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32-456: [REDACTED] Look up salient in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Salient may refer to: Salient (military) , a battlefield feature that projects into enemy territory Salient (geography) , an elongated protrusion of a territory Salient (heraldry) , an adjective describing a heraldic beast in a leaping attitude Salient pole ,

64-614: A US government IT services firm based in Fairfax, Virginia See also [ edit ] Salience (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Salient . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salient&oldid=1090804910 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

96-490: A larger body of friendly troops from enemy advances. They are usually deployed in a skirmish line , an irregular open formation that is much more spread out in depth and in breadth than a traditional line formation . Their purpose is to harass the enemy by engaging them in only light or sporadic combat to delay their movement, disrupt their attack, or weaken their morale. Such tactics are collectively called skirmishing . A battle with only light, relatively indecisive combat

128-570: A minor sapper role by placing cheval de frise to deter cavalry. A skirmish force screening the main body of infantry became so important to any army in the field that eventually, all major European powers developed specialised skirmishing infantry. Examples included the German Jäger , the French voltigeurs and the British riflemen . Muskets were the predominant infantry weapon of

160-411: A projecting electromagnetic pole of a field coil SALIENT , SALt Irradiation ExperimeNT, a thorium molten salt reactor Salient (magazine) , Victoria University of Wellington student publication Salient Software , a utility software company between 1990 and 1992, taken over by Fifth Generation Systems, meanwhile Symantec / Norton Salient Partners , an asset management firm Salient CRGT ,

192-703: A skirmish role was particularly effective in the Battle of Cowpens . The character of Natty Bumppo in James Fenimore Cooper 's novel The Last of the Mohicans was notably called La Longue Carabine by the French because of his skill with the long rifle , which was common among the Colonials. During the Napoleonic Wars , skirmishers played a key role in battles; they attempted to disrupt

224-573: A strong mobile force for the Greek and the Macedonian armies. The Celts did not, in general, favour ranged weapons . The exceptions tended not to include the use of skirmishers. The Britons used the sling and javelin extensively but for siege warfare, not skirmishing. Among the Gauls , likewise, the bow was employed to defend a fixed position. The Celts' lack of skirmishers cost them dearly during

256-411: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Salient (military) Salients can be formed in a number of ways. An attacker can produce a salient in the defender's line by either intentionally making a pincer movement around the military flanks of a strongpoint , which becomes the tip of the salient, or by making a broad, frontal attack which

288-469: Is held up in the centre but advances on the flanks. An attacker would usually produce a salient in his own line by making a broad, frontal attack that is successful only in the center, which becomes the tip of the salient. A salient can also be formed if the attacking army feigns retreat, tricking the defending forces to chase them down, leading to the main army being on all sides in a pre-arranged ambush. In trench warfare , salients are distinctly defined by

320-401: Is no mention of them in his account of the fighting. Often, Greek historians ignored them altogether, but Xenophon distinguished them explicitly from the statary troops. It was far cheaper to equip oneself as lightly armed than a fully-armed hoplite. Indeed, it was common for the lightly armed to go into battle equipped with stones. The low status of skirmishers reflected the low status of

352-456: Is often called a skirmish even if heavier troops are sometimes involved. Skirmishers can be either regular army units that are temporarily detached to perform skirmishing or specialty units that are specifically armed and trained for such low-level irregular warfare tactics. Light infantry, light cavalry, and irregular units often specialize in skirmishing. Skirmishers' open formations and smaller numbers can give them superior mobility over

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384-589: The Gallic Invasion of Greece of 279 BC when they found themselves helpless in the face of Aetolian skirmishing tactics. Thracians were famous for their skirmish war tactics and offered their services as mercenaries more than once in the Greek civil wars in ancient times. In the Punic Wars , despite the Roman and Carthaginian armies' different organisations, both had the role for skirmishers as screening

416-553: The Soviet Army routinely deployed more lightly armed motorized rifle regiments as skirmishers on the flanks or secondary sectors of a motorized rifle division on the offensive, and the heaviest units, backed by the heaviest armour, would fight in the division's main effort. The modern US military has light rapid-deployment Stryker brigade combat teams working with heavy-mechanized and armored units, with tracked M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles and M1 Abrams tanks forming

448-661: The American Civil War, the primary role of the infantry skirmish line was to screen the advance of a parent force and to disrupt the enemy's own reconnaissance efforts. With the mechanization of modern warfare , the role of infantry skirmishers was more or less combined with those of light cavalry , as mounted scouts in specialized reconnaissance vehicles took over the responsibility of screening large formations during maneuvers, in addition to conducting their own probing actions. Some modern military units still use light and heavily armed units in conjunction. For example,

480-537: The citizen legions . Medieval skirmishers were generally commoners armed with crossbows or longbows. In the 14th century, although long held in disdain by the aristocratic Castilian heavy cavalry, the crossbowmen contributed greatly to the Portuguese victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota . Similarly, English archers played a key role in the English victory over French heavy cavalry at the Battle of Crécy . In

512-433: The clash of the opposing main forces. The aims of skirmishing were to disrupt enemy formations by causing casualties before the main battle and to tempt the opposing infantry into attacking prematurely, thus throwing their organization into disarray. Skirmishers could also be effectively used to surround opposing soldiers in the absence of friendly cavalry . Once preliminary skirmishing was over, skirmishers participated in

544-420: The encircled forces have not allowed themselves to be encircled intentionally, as they may when defending a fortified position, which is usually called a siege. This is a similar distinction to that made between a skirmish and pitched battle . Skirmish Skirmishers are light infantry or light cavalry soldiers deployed as a vanguard , flank guard or rearguard to screen a tactical position or

576-695: The late 18th century, but the British Army learned firsthand of the importance of rifles during the American Revolutionary War and began experimenting with them shortly thereafter, resulting in the Baker rifle . Although slower to reload and more costly to produce than a musket, it was much more accurate and proved its worth during the Peninsular War . Throughout the conflict, British riflemen could selectively target and eliminate

608-571: The main armies. The Roman legions had a specialised infantry class, Velites , which acted as skirmish troops who engaged the enemy before the Roman heavy infantry made contact, and the Carthaginians recruited their skirmishers from the native peoples across the Carthaginian Empire . The Roman army of the late republican and early imperial periods frequently recruited foreign auxiliary troops to act as skirmishers to supplement

640-529: The main battle by shooting into the enemy formation, or they joined in melée combat with daggers or short swords. Their mobility made skirmishers also valuable for reconnaissance , especially in wooded or urban areas. In Classical Greece , skirmishers originally had a low status. For example, Herodotus , in his account of the Battle of Plataea of 479 BC, mentioned that the Spartan Army fielded 35,000 lightly armed helots to 5,000 hoplites , but there

672-406: The main enemy force by firing into their close-packed ranks and to prevent enemy skirmishers from doing the same to friendly troops. Because skirmishers generally fought in open order, they could take cover behind trees, houses, towers and similar items, thereby presenting unrewarding targets for small arms and artillery fire. Such tactics often made them vulnerable to cavalry. Some skirmishers had

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704-482: The next century, they largely repeated that feat at the Battle of Agincourt . Such disasters have been seen as marking the beginning of the end of the dominance of medieval cavalry in general and of the heavy cavalry in particular. The Seven Years' War and American Revolutionary War were two early conflicts in which the modern rifle began to make a significant contribution to warfare. Despite its lower rate of fire, its accuracy at long range offered advantages over

736-502: The officers and NCOs of French forces from outside musket range. During the War of 1812 , American riflemen again contributed to British casualties but also had to contend with the revised British light infantry tactics. A consequence of those wars' experiences was a trend to training line troops to adopt tactics that had been used only by skirmishers. The treatise New American Tactics , by General John Watts de Peyster , advocated making

768-538: The opposing lines of trenches, and they were commonly formed by the failure of a broad frontal attack. The static nature of the trenches meant that forming a pocket was difficult, but the vulnerable nature of salients meant that they were often the focus of attrition battles . In mobile warfare, such as the German Blitzkrieg , salients were more likely to be made into pockets which became the focus of annihilation battles . A pocket carries connotations that

800-477: The other force from gaining an effective intelligence picture by engaging their scouts, and likewise forcing them to deploy. By the late 19th century , the concept of fighting in formation was on the wane. Heavy infantry had disappeared, and all infantry effectively became skirmishers. The term has become obsolete, but as late as World War I , it continued to be associated with battlefield reconnaissance screens, which are essentially modern skirmish lines. As in

832-536: The poorer sections of society that made up skirmishers. Additionally, hit-and-run tactics went against the Greek ideal of heroism. Plato gives the skirmisher a voice to advocate "flight without shame" but only to denounce it as an inversion of decent values. Nevertheless, skirmishers then chalked up significant victories, such as the Athenian defeat at the hands of the Aetolian javelin men in 426 BC and, during

864-402: The primary combat force. Apartheid South Africa 's military doctrine stressed the use of highly-mobile, light-mechanized forces that could cover ground swiftly while they kept heavier enemy armoured and infantry formations off balance and did not engage until the conditions were favourable. The lightly armed South African units used tactics such as rapid movement, flank harassment and confusing

896-485: The regular forces, allowing them to engage only on favorable terms, taking advantage of better position or terrain, and quickly withdrawing from any threat of superior enemy forces. Though often critical in protecting the main army from sudden enemy advances, skirmishers are poor at taking or defending ground from heavy infantry or heavy cavalry . In modern times, following the obsolescence of such heavy troops, all infantry has become indistinguishable from skirmishers, and

928-537: The same war, the Athenian victory at the Battle of Sphacteria . Skirmisher infantry gained more respect in subsequent years, as their usefulness was more widely recognised and as the ancient bias against them waned. Peltasts , light javelin infantry, played a vital role in the Peloponnesian War , and well-equipped skirmisher troops such as thureophoroi and thorakites would be developed to provide

960-615: The skirmish line the new line of battle, which was then a revolutionary idea. During the American Civil War , cavalrymen often dismounted and formed a skirmish line to delay enemy troops who were advancing toward an objective. An example was the action of the Union cavalrymen led by Brigadier General John Buford on the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg . Skirmish lines were also used to harass enemy probing missions, hampering

992-531: The smoothbore musket , then commonly used by regular armies. In both wars, many American frontiersmen served in the militia . The Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War was assisted by such irregular troops, such as the Minutemen , who engaged in skirmishing tactics by firing from cover, rather than in the open-field engagements that were customary at the time. Their tactics were influenced by experiences in fighting Native Americans . Militia in

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1024-478: The term has effectively lost its original military meaning as a distinct class of soldier, although skirmishing as a combat role is commonplace. In ancient warfare , skirmishers typically carried bows , javelins , slings and sometimes light shields . Acting as light infantry with their light arms and minimal armour, they could run ahead of the main battle line; release a volley of arrows, sling stones, or javelins; and retreat behind their main battle line before

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