 1977 , 1982 , 1987 , 1991 , 1996 elections. For the next 23 years he
3330-410: The establishment of CPI(M). Hundreds of CPI leaders, accused of being pro-Chinese, were imprisoned. Thousands of Communists were detained without trial. The Communist Party CPI(M) has a strong history of championing labor rights and it supports the rights of industrial laborers, demanding fair wages, safe working conditions, and the right to unionize. In 1962, Ajoy Ghosh , the General Secretary of
3404-503: The far-left North Bengal cadre Charu Majumdar . However, Hare Krishna Konar (representing the leadership of the CPI left-wing) forbade the raising of the slogan Mao Tse-Tung Zindabad (Long live Mao Tse-Tung) at the conference. Parimal Das Gupta's document was also presented to the leadership at the West Bengal State Conference of the CPI leftwing. Das Gupta and a few others spoke at the conference, demanding
3478-479: The government of the Indian National Congress party of Jawaharlal Nehru , independent India developed close relations and a strategic partnership with the Soviet Union . The Soviet government consequently wished that the Indian communists moderate their criticism towards the Indian state and assume a supportive role towards the Congress governments. However, large sections of the CPI claimed that India remained
3552-499: The interventions of the central government in West Bengal. The 8th Party Congress of CPI(M) was held in Kochi , Kerala, on 23–29 December 1968. On 25 December 1968, whilst the congress was held, 42 Dalits were burned alive in the Tamil Nadu village of Kizhavenmani . The massacre was a retaliation from landlords after Dalit labourers had taken part in a CPI(M)-led agitation for higher wages. The United Front government in Kerala
3626-540: The issues of the internal disputes in the party were discussed. 146 delegates, claiming to represent 100,000 CPI members, took part in the proceedings. The convention decided to convene the 7th Party Congress of CPI in Kolkata later the same year. Marking a difference from the official sector of CPI, the Tenali convention was marked by the display of a large portrait of the Communist leader of China, Mao Zedong . At
3700-512: The largest in the West Bengal legislative. But with the active support of CPI and the Bangla Congress , Ajoy Mukherjee was returned as Chief Minister of the state. Mukherjee resigned on 16 March 1970, after a pact had been reached between CPI, Bangla Congress, and the Indian National Congress against CPI(M). CPI(M) strove to form a new government, instead but the central government put the state under President's Rule. Though land reform
3774-492: The movement as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members would switch sides if they joined. JP and Basu eventually came to an agreement that the CPI-M would not formally join the Janata Party as it would weaken the movement. After the revocation of the emergency, the CPI-M joined an electoral alliance with the Janata Party in the 1977 Indian general election which resulted in an overwhelming victory for
SECTION 50
#17328025345113848-635: The offices of the President and Vice-President . The Election Commission operates under the powers granted by Article 324 of the Constitution and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act . The state election commissions are responsible for conducting local body elections in the respective states. The election commission decides the dates for the filing of nominations, voting, counting and announcement of results. It issues
3922-566: The official for Barga Operation. They suggested to start it organising people in the field instead of sitting in the houses of rural rich people or the places dominated by them. Centre of Indian Trade Unions , CITU is a National level Trade Union in India and its trade union wing is a spearhead of the Indian Trade Union Movement. The Centre of Indian Trade Unions is today one of biggest assembly of workers and classes of India. It has strong unchallengeable presence in
3996-560: The party called for a Bandh (general strike) in Patna on 9 August 1965 in protest against the Congress state government. During the strike, police resorted to violent actions against the organizers of the strike. The strike was followed by agitations in other parts of the state. P. Sundaraiah, after being released from jail, spent the period of September 1965 – February 1966 in Moscow for medical treatment. In Moscow, he also held talks with
4070-434: The party launched agitations against the rise in fares in the Calcutta Tramways Company and against the then-prevailing food crisis. Statewide general strikes and hartals were observed on 5 August 1965, 10–11 March 1966, and 6 April 1966. The March 1966 general strike resulted in several deaths during confrontations with police forces. Also in Kerala, mass arrests of CPI(M) cadres were carried out during 1965. In Bihar ,
4144-420: The party organization, there were many veterans from the Telangana armed struggle, who rallied against the central party leadership. In Andhra Pradesh, the radicals had a strong base even amongst the state-level leadership. The main leader of the radical tendency was T. Nagi Reddy , a member of the state legislative assembly. On 15 June 1968, the leaders of the radical tendency published a press statement outlining
4218-441: The party ought to adopt the class analysis of the Indian state of the 1951 CPI conference. His proposal was, however, voted down. The Calcutta Congress was held between 31 October and 7 November, at Tyagraja Hall in southern Kolkata . Simultaneously, the CPI convened a Party Congress in Mumbai . The group which assembled in Calcutta would later adopt the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)', to differentiate themselves from
4292-424: The party. The meeting discussed tactics for electoral alliances and concluded that the party should seek to form a broad electoral alliance with all non-reactionary opposition parties in West Bengal (i.e. all parties except Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party ). This decision was strongly criticized by the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Party of Labour of Albania , the Communist Party of New Zealand , and
4366-480: The radicals within the party itself. The line was changed at a National Council meeting in Jalandhar in October 1966, where it was decided that the party should only form alliances with select left parties. At this point, the party stood at crossroads. There were radical sections of the party who were wary of the increasing parliamentary focus of the party leadership, especially after the electoral victories in West Bengal and Kerala. Developments in China also affected
4440-467: The region. The commission prepares electoral rolls and updates the voter list. To prevent electoral fraud, Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) were introduced in 1993. However certain legal documents such as ration cards have been allowed for voting in certain situations. The commission is empowered to prohibit the dissemination or publication of voting trends that seek to influence voters by opinion polls or exit polls . The Election Commission
4514-404: The situation inside the party. In West Bengal, two separate internal dissident tendencies emerged, which both could be identified as supporting the Chinese line. In 1967, a peasant uprising broke out in Naxalbari , in northern West Bengal. The insurgency was led by hardline district-level CPI(M) leaders Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal . The hardliners within CPI(M) saw the Naxalbari uprising as
SECTION 60
#17328025345114588-447: The spark that would ignite the Indian revolution. The CPC hailed the Naxalbari movement, causing an abrupt break in CPI(M)-CPC relations. The Naxalbari movement was violently repressed by the West Bengal government, of which CPI(M) was a major partner. Within the party, the hardliners rallied around an All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries . Following the 1968 Burdwan plenum of CPI(M) (held on 5–12 April 1968),
4662-443: The state. The quantum of land thus vested was around one million acres (4,000 km2) of good agricultural land. Subsequently, under the leadership of Hare Krishna Konar and Benoy Choudhury land was distributed amongst 2.4 million landless and poor farmers. Later after 1970 the united front government of west Bengal fail and the land reform was also stopped for seven years and after left front came in West Bengal in 1977 this land reform
4736-469: The time of submitting the nomination paper, and they are also required to give details of their expenditure within 30 days of the declaration of results. The election commission operates various electronic media including websites and mobile applications for enabling various functions such as addressing grievances, checking electoral rolls, disseminating information on candidates, announcement of results and monitoring of assigned tasks. Voting in India
4810-405: The time, the radical sections of the Bangladeshi communist movement were divided into many factions . Whilst the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Bangladesh actively participated in the rebellion, the pro-China communist tendency found itself in a peculiar situation as China had sided with Pakistan in the war. In Calcutta, where many Bangladeshi leftists had sought refuge, CPI(M) worked to co-ordinate
4884-399: The years following the World War II , and had led armed rebellions in Telangana , Tripura , and Kerala. However, it soon abandoned the strategy of armed revolution in favor of working within the Parliament framework. In 1950, B. T. Ranadive , the CPI general secretary and a prominent representative of the radical sector inside the party, was demoted on grounds of left-adventurism. Under
4958-422: Was brought forward to the Calcutta Party District Conference by Aziz ul Haq , but Haq was initially banned from presenting it by the conference organizers. At the Calcutta Party District Conference, 42 delegates opposed M. Basavapunniah's official draft program proposal. At the Siliguri Party District Conference, the main draft proposal for a party program was accepted, but with some additional points suggested by
5032-470: Was elected after A. K. Padmanabhan . It runs a monthly organ named WORKING CLASS . CITU is affiliated to the World Federation of Trade Unions . In 1971, Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan ) declared its independence from Pakistan . The Pakistani military tried to quell the uprising. India intervened militarily and gave active backing to the Bangladeshi rebels . Millions of Bangladeshi refugees sought shelter in India, especially in West Bengal. At
5106-404: Was forced out of office in October 1969, as the CPI, RSP, KTP, and Muslim League ministers resigned. E.M.S. Namboodiripad handed in his resignation on 24 October. A coalition government led by CPI leader C. Achutha Menon was formed, with the outside support of the Indian National Congress . Fresh elections were held in West Bengal in 1969. CPI(M) contested 97 seats and won 80. The party was now
5180-426: Was met with huge applause from conference delegates. The CPI (M) was born into a hostile political climate. At the time of the holding of its Calcutta Congress, large sections of its leaders and cadres were jailed without trial. Again on 29–30 December, over a thousand CPI (M) cadres were arrested and detained and held in jail without trial. In 1965 new waves of arrests of CPI(M) cadres took place in West Bengal , as
5254-422: Was once again made as a three member body on 1 October 1993. The commission is headquartered at Nirvachan Sadan in New Delhi . The Election commission is headed by a Chief Election Commissioner and consists of two other Election Commissioners . They are further assisted by Directors General, Principal Secretaries, and Secretaries. The chief election commissioner does not have overruling powers and any decision
5328-602: Was renamed to Operation Barga and this barga was the notable contribution to the people from Left Front Government of West Bengal. To begin with, group meetings between Officials and Bargadars were organized during "settlement camps" (also called "Reorientation camps"), where the bargadars could discuss their grievances. The first such camp was held at Halusai in Polba taluk in Hooghly district from 18 to 20 May 1978. In noted camp, two Adibashi Borgaders objected procedure adopted by
5402-421: Was successfully done in three Indian states ( West Bengal , Kerala , and Tamil Nadu ), India's first land reform was done in West Bengal in 1967, under the leadership of two Communist leaders: Hare Krishna Konar and Benoy Choudhury , in which Hare Krishna Konar played a leading role in getting surplus land held by big land owners in excess of land ceiling laws and kept ‘benami' (or false names) vested with
5476-438: Was the Chief Minister of West Bengal making him longest serving at this position. Election Commission of India The Election Commission of India ( ECI ) is a constitutional body established by the Constitution of India empowered to conduct free and fair elections in India. The Election commission is headed by a Chief Election Commissioner and consists of two other Election Commissioners . When formed in 1950,
#510489