51-467: Hubert of Liège ( Latinized : Hubertus ) ( c. 656 – 30 May 727 A.D. ) was a Christian saint who became the first bishop of Liège in 708 A.D. He is the patron saint of hunters, mathematicians, opticians and metalworkers. Known as the "Apostle of the Ardennes ", he was called upon, until the early 20th century, to cure rabies through the use of the traditional Saint Hubert's Key . Hubert
102-503: A Good Friday morning, while the faithful were in church, Hubert was hunting in the forest. As he pursued a magnificent stag or hart , the animal turned and Hubert was astounded to see a crucifix floating between its antlers. He heard a voice saying: "Hubert unless thou turnest to the Lord and leadest a holy life, thou shalt quickly go down into Hell." Hubert dismounted and prostrated himself, and after asking "Lord, what wouldst Thou have me do?"
153-522: A bishop who received him kindly and became his spiritual director. Hubert renounced all his very considerable honors and gave up his birthright to the Aquitaine to his younger brother, Odo , whom he made guardian of his infant son, Floribert. Having distributed all his personal wealth among the poor, Lambert sent him to the Ardennes to live amongst the people and the forest creatures. Hubert studied for
204-627: A detachment from the Frankish central authority on Charlemagne's death. The new emperor Louis the Pious reacted by removing him from his capacity, which stirred the Basques into rebellion. The king in turn sent his troops to the territory, obtaining their submission in two campaigns and killing the duke, while his family crossed the Pyrenees and continued to foment risings against Frankish power. In 824,
255-601: A more general geographical feature. Under Augustus ' Roman rule, from 27 BCE the province of Aquitania was further stretched to the north to the river Loire , thus including proper Gaul tribes along with old Aquitani south of the Garonne (cf. Novempopulania and Gascony ) within the same region. In 392, the Roman imperial provinces were restructured as Aquitania Prima (north-east), Aquitania Secunda (centre) and Aquitania Tertia , better known as Novempopulania in
306-803: A not preponderant but clearly significant Basque presence in the former too. Recorded evidence points to their deployment across Aquitaine in a military capacity as a mainstay of the Duke's forces. 'Romans' are cited as living in the cities of Aquitaine, as opposed to the Franks (mid 8th century). After the 843 Treaty of Verdun , the defeat of Pepin II and the death of Charles the Bald , the Kingdom of Aquitaine (subsumed in West Francia ) ceased to have any relevance and
357-765: A playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for humble social origins. The title of the " Wilhelmus ", national anthem of the Netherlands , preserves a Latinised form of the name of William the Silent . In English, place names often appear in Latinised form. This is a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often uses Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of anglicised forms or
408-482: Is a Latinized form of "Hubert". Other forms of the name include Hugubert, Hughbert, Hugo , Hubrecht, Hugubrecht, Hudson, and Hugh . Hubert was born about the year 656, the eldest son of a Frankish duke. At the age of 10 he nearly died from a fever. As a youth, Hubert was sent to the Neustrian court of Theuderic III ( r. 673–691 ) at Paris, where his charm and agreeable address led to his investment with
459-549: Is a historical region of Southwestern France and a former administrative region . Since 1 January 2016 it has been part of the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine . It is situated in the southwest corner of metropolitan France , along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain ; for most of its written history Bordeaux has been a vital port and administrative centre. It
510-592: Is composed of the five departments of Dordogne , Lot-et-Garonne , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , Landes and Gironde . Gallia Aquitania was established by the Romans in ancient times and in the Middle Ages , Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably. There are traces of human settlement by prehistoric peoples, especially in the Périgord , but the earliest attested inhabitants in
561-547: Is currently enjoying a revival in France. These hunters apply a specific set of ethics, rituals, rules, and tactics that date from the early Middle Ages. Hubert is venerated every year by the hunts in formal ceremonies. In Belgium, the feast day of St Hubert ( Fête de la Saint-Hubert , in French) is marked by blessings of horses, dogs, and other animals, not necessarily those involved with hunts. The St. Hubert Club of Great Britain
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#1732791720905612-1376: Is dedicated to responsible deer management. The St. Hubertus Club Chicago is a German cultural organization that promotes German heritage and hunting in the German tradition. The Svätý Anton manor house , which houses a Forestry, Wood and Hunting Museum, hosts a festival, St. Hubertus Days each September in Svätý Anton , Slovakia . Other institutions named after St. Hubert include St. Hubert Catholic School ( Chanhassen, Minnesota ), St. Hubert Catholic School ( Hoffman Estates, Illinois ), St Hubert Catholic High School For Girls ( Philadelphia ), St. Hubert School , ( Calgary, Alberta, Canada ), Saint-Hubert Flying College ( Saint-Hubert, Quebec ), Collège St-Hubert ( Auderghem , Belgium ), Our Lady & St. Hubert's Catholic Primary School ( Dudley , England ). Catholic Concern for Animals confers awards annually to honor exceptional individuals who have made outstanding contributions towards advancing animal welfare and status in human society. In particular, their "St Hubert Award" recognizes persons who have given up activities that exploit animals to become examples of compassionate living. Latinisation of names Latinisation (or Latinization ) of names , also known as onomastic Latinisation ,
663-480: Is the practice of rendering a non - Latin name in a modern Latin style. It is commonly found with historical proper names , including personal names and toponyms , and in the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. It goes further than romanisation , which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin alphabet from another script (e.g. Cyrillic ). For authors writing in Latin, this change allows
714-462: Is told, "Go and seek Lambert , and he will instruct you." The story of the stag first appears in one of the later legendary hagiographies ( Bibliotheca hagiographic Latina , nos. 3994–4002) and has been appropriated from the legend of Saint Eustace a.k.a. Placidus (Placidus was Eustace's name before he was baptized). The stag story was only attributed to Saint Hubert in the 15th century. Hubert set out immediately for Maastricht , to meet Lambert,
765-547: The Merovingian kingdoms .) Hubert moved to the Austrasian court where he was warmly welcomed by Pepin of Herstal , Mayor of the palace, who entitled him almost immediately Grand Master of the household. Hubert's wife died giving birth to their son Floribert, and his grief prompted him to retreat from the court. He withdrew into the forests of the Ardennes and gave himself up entirely to hunting. Legend holds that on
816-588: The 2nd Battle of Roncevaux took place, in which counts Aeblus and Aznar , Frankish vassals from the Duchy of Vasconia sent by the new King of Aquitaine, Pepin, were captured by the joint forces of Iñigo Arista and the Banu Qasi . Before Pepin's death, emperor Louis had appointed a new king in 832, his son Charles the Bald , while the Aquitanian lords elected Pepin II as king. This struggle for control of
867-687: The Archbishop-Elector of Cologne . Hubert, along with Quirinus of Neuss , Cornelius and Anthony , was venerated as one of the Four Holy Marshals ( Vier Marschälle Gottes ) in the Rhineland . The St. Hubertus Orden ( Order of Saint Hubert ), a chivalric order , was founded in 1444 by Gerhard V of Jülich and Berg . In the Anglican Communion , at least two churches have been dedicated to Saint Hubert within
918-458: The Church of England . St. Hubert of Liège is patron of archers; dogs; forest workers; trappers; hunting and huntsmen; opticians; mathematicians; metal workers; smelters and the city of Liège. St. Hubert has been described as the patron saint of hunters and is honored by sportsmen as the originator of ethical hunting behavior. However, he renounced hunting after having his vision of encountering
969-710: The Poitevin-Saintongeais dialect of French. In 2005, 78,000 children were learning Occitan as a second language in state schools and 2,000 were enrolled in Occitan-medium private schools. Basque speakers number about 73,000, concentrated in the far south of the region: Bordeaux is the largest city in Aquitaine. It is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department . It is
1020-554: The Rhine . He gained the trust (and the faith) of its people through the outdoorsman skills he acquired in his hunting life. He became a sought authority whenever matters of the forest came up. Hubert died peacefully in a place called Fura , located 30 miles from Liège, 30 May 727 or 728. Initially he was buried in the collegiate St Peter's Church, Liège , but his bones were transported to the Benedictine Abbey of Amdain in
1071-455: The see being removed from Maastricht to Liège, then only a small village. This laid the foundation of the future greatness of Liège, of which Lambert is honored as patron, and Hubert as founder and first bishop. Hubert actively evangelized among pagans in the extensive Ardennes forests and in Toxandria , a district stretching from near Tongeren to the confluence of the rivers Waal and
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#17327917209051122-502: The 13th century until the French Revolution , Aquitaine was usually known as Guyenne . Aquitaine consists of 3,150,890 inhabitants, equivalent to 6% of the total French population. The region of Aquitaine forms the 6th most populated region in France. French is the official language of the region. Many residents also have some knowledge of Basque , of a variety of Occitan ( Gascon , Limousin , or Languedocien ), or of
1173-626: The Ardennes in 825. The abbey became a locus for pilgrimages, until Hubert's coffin disappeared during the Reformation . His feast day is 3 November, probably the date of the translation of his relics to Amdain. Hubert was widely venerated in the Middle Ages and partly because of his noble birth, several military orders were named after him: the Bavarian , the Bohemian International Order of St. Hubertus and that of
1224-661: The Frankish Charles Martel in exchange for help against the advancing Arab forces. Basque-Aquitanian self-rule temporarily came to a halt, definitely in 768 after the assassination of Waifer . In 781, Charlemagne decided to proclaim his son Louis King of Aquitaine within the Carolingian Empire , ruling over a realm comprising the Duchy of Aquitaine and the Duchy of Vasconia . He suppressed various Basque ( Gascon ) uprisings, even venturing into
1275-465: The Garonne. A united Basque-Aquitanian realm reached its heyday under Odo the Great 's rule. In 721, the Aquitanian duke fended Umayyad troops ( Sarracens ) off at Toulouse , but in 732 (or 733, according to Roger Collins ), an Umayyad expedition commanded by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi defeated Odo next to Bordeaux, and went on to loot its way up to Poitiers . Odo was required to pledge allegiance to
1326-472: The Pyrenees. As of 660, the foundations for an independent Aquitaine/Vasconia polity were established by the duke Felix of Aquitaine , a magnate ( potente(m) ) from Toulouse, probably of Gallo-Roman stock. Despite its nominal submission to the Merovingians, the ethnic make-up of the new Aquitanian realm was not Frankish, but Gallo-Roman north of the Garonne and in main towns and Basque, especially south of
1377-496: The Romans, and which are currently easily readable as Basque. Whether this Aquitanian language ( Proto-Basque ) was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or it was generally limited to the Aquitaine/Basque region, is not known. One reason the language of Aquitaine is important is because Basque is the last surviving non-Indo-European language in western Europe and it has had some effect on
1428-455: The capital of Aquitaine, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Bordeaux is famous for its wine industry. Apart from Bordeaux, there are also other important cities in Aquitaine. The region is home to many successful sports teams. In particular worth mentioning are: Football Rugby union is particularly popular in the region. Clubs include: Basketball Bull-fighting
1479-399: The dignity of "count of the palace" . Like many nobles of the time, Hubert was a hunting enthusiast. About this time (682), Hubert married Floribanne, daughter of Dagobert, Count of Leuven . (Their son Floribert of Liège later would succeed his father as Bishop of Liège - in office: 727 to c. 737 ; bishoprics were all but accounted as fiefs heritable in the great families of
1530-924: The early 19th century, Europe had largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language (most scientific studies and scholarly publications are printed in English), but a variety of fields still use Latin terminology as the norm. By tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. And because Western science became dominant during the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of Latin names in many scholarly fields has gained worldwide acceptance, at least when European languages are being used for communication. Aquitaine Aquitaine ( UK : / ˌ æ k w ɪ ˈ t eɪ n / , US : / ˈ æ k w ɪ t eɪ n / ; French: [akitɛn] ; Occitan : Aquitània [akiˈtanjɔ] ; Basque : Akitania ; Poitevin-Saintongeais : Aguiéne ), archaic Guyenne or Guienne ( Occitan : Guiana ),
1581-603: The fringes of Septimania), Toulouse, and Provence and Lower Rhone (the last two not in Aquitaine). After the death of the king Dagobert I , the Merovingian tenure south of the Loire became largely nominal, with the actual power being in the hands of autonomous regional leaders and counts. The Franks may have become largely assimilated to the preponderant Gallo-Roman culture by the 8th century, but their names were well in use by
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1632-419: The hunter ought to only shoot when a clean, quick, and therefore humane kill is assured. He ought to shoot only old stags which are past their prime breeding years and forego a much-anticipated shot on a trophy to instead euthanize a sick or injured animal that might appear on the scene. Further, one ought never to shoot a female with young in tow, to assure the young deer have a mother to guide them to food during
1683-640: The kingdom led to a constant period of war between Charles, loyal to his father and the Carolingian power, and Pepin II, who relied more on the support of Basque and Aquitanian lords. Despite the early conquest of southern Gaul by the Franks after the Battle of Vouillé in 507, the Frankish element was feeble south of the Loire, where Gothic and Gallo-Roman Law prevailed and a small Frankish settlement took place. However scarce, some Frankish population and nobles settled down in regions like Albigeois, Carcassonne (on
1734-686: The lands of Pamplona past the Pyrenees after ravaging Gascony , with a view to imposing his authority also in the Vasconia to south of Pyrenees. According to his biography, he achieved everything he wanted and after staying overnight in Pamplona, on his way back his army was attacked in Roncevaux in 812 , but narrowly escaped an engagement at the Pyrenean passes. Seguin (Sihiminus), count of Bordeaux and Duke of Vasconia , seemed to have attempted
1785-481: The languages around it, including Spanish and, to a lesser extent, French. The original Aquitania (named after the inhabitants) at the time of Caesar's conquest of Gaul included the area bounded by the river Garonne , the Pyrenees and the Atlantic Ocean. The name may stem from Latin 'aqua', maybe derived from the town "Aquae Augustae", "Aquae Tarbellicae" or just "Aquis" (Dax, Akize in modern Basque ) or as
1836-468: The later Middle Ages, this location was claimed to have been identified as Tervuren near Brussels ; recent scholarship, however, considers Voeren (Fourons), a location much closer to Liège than Brussels, to be the saint's likelier resting place. His feast day is 3 November. Hubert of Liège was a Frank ; the Franks were originally a Germanic people . Hubert is a Germanic masculine given name, from hug "mind" and beraht "bright". "Hubertus"
1887-501: The name to function grammatically in a sentence through declension . In a scientific context, the main purpose of Latinisation may be to produce a name which is internationally consistent. Latinisation may be carried out by: Humanist names, assumed by Renaissance humanists , were largely Latinised names, though in some cases (e.g. Melanchthon ) they invoked Ancient Greek . Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, sometimes involving
1938-691: The original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are: Latinisation is a common practice for scientific names . For example, Livistona , the name of a genus of palm trees, is a Latinisation of Livingstone . During the age of the Roman Empire , translation of names into Latin (in the West) or Greek (in the East) was common. Additionally, Latinised versions of Greek substantives , particularly proper nouns , could easily be declined by Latin speakers with minimal modification of
1989-651: The original word. During the medieval period , after the Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the main bastion of scholarship was the Roman Catholic Church , for which Latin was the primary written language. In the early medieval period, most European scholars were priests and most educated people spoke Latin, and as a result, Latin became firmly established as the scholarly language for the West. By
2040-408: The poor, was diligent in fasting and prayer, and became well known for his eloquence in the pulpit. In 720, in obedience to a vision, Hubert translated St. Lambert's remains from Maastricht to Liège with great pomp and ceremony, with several neighboring bishops assisting. A basilica for the relics was built upon the site of Lambert's martyrdom , and was consecrated as a cathedral the following year,
2091-631: The priesthood, was ordained, and soon afterward became one of Lambert's chief associates in the administration of his diocese. At the request of Lambert, Hubert made a pilgrimage to Rome in 708 in Lambert's name, but during his absence, Lambert was assassinated in Liège by the followers of Pepin. According to the hagiographies of Hubert, this act was simultaneously revealed to the pope in a vision, together with an injunction to appoint Hubert bishop of Maastricht . Hubert distributed his episcopal revenues among
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2142-545: The ruling class, like Odo. Still, in the Battle of Toulouse , the Aquitanian duke Odo was said to be leading an army of Aquitanians and Franks. On the other hand, the Franks did not mix with the Basques, keeping separate paths. In the periods before and after the Muslim thrust, the Basques are often cited in several accounts stirring against Frankish attempts to subdue Aquitaine (stretching up to Toulouse) and Vasconia, pointing to
2193-632: The south-west were the Aquitani , who were not considered Celtic people, but more akin to the Iberians (see Gallia Aquitania ). Although a number of different languages and dialects were in use in the area during ancient times, it is most likely that the prevailing language of Aquitaine during the late pre-historic to Roman period was an early form of the Basque language . This has been demonstrated by various Aquitanian names and words that were recorded by
2244-529: The south-west. Accounts of Aquitania during the Early Middle Ages are imprecise, but there was much unrest. The Visigoths were called into Gaul as foederati , legalizing their status within the Empire. Eventually they established themselves as the de facto rulers in south-west Gaul as central Roman rule collapsed. Visigoths established their capital in Toulouse , but their tenure on Aquitaine
2295-538: The stag, as it was believed that God had seen his hunting life as an unholy , sacrilegious one which would lead him to Hell . When Hubert became a priest, clergy were subsequently forbidden to hunt and if they did, would be required to do penance . Hubert is honored among sport hunters as the originator of ethical hunting behavior. In some versions of the story, the stag is said to have lectured Hubert to hold animals in higher regard and have compassion for them as God's creatures with value in their own right. For example,
2346-401: The title of King of Aquitaine took on a nominal value. In 1058, the Duchy of Vasconia (Gascony) and Aquitaine merged under the rule of William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine . The title "Duke of Aquitaine" was held by the counts of Poitiers from the 10th to the 12th century. Aquitaine passed to France in 1137 when the duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine married Louis VII of France , but their marriage
2397-508: The winter. Such is the legacy of Hubert, which is still taught today and who is held in high regard in the extensive, rigorous German and Austrian hunter education courses. His legacy is also followed by the French chasse à courre (hunting with hounds) masters, huntsmen, and followers who hunt deer, boar, and roe on horseback and are the last direct heirs of Hubert in Europe. Chasse à courre
2448-762: Was annulled in 1152. When Eleanor's new husband became King Henry II of England in 1154, the area became an English possession, and a cornerstone of the Angevin Empire . Aquitaine remained English until the end of the Hundred Years' War in 1453, when it was annexed by France. During the three hundred years that the region was ruled by the Kings of England , links between Aquitaine and England strengthened, with large quantities of wine produced in southwestern France being exported to London, Southampton , and other English ports. In fact, so much wine and other produce
2499-714: Was being exported to London and sold that by the start of the Hundred Years' War the profits from Aquitaine were the principal source of the English King's income per annum. The region served as a stronghold for the Protestant Huguenots during the 16th and 17th centuries, who suffered persecution at the hands of the French Catholics. The Huguenots called upon the English crown for assistance against forces led by Cardinal Richelieu . From
2550-569: Was feeble. In 507, they were expelled south to Hispania after their defeat in the Battle of Vouillé by the Franks, who became the new rulers in the area to the south of the Loire . The Roman Aquitania Tertia remained in place as Novempopulania , where a duke was appointed to hold a grip over the Basques ( Vascones/Wascones , rendered Gascons in English). These dukes were quite detached from central Frankish overlordship, sometimes governing as independent rulers with strong ties to their kinsmen south of
2601-470: Was widely venerated during the Middle Ages .The iconography of his legend is entangled with the legend of the martyr Saint Eustace . The Bollandists published seven early lives of Hubert ( Acta Sanctorum , November 3, 759 – 930 A.D. ); the first of these was the work of a contemporary, although it offers few details. Hubert died 30 May 727 A.D. in or near a place called (in Latin) Fura . In
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