119-513: Former parties Former parties Former parties Post-independence and Cold War Contemporary history The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated as CPI(M) ) is a communist political party in India . It is the largest communist party in India in terms of membership and electoral seats, and one of the national parties of India. The party was founded through a splitting from
238-551: A caste plus class strategy. The Left parties contested 29 seats (CPIML Liberation - 19 seats, CPI - 6 seats and CPIM - 4 seats). CPI(ML) Liberation won 12 seats while CPI and CPIM won 2 seats each. It is also spectaculated that if more seats were given to the left parties, the election could be won with majority. The Left parties supported JD(U) , RJD and INC to form coalition government in Bihar in August, 2022 without taking part in
357-462: A comparative study of the approaches of both the leaders with Lenin coming out as better of the two. Together with Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala, a local mill-owner, a library of Marxist Literature was set up and publishing of translations of Marxist classics began. In 1922, with Lotvala's help, Dange launched the English weekly, Socialist , the first Indian Marxist journal. The 1924 second congress of
476-509: A damning charge within the communist movement, in which the prioritization of working-class interests and independence is considered paramount. Ideological difference also grew on the analysis of the role and character of the Indian bourgeoisie and the character of the Indian revolution. While the 'right wing' in the Party sought the Indian bourgeoisie to have a 'progressive' character and called for
595-493: A growth of an industrial proletariat. At the same time prices of essential commodities increased. These were factors that contributed to the buildup of the Indian trade union movement. Unions were formed in the urban centres across India, and strikes were organised. In 1920, the All India Trade Union Congress was founded. S. A. Dange of Bombay published a pamphlet in 1921 titled Gandhi Vs. Lenin ,
714-550: A huge majority with a total of 3 seats. Sanjay Chauhan and Tikender Singh Panwar became Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively. In 2016 CPIM won 42 seats out of 331 seats contested and received solely 2 district panchayats. In 2017 Shimla Municipal Corporation election , CPI(M) managed to win only one seat despite being a kingmaker in previous election. The Left front contested 17 seats in 2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election (CPIM - 14 seats, CPI - 3 seats). Rakesh Singha of CPIM emerged victorious from Theog . After
833-614: A large presence in the state that was reduced following the Mandal Commission in 1979. The Left parties had 25-35 MLAs in the Bihar assembly, with the CPI winning 20-25 seats in every election, even until 1995. But Left Front won a few seats in the next elections in the state. On 24 July 2015, the Communist Party of India , the Communist Party of India (Marxist) , the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation ,
952-526: A manner similar to Communist states , which led to brain-drain . President%27s rule In India , President's rule is the suspension of state government and imposition of direct Union government rule in a state . Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India , if a state government is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions, the Union government can take direct control of
1071-623: A maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months; however it can be extended repeatedly if the Election Commission of India recommends that elections are not possible. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the new Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by Rajya Sabha . The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced
1190-509: A national democratic revolution, the 'left wing' sought the character of the Indian bourgeoisie to be essentially reactionary and called for a peoples' democratic revolution. However as the 'left wing' grew, the Congress and the Party's 'right wing' dubbed them as pro-Chinese and essentially made extensive efforts to incriminate them of committing 'anti-national' activities. This ideological difference later intensified, and ultimately gave rise to
1309-457: A new provision to put a restraint on the power of Parliament to extend the President's rule in a state. According to this provision, the president's rule can only be extended over a year, under the following conditions: President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need Parliament's approval. Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through
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#17327810631841428-564: A semi- feudal country and that Class conflict could not be put on the back-burner for the sake of guarding the interests of Soviet trade and foreign policy. Moreover, the Indian National Congress appeared to be generally hostile towards political competition. In 1959 the central government intervened to impose President's rule in Kerala, toppling the E. M. S. Namboodiripad cabinet (the sole non-Congress state government in
1547-673: A similar system of Governor's rule , under its Section 92. The state's governor issued a proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the President of India allowing Governor's rule for a period of up to six months after which President's rule under Article 356 of the Constitution of India can be imposed. After the revocation of Article 370 , President's rule applies to Jammu and Kashmir under section 73 (since Article 356 of Constitution of India does not apply to union territories) of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 . Following
1666-628: A terrorist organisation in India under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act since 2009. The naxalites affected areas are called the Red corridor , which has been steadily declining in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidents, and in 2021 it was claimed to be confined to the 25 "most affected" locations (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009) across 10 states in two coal-rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around
1785-412: A wider debate of the federal structure of government in Indian polity. The Sarkaria Commission Report on Centre-State Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state". B. R. Ambedkar also said that it would be like
1904-842: Is an alliance of left-wing political parties in the Indian states. But the presence of this alliance is mainly in Kerala , Tripura and West Bengal . In Lok Sabha elections, only CPI(M) and CPI participate election together nationally while other Left parties ally with CPIM and CPI regionally. CPIM General Secretary Sitaram Yechury said that his party will ally with Rashtriya Janata Dal in Bihar and Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh. CPIM Polit Bureau member and Chief Minister of Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan confirmed about CPIM's plan of forming state-level alliances and hinted an alliance with Bharat Rashtra Samithi in Telangana. Kerala
2023-483: Is considered as the Communist Fort of India. Kerala has a strong presence of CPIM and left parties in its politics and society. The Left Democratic Front has 11 member parties including CPI(M) , CPI , KC(M) , JD(S) , NCP , RJD , KC(B) , INL , C(S) , JKC and KC(ST) . Currently LDF has 99 MLAs, 2 Lok Sabha MPs and 7 Rajya Sabha MPs in the state. The Left Front (composed of CPIM, CPI, RSP and AIFB )
2142-561: Is known to have imposed President's rule 39 times in different states. Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress. The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule in its ruling on the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail
2261-584: Is led by the chief minister , who is the chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, later on vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either prorogued or dissolved , necessitating a new election. Prior to 2019, the constitution of the state of Jammu and Kashmir had
2380-590: Is mainly based on the activities of their students wings. CPIM had representatives in the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1967 and 1993. In 1993, Rakesh Singha won from Shimla seat. Though CPIM managed to win many seats in the municipal and panchayat elections. In 2012 Shimla Municipal Corporation election, CPI(M) won the posts of Mayor and Deputy Mayor in Shimla Municipal Corporation with
2499-403: Is often known as मार्क्सवादी कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी ( Mārksvādī Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī , abbreviated MaKaPa ) in press and media circles. During its initial years after the split, the party was often referred to by different names such as 'Left Communist Party' or 'Communist Party of India (Left)'. The party has used the name 'Left' because CPI people were dubbed 'rightist' in nature for their support of
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#17327810631842618-837: Is one of the eight National Parties of India. The highest body of the party is the Politburo . There are a large number of smaller Marxist parties, including the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) , Marxist Communist Party of India , Marxist Coordination Committee in Jharkhand, Forward Bloc in Bengal , Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy , Communist Marxist Party and BTR-EMS-AKG Janakeeya Vedi in Kerala, Mazdoor Mukti (Workers' Emancipation) and Party of Democratic Socialism in West Bengal, Janganotantrik Morcha in Tripura,
2737-596: Is the longest-serving democratically elected communist-led government in the world. The Left Front's highest tally nationally was in 2004 when it got about 8% of votes polled in and it had 59 MPs. It played the role of kingmaker for the Third Front governments during 1996–98 by joining a 13-party coalition and for the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government in 2004. The Left Front, also known as Left Democratic Front
2856-588: Is the main opposition in Tripura Legislative Assembly . As of 2023, Left Front is composed of CPIM, CPI, RSP and AIFB and CPI(ML)L and it declared Democratic Secular Alliance with Indian National Congress in 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election . The Left Front ( Bengali : বামফ্রন্ট ; baamfront ) was formed in January 1977, the founding parties being the Communist Party of India (Marxist) , All India Forward Bloc ,
2975-585: The Communist Party of India in 1964 and it quickly became the dominant faction. The 34 years of CPI(M) led Left Front rule in West Bengal was the longest-serving democratically elected communist-led government in the world. It has been also the third largest party of parliament several times. Presently, CPI(M) is a part of ruling alliances in two states - the LDF in Kerala , which it leads, and
3094-791: The All India Forward Bloc , the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) and the Revolutionary Socialist Party decided to run in all constituencies on a join ticket citing its call for an alternative platform in 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election . The CPI contested 98 seats, while the CPI-ML, CPI(M), SUCI, Forward Bloc, and RSP contested 98, 43, 10, 9, and 3 seats, respectively. CPI released its first list of 81 candidates on 16 September 2015. The Left parties together got 3.57% of
3213-476: The Communist International insisted that a united front should be formed between the proletariat, peasantry and national bourgeoisie in colonised countries. Among the twenty-one conditions drafted by Lenin ahead of the congress was the 11th thesis, which stipulated that all communist parties must support the bourgeois-democratic liberation movements in the colonies. Some of the delegates opposed
3332-643: The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated CPIM) is the largest communist party in India. The party emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in 1964. The CPI(M) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) held in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) from 31 October to 7 November 1964. Land reform movement in India led by CPI(M) leaders Benoy Choudhury and Hare Krishna Konar which threatened
3451-632: The Dandakaranya - Chhattisgarh - Odisha region and the tri-junction area of Jharkhand - Bihar and- West Bengal . However, some parts of the Red Corridor have also seen growth of Maoist insurgency in recent times, such as in the Kanha Tiger Reserve. The Naxalites have frequently targeted tribal, police and government workers in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more jobs for neglected agricultural labourers and
3570-751: The Ghadar Party in North America. The Khilafat movement contributed to the emergence of early Indian communism. Many Indian Muslims left India to join the defence of the Caliphate. Several of them became communists whilst visiting Soviet territory. Some Hindus also joined the Muslim muhajirs in the travels to the Soviet areas. The colonial authorities were clearly disturbed by the growing influence of Bolshevik sympathies in India. A first counter-move
3689-537: The Indian National Congress party of Jawaharlal Nehru , independent India developed close relations and a strategic partnership with the Soviet Union . The Soviet government consequently wished that the Indian communists moderate their criticism towards the Indian state and assume a supportive role towards the Congress governments. However, large sections of the CPI claimed that India remained
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3808-719: The Indian state of Tripura besides a good presence in West Bengal , Kerala and Kanpur . They have an average presence in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh . According to the provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour , CITU had a membership of approximately 6,040,000 in 2015. Tapan Kumar Sen is the General Secretary and K. Hemalata is the president of CITU. K. Hemalata was the first woman President in CITU who
3927-472: The Israeli-Palestinian dispute , despite the fact that majority of Indian communists come from a Hindu background. Other criticisms of communists in India include their ideological rigidity, perpetration of Stalinist style political violence , and gerontocratic style of leadership. The unbroken 24-year long reign of Jyoti Basu , the premier communist leader in India's electoral field, as
4046-674: The Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan was founded in Madras , by Singaravelu Chettiar . The LKPH organised the first May Day celebration in India, and this was also the first time the red flag was used in India. On 26 December 1925,The Communist Party of India formed at the first Party Conference in Kanpur , then Cawnpore . S.V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of CPI. The conference held on 1925 December 25 to 28. Colonial authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in
4165-854: The Naxalbari insurrection conducted by radical Maoists in West Bengal in 1967. CPI (Maoist) is designated as a terrorist organisation in India under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act . As of 2022 the Left Democratic Front led by CPI(M) heads the state government in Kerala . Pinarayi Vijayan is Chief Minister of Kerala. In Tamil Nadu the alliance has 4 MLAs and in the Government with SPA coalition led by M. K. Stalin . The Left Front under CPI(M) governed West Bengal for an uninterrupted 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 30 years including uninterrupted 25 years (1993–2018). The 34 years of Left Front rule in West Bengal
4284-603: The October Revolution , Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were amongst the prominent Indians who expressed their admiration of Lenin and the new rulers in Russia. Abdul Sattar Khairi and Abdul Zabbar Khairi went to Moscow, immediately on hearing about the revolution. In Moscow, they met Lenin and conveyed their greetings to him. The Russian Revolution also affected émigré Indian revolutionaries, such as
4403-751: The Ram Pasla group in Punjab , and the Orissa Communist Party in Orissa. The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a Maoist communist party in India which aims to overthrow the government of India through people's war . It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War (People's War Group), and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI). The merger
4522-687: The Revolutionary Socialist Party , the Marxist Forward Bloc , the Revolutionary Communist Party of India and the Biplabi Bangla Congress . Other parties joined in later years, most notably the Communist Party of India . The Left Front government ruled West Bengal for 34 years from 1977 to 2011.The Left Front allied with Indian National Congress in 2016 , 2021 and with Indian Secular Front in 2021 . After 2018 Panchayat polls, BJP became
4641-515: The SPA in Tamil Nadu . It also has representation in the legislative assemblies of seven states. The All-India Party Congress is the supreme authority of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). However, during the time between two party congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making body. The Central Committee shall elect from among its members a Polit Bureau including
4760-482: The come back Article 370 in 31 dec 2024 and bifurcation into two Union territories, President's rule applied after the application of Governor's rule under the erstwhile state's constitution for 6 months. After the revocation and bifurcation, the reorganized Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is subject to the section 73 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 , which is used to impose President's rule as
4879-535: The 1994 landmark judgment in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India , the Supreme Court of India restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule. Chhattisgarh and Telangana are the only states where the President's rule has never been imposed so far. In practice, President's rule has been imposed in a State under any one of the following different circumstances: If approved by both Houses, President's rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for
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4998-555: The AICCCR separated itself from CPI(M). This split divided the party throughout the country. But notably in West Bengal, which was the center of the violent radicalized stream, no prominent leading figure left the party. The party and the Naxalites (as the rebels were called) were soon to get into a bloody feud. In Andhra Pradesh, another revolt was taking place. There the pro-Naxalbari dissidents had not established any presence. But in
5117-547: The Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories. The provision states: 73. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, or otherwise, is satisfied,— (a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or (b) that for
5236-498: The CPI died. After his death, Shripad Amrit Dange was installed as the party chairman (a new position) and E.M.S. Namboodiripad as general secretary. This was an attempt to achieve a compromise. At a CPI National Council meeting held on 11 April 1964, 32 Council members walked out. The leftist section, to which the 32 National Council members belonged, organized a convention in Tenali , Andhra Pradesh 7 to 11 July. In this convention,
5355-605: The CPI-M were also influenced by JP with Jyoti Basu noted to be one of his prominent admirers having worked under him in the All India Railwaymen's Federation during the 1940s. The involvement of the Hindutva movement however complicated matters, according to JP the formal inclusion of the marxists who had undergone a splintering and whose organisation was localised in particular region would have been detrimental to
5474-406: The CPI-M's labour union became the first subject to political repression and mass arrests while the rest of the members of the CPI-M went underground. With the initiation of the Jayaprakash Narayan (JP)'s movement, the CPI-M began providing support to it and went on to participate in discussions for the creation of a united front under the umbrella of the Janata Party . Several of the leaders of
5593-400: The CPI. The CPI(M) also adopted its own political program. Puchalapalli Sundarayya was elected general secretary of the party. In total, 422 delegates took part in the Calcutta Congress. CPI(M) claimed that they represented 104,421 CPI members, 60% of the total party membership. At the Calcutta conference, the party adopted a class analysis of the character of the Indian state, that claimed
5712-401: The CPSU. The Central Committee of CPI(M) held its first meeting on 12–19 June 1966. The reason for delaying the holding of a regular CC meeting was that several of the persons elected as CC members at the Calcutta Congress were jailed at the time. A CC meeting had been scheduled to have been held in Thrissur during the last days of 1964, but had been canceled due to the wave of arrests against
5831-403: The Chief Minister of West Bengal was characterised by massive deindustrialisation (caused by government support to militant activism of Communist labour unions) & creation of a party-society (by asserting dominance of party ideologues in appointing pro-Communist people in all spheres of public life, most notably in fields of bureaucracy & education over competent non-Communist people) in
5950-426: The Congress-Nehru regime. During the Kerala Legislative Assembly elections of 1965, the party adopted the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)' and applied to obtain its election symbol from the Election Commission of India . The Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged from a division within the Communist Party of India , which was formed on 26 December 1925. The CPI had experienced an upsurge in support during
6069-491: The General Secretary. The Polit Bureau carries on the work of the Central Committee between its two sessions and has the right to take political and organisational decisions in between two meetings of the Central Committee. CPI(M) had a total income of ₹1,620,000,000 in fiscal year 2021–22. The party reported zero funding from Electoral Bonds . CPI(M) is officially known as भारत की कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (मार्क्सवादी) [ Bhārat kī Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī (Mārksvādī) ] in Hindi, but it
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#17327810631846188-399: The Indian bourgeoisie was increasingly collaborating with imperialism . Parimal Das Gupta's alternative draft program was not circulated at the Calcutta conference. However, Souren Bose , a delegate from the far-left stronghold Darjeeling , spoke at the conference asking why no portrait had been raised of Mao Tse-Tung along with the portraits of other communist stalwarts. His intervention
6307-421: The Indian situation. The alleged 'right-wing' inside the party followed the Soviet path whereas the 'left-wing' wanted to follow the mass party with a class line with national characteristics, based on the 'independent' development of socialism in accordance to the India situation. Moreover, the faction of CPI which later became CPI(M) referred to the "right" strategy as a national approach of class collaboration,
6426-452: The Janata Alliance. CPI(M) West Bengal under the leadership of Jyoti Basu fought the 1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election . Initially the election was planned to fight in alliance with the Janata Party but the negotiations between the parties broke down. This led to a three sided contested between the Indian National Congress , the Janata Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led Left Front coalition . The results of
6545-574: The Left Front fielded 12 candidates : 11 from CPI(M) and 1 from CPI. But the front drew blank seat securing only 28,444 votes (0.67%). The presence of Left parties in Maharashtra is for the strong presence of their farmer wings in the state. In 2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election , Peasants and Workers Party of India won 4 seats (1.11% votes) and CPIM won 1 seat (0.60% votes). In 2019 , Vinod Nikole of CPIM won from Dahanu constituency . In 2022 Panchayat election, CPI(M) won 93 Sarpanch (Village President) posts in direct elections, with
6664-567: The Left parties contested election in alliance with Jana Sena Party . But they did not won a single seat. In 1984 , each CPIM and CPI won 1 seat. The Left Front came victorious for many times in local body elections. CPIM had MPs in the Rajya Sabha elected from Andhra Pradesh. Moturu Hanumantha Rao M. Hanumantha Rao from 1988 to 1994, Y. Radhakrishnamurthy from 1996 to 2002 and Penumalli Madhu from 2004 to 2010. In 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election , CPIM and CPI did not win any seats. In 2022 Munugode by-election, Left parties supported
6783-501: The NDA. Parties like CPIM, CPI, AIFB, RSP, BSP , AIADMK, MDMK , BJD , JD(S), HJC , TDP were the members of this front. The newly formed alliance carried with them 109 seats before the 2009 election. After the election, the alliance won only 79 seats. The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict refers to the underground activities and insurgency by Maoist groups (known as Naxalites or Naxals) like Communist Party of India (Maoist) . The Maoist parties has been designated as
6902-430: The National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA. In the Union Territory of Puducherry, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 51 of the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 . Which thus reads 51. - If the President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator of the Union territory or otherwise, is satisfied,― (a) that a situation has arisen in which
7021-441: The Soviet Union following Hitler's invasion of Russia , communists in India abruptly halted their all anti-British activities, & in return, the British administration of India legalised the Communist Party of India. Indian communists have also been accused of indulging in Muslim appeasement by Hindu right-wing groups, due to their perceived soft corner for Muslims , stemming from the Soviet Union's pro-Palestinian stance on
7140-411: The Tenali convention, a Bengal-based pro-Chinese group, representing one of the most radical streams of the CPI left-wing, presented a draft program proposal of their own. These radicals criticized the draft program proposal prepared by Makineni Basavapunnaiah for undermining Class conflict and failing to take a clear pro-Chinese position in the ideological conflict between the CPSU and the CPC. After
7259-437: The Tenali convention, the CPI left-wing organized party district and state conferences. In West Bengal , a few of these meetings became battlegrounds between the most radical elements and the more moderate leadership. At the Calcutta Party District Conference, an alternative draft program was presented to the leadership by Parimal Das Gupta (a leading figure amongst far-left intellectuals in the party). Another alternative proposal
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#17327810631847378-408: The Union territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239. Article 356 gives wide powers to the Union government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to the Union government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has often been misused by
7497-428: The abuse of authority of Governors who were in collusion with the Union government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 established a precedent in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India , due to which such abuse has been drastically reduced. Article 356 is not applicable to Union territories, so there are many ways by which President's rule can be imposed in different Union territories with a Legislative Assembly. Until
7616-466: The administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or (b) that for the proper administration of the Union territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering
7735-435: The candidate fielded by Bharat Rashtra Samithi . In 2023 , CPIM and CPI will contest the election in alliance with BRS . On 10 December 2022, CPIM leader Tammineni Veerabhadram said that his party is willing to contest 9 seats in the 2023 election . The CPI(M) led the formation of the Third Front for the 2009 election . This front was basically a collection of regional political parties who were neither in UPA nor in
7854-408: The central government. Initially, the Indian National Congress formed a minority government led by Prafulla Chandra Ghosh , but that cabinet did not last long. Following the proclamation that the United Front government had been dislodged, a 48-hour hartal was effective throughout the state. After the fall of the Ghosh cabinet, the state was put under President's Rule. CPI(M) launched agitations against
7973-471: The communists' perceived disdain towards Indian culture , & more specifically Hindu culture , due its doctrines of karma & ahimsa , (seen as fatalistic by communists) which naturally discourage any radical change to the society. Early communists like Sahajananda Saraswati & Satya Bhakta , who tried to blend communism with Hindu culture, were sidelined by pro-Soviet communists who favoured internationalism . After Great Britain allied with
8092-466: The conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satyabhakta , of whom little is known. Satyabhakta is said to have argued for a 'national communism' and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left both the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as LKPH dissolved into the CPI. The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character,
8211-411: The country). The basis of difference in opinion between the two factions in CPI was ideological – about the assessment of the Indian scenario and the development of a party programme. This difference in opinion was also a reflection of whether the Communist Party in India would toe the lines of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) or follow an independent path based on the concrete analysis of
8330-401: The critique of the development of CPI(M). It was signed by T. Nagi Reddy, D.V. Rao, Kolla Venkaiah, and Chandra Pulla Reddy . In total, around 50% of the party cadres in Andhra Pradesh left the party to form the Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries , under the leadership of T. Nagi Reddy. In November 1967, the West Bengal United Front government was dismissed by
8449-420: The declaration of the emergency and the formal draft of the ordinance were both notably corroborated to have been forwarded by Siddhartha Shankar Ray . The Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as one of the primary opposition to The Emergency (India) . The following period witnessed a succession of authoritarian measures and political repression, which was particularly severe in West Bengal. The members of
8568-741: The efforts to create a new political organization. In the fall of 1971 three small groups, which were all hosted by the CPI(M), came together to form the Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist) . The new party became the sister party of CPI(M) in Bangladesh. In 1975, the Prime Minister of India , Indira Gandhi imposed a State of emergency on the premise of internal disturbances suspending elections, legitimising rule by decree and curbing civil liberties . The proposition for
8687-404: The election the presence of Left in state started to increase. In 2021 panchayat elections, CPIM increased its tally by jumping to 337 seats. 12 zila parishad(ZP) members, 25 panchayat samiti members, 28 panchayat pradhans, 30 vice-pradhans and 242 ward members got elected from CPIM. Also CPIM candidates got elected for president in 25 panchayats and vice-president in 30 panchayats. In 2022 ,
8806-584: The election was a surprising sweep for the Left Front winning 230 seats out of 290 with the CPI-M winning an absolute majority on its own, Basu became the Chief Minister of West Bengal . From the 1977 election the CPI(M) led Left Front won 7 continuous elections till 2011. Under Jyoti Basu's leadership the Left Front won, 1977 , 1982 , 1987 , 1991 , 1996 elections. For the next 23 years he
8925-566: The entire village voting, in the districts of Nashik (59) Thane-Palghar (26), Ahmednagar (6), Nandurbar (1) and Pune (1). Along with that, ward wise elections of Gram Panchayat Members were also held. The CPI(M) won hundreds of these seats, and has a majority in over 100 Gram Panchayats in the above districts. In 1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election 34 MLAs (CPI - 19, CPIM - 15), in 2004 15 MLAs (CPI - 6, CPIM - 9) of Left Front were elected. In 2014 , CPI and CPIM won 1 seat each, which subsequently went to Telangana state. In 2019 ,
9044-406: The establishment of CPI(M). Hundreds of CPI leaders, accused of being pro-Chinese, were imprisoned. Thousands of Communists were detained without trial. The Communist Party CPI(M) has a strong history of championing labor rights and it supports the rights of industrial laborers, demanding fair wages, safe working conditions, and the right to unionize. In 1962, Ajoy Ghosh , the General Secretary of
9163-502: The far-left North Bengal cadre Charu Majumdar . However, Hare Krishna Konar (representing the leadership of the CPI left-wing) forbade the raising of the slogan Mao Tse-Tung Zindabad (Long live Mao Tse-Tung) at the conference. Parimal Das Gupta's document was also presented to the leadership at the West Bengal State Conference of the CPI leftwing. Das Gupta and a few others spoke at the conference, demanding
9282-904: The government. The Left Front has also good presence in the panchayats. In 2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election , CPI and CPIM fought in alliance with DMK and won 6 and 9 seats respectively. The Left parties contested the next election in coalition with AIADMK (CPI - 10 seats, CPIM - 12 seats and AIFB - 1 seat) and won 20 seats (CPI - 9 seats, CPIM - 10 seats and AIFB - 1 seat). In 2016 , CPI and CPIM joined Makkal Nala Kootani (People's Welfare Alliance) and contested 25 seats each, but drew blank seats. In 2019 , 4 MPs were elected (CPI - 2, CPIM - 2) from Left Front in coalition with DMK . In 2021 election , CPI and CPIM won 2 seats each. In 2022 Municipal Corporation elections, CPIM won 24 Municipal Corporations, 41 Municipality and 101 Town Panchayats while CPI won 13 Municipal Corporations, 19 Municipality and 26 Town Panchayats. T. Nagarajan of CPI(M) got
9401-404: The idea of alliance with the bourgeoisie, and preferred support to communist movements of these countries instead. Their criticism was shared by the Indian revolutionary M.N. Roy , who attended as a delegate of the Communist Party of Mexico . The congress removed the term 'bourgeois-democratic' in what became the 8th condition. During the 1920s and the early 1930s the Communist Party existed but
9520-516: The interests of the landowning middle/backward castes that supported the Communist Party of India (Marxist) . As of 2022, CPI(M) is leading the state government in Kerala and having elected members in 8 state legislative assemblies including Kerala , Tripura , Bihar , Maharashtra , Assam , Odisha , Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan . It also leads the West Bengal Left Front . As of 2016, CPI(M) claimed to have 1,048,678 members. It
9639-495: The interventions of the central government in West Bengal. The 8th Party Congress of CPI(M) was held in Kochi , Kerala, on 23–29 December 1968. On 25 December 1968, whilst the congress was held, 42 Dalits were burned alive in the Tamil Nadu village of Kizhavenmani . The massacre was a retaliation from landlords after Dalit labourers had taken part in a CPI(M)-led agitation for higher wages. The United Front government in Kerala
9758-591: The issues of the internal disputes in the party were discussed. 146 delegates, claiming to represent 100,000 CPI members, took part in the proceedings. The convention decided to convene the 7th Party Congress of CPI in Kolkata later the same year. Marking a difference from the official sector of CPI, the Tenali convention was marked by the display of a large portrait of the Communist leader of China, Mao Zedong . At
9877-511: The largest in the West Bengal legislative. But with the active support of CPI and the Bangla Congress , Ajoy Mukherjee was returned as Chief Minister of the state. Mukherjee resigned on 16 March 1970, after a pact had been reached between CPI, Bangla Congress, and the Indian National Congress against CPI(M). CPI(M) strove to form a new government, instead but the central government put the state under President's Rule. Though land reform
9996-561: The main opposition in the state, pushing the Left Front in the third position. In 2019 Lok Sabha election , the front was unable to secure a seat. In 2021 , the Left Front suffered a huge setback as the alliance drew blank seats for the first time in Legislative Assembly election. But the Left emerged as the main opposition in the municipal polls across the state in 2021–22. The communist parties in Bihar had historically held
10115-489: The movement as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members would switch sides if they joined. JP and Basu eventually came to an agreement that the CPI-M would not formally join the Janata Party as it would weaken the movement. After the revocation of the emergency, the CPI-M joined an electoral alliance with the Janata Party in the 1977 Indian general election which resulted in an overwhelming victory for
10234-562: The official for Barga Operation. They suggested to start it organising people in the field instead of sitting in the houses of rural rich people or the places dominated by them. Centre of Indian Trade Unions , CITU is a National level Trade Union in India and its trade union wing is a spearhead of the Indian Trade Union Movement. The Centre of Indian Trade Unions is today one of biggest assembly of workers and classes of India. It has strong unchallengeable presence in
10353-558: The party called for a Bandh (general strike) in Patna on 9 August 1965 in protest against the Congress state government. During the strike, police resorted to violent actions against the organizers of the strike. The strike was followed by agitations in other parts of the state. P. Sundaraiah, after being released from jail, spent the period of September 1965 – February 1966 in Moscow for medical treatment. In Moscow, he also held talks with
10472-510: The party launched agitations against the rise in fares in the Calcutta Tramways Company and against the then-prevailing food crisis. Statewide general strikes and hartals were observed on 5 August 1965, 10–11 March 1966, and 6 April 1966. The March 1966 general strike resulted in several deaths during confrontations with police forces. Also in Kerala, mass arrests of CPI(M) cadres were carried out during 1965. In Bihar ,
10591-420: The party organization, there were many veterans from the Telangana armed struggle, who rallied against the central party leadership. In Andhra Pradesh, the radicals had a strong base even amongst the state-level leadership. The main leader of the radical tendency was T. Nagi Reddy , a member of the state legislative assembly. On 15 June 1968, the leaders of the radical tendency published a press statement outlining
10710-546: The party ought to adopt the class analysis of the Indian state of the 1951 CPI conference. His proposal was, however, voted down. The Calcutta Congress was held between 31 October and 7 November, at Tyagraja Hall in southern Kolkata . Simultaneously, the CPI convened a Party Congress in Mumbai . The group which assembled in Calcutta would later adopt the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)', to differentiate themselves from
10829-475: The party. The meeting discussed tactics for electoral alliances and concluded that the party should seek to form a broad electoral alliance with all non-reactionary opposition parties in West Bengal (i.e. all parties except Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party ). This decision was strongly criticized by the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Party of Labour of Albania , the Communist Party of New Zealand , and
10948-478: The poor. Indian communists have been criticised for their Eurocentric worldview. It has been argued that the stunted growth of communism in India is caused by the inability of the Indian masses to relate with Communist jargons (derived from Western European society). Some state that while communists elsewhere have been able to incorporate religious teachings into their agenda (see Christian communism & Islamic socialism ), this couldn't happen in India due to
11067-789: The post of Deputy Mayor in Madurai Municipal Corporation . In 2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election , CPIM secured 3 seats from Anupgarh, Dhod and Danta Ramgarh. CPIM along with six other parties including CPI , CPI(ML)L , MCPI(U) , SP , RLD and JD(S) formed Rajasthan Loktantrik Morcha in 2013. Amra Ram of CPIM became the chief ministerial candidate. But the alliance could not win any seat in 2013 Legislative Assembly election . In 2018 , 2 MLAs of CPIM and 1 MLA of RLD were elected. In 2024 Lok Sabha elections, CPI(M) won Sikar Lok Sabha Constituency. The presence of left parties in Himachal Pradesh
11186-420: The proper administration of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and makes such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with
11305-644: The provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of that article; or (b)that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and subject to such conditions as maybe specified in such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering
11424-455: The provisions of this Act. In NCT of Delhi, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 239AB of the Constitution of India (as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories) which reads thus: 239AB. - If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied— (a)that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with
11543-642: The radicals within the party itself. The line was changed at a National Council meeting in Jalandhar in October 1966, where it was decided that the party should only form alliances with select left parties. At this point, the party stood at crossroads. There were radical sections of the party who were wary of the increasing parliamentary focus of the party leadership, especially after the electoral victories in West Bengal and Kerala. Developments in China also affected
11662-482: The ruling parties at the centre, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents. Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the federal state system. Since the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950, the Union government has used this 134 times to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule. The article was used for the first time in Punjab on 20 June 1951. It
11781-515: The situation inside the party. In West Bengal, two separate internal dissident tendencies emerged, which both could be identified as supporting the Chinese line. In 1967, a peasant uprising broke out in Naxalbari , in northern West Bengal. The insurgency was led by hardline district-level CPI(M) leaders Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal . The hardliners within CPI(M) saw the Naxalbari uprising as
11900-504: The spark that would ignite the Indian revolution. The CPC hailed the Naxalbari movement, causing an abrupt break in CPI(M)-CPC relations. The Naxalbari movement was violently repressed by the West Bengal government, of which CPI(M) was a major partner. Within the party, the hardliners rallied around an All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries . Following the 1968 Burdwan plenum of CPI(M) (held on 5–12 April 1968),
12019-449: The state machinery. Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed governor , who has the authority to appoint other administrators to assist them. The administrators are usually nonpartisan retired civil servants not native to the state. When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ). The council
12138-443: The state. The quantum of land thus vested was around one million acres (4,000 km2) of good agricultural land. Subsequently, under the leadership of Hare Krishna Konar and Benoy Choudhury land was distributed amongst 2.4 million landless and poor farmers. Later after 1970 the united front government of west Bengal fail and the land reform was also stopped for seven years and after left front came in West Bengal in 1977 this land reform
12257-465: The time, the radical sections of the Bangladeshi communist movement were divided into many factions . Whilst the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Bangladesh actively participated in the rebellion, the pro-China communist tendency found itself in a peculiar situation as China had sided with Pakistan in the war. In Calcutta, where many Bangladeshi leftists had sought refuge, CPI(M) worked to co-ordinate
12376-476: The votes polled in the election. Before 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election , the Mahagathbandhan alliance were joined in by the left–wing parties in Bihar; namely the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation , the Communist Party of India and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) . The new arrangement was described as an experiment beyond the caste based politics in Bihar with
12495-413: The widespread abuse of Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article 356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced. Article 356 has always been the focal point of
12614-590: The years following the World War II , and had led armed rebellions in Telangana , Tripura , and Kerala. However, it soon abandoned the strategy of armed revolution in favor of working within the Parliament framework. In 1950, B. T. Ranadive , the CPI general secretary and a prominent representative of the radical sector inside the party, was demoted on grounds of left-adventurism. Under the government of
12733-532: Was also used in the state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) and during the Vimochana Samaram to dismiss the democratically elected Communist state government of Kerala on 31 July 1959. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the Union government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties. The Indira Gandhi regime and post-emergency Janata Party were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977
12852-414: Was announced on 14 October the same year. In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People's War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao , alias "Ganapathi", as general secretary. Further, on May Day 2014, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari merged into the CPI (Maoist). The CPI (Maoist) are often referred to as the intellectuals in reference to
12971-943: Was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national coordination. The British colonial authorities had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. A Communist Group was founded in Tashkent on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the Communist International by M.N. Roy . Roy made contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal . Small communist groups were formed in Bombay (led by S.A. Dange ), Madras (led by Singaravelu Chettiar ), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani ), Punjab , Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain ) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed ). On 1 May 1923
13090-603: Was brought forward to the Calcutta Party District Conference by Aziz ul Haq , but Haq was initially banned from presenting it by the conference organizers. At the Calcutta Party District Conference, 42 delegates opposed M. Basavapunniah's official draft program proposal. At the Siliguri Party District Conference, the main draft proposal for a party program was accepted, but with some additional points suggested by
13209-591: Was elected after A. K. Padmanabhan . It runs a monthly organ named WORKING CLASS . CITU is affiliated to the World Federation of Trade Unions . In 1971, Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan ) declared its independence from Pakistan . The Pakistani military tried to quell the uprising. India intervened militarily and gave active backing to the Bangladeshi rebels . Millions of Bangladeshi refugees sought shelter in India, especially in West Bengal. At
13328-403: Was forced out of office in October 1969, as the CPI, RSP, KTP, and Muslim League ministers resigned. E.M.S. Namboodiripad handed in his resignation on 24 October. A coalition government led by CPI leader C. Achutha Menon was formed, with the outside support of the Indian National Congress . Fresh elections were held in West Bengal in 1969. CPI(M) contested 97 seats and won 80. The party was now
13447-424: Was met with huge applause from conference delegates. The CPI (M) was born into a hostile political climate. At the time of the holding of its Calcutta Congress, large sections of its leaders and cadres were jailed without trial. Again on 29–30 December, over a thousand CPI (M) cadres were arrested and detained and held in jail without trial. In 1965 new waves of arrests of CPI(M) cadres took place in West Bengal , as
13566-602: Was renamed to Operation Barga and this barga was the notable contribution to the people from Left Front Government of West Bengal. To begin with, group meetings between Officials and Bargadars were organized during "settlement camps" (also called "Reorientation camps"), where the bargadars could discuss their grievances. The first such camp was held at Halusai in Polba taluk in Hooghly district from 18 to 20 May 1978. In noted camp, two Adibashi Borgaders objected procedure adopted by
13685-785: Was substituted by the organisation now operating inside India. Between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement; First Peshawar Conspiracy Case , Meerut Conspiracy Case and the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case . In the first three cases, Russian -trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1923, Shripad Amrit Dange , M.N. Roy , Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and R.C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge
13804-421: Was successfully done in three Indian states ( West Bengal , Kerala , and Tamil Nadu ), India's first land reform was done in West Bengal in 1967, under the leadership of two Communist leaders: Hare Krishna Konar and Benoy Choudhury , in which Hare Krishna Konar played a leading role in getting surplus land held by big land owners in excess of land ceiling laws and kept ‘benami' (or false names) vested with
13923-543: Was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India. As of 2022 ,
14042-635: Was the Chief Minister of West Bengal making him longest serving at this position. Communism in India Post-independence and Cold War Contemporary history Communism in India has existed as a social or political ideology as well as a political movement since at least as early as the 1920s. In its early years, communist ideology was harshly suppressed through legal prohibitions and criminal prosecutions. Eventually, communist parties became ensconced in national party politics, sprouting several political offshoots. Following
14161-405: Was the issuing of a fatwa , urging Muslims to reject communism. The Home Department established a special branch to monitor the communist influence. Customs were ordered to check the imports of Marxist literature to India. A great number of anti-communist propaganda publications were published. The First World War was accompanied with a rapid increase of industries in India , resulting in
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