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80-581: A deeply religious Muslim of the Maliki school of religious jurisprudence of Sunni Islam , he organized his empire and justified its expansion with Islamic principles. Toure resisted French colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until his capture in 1898. He was the great-grandfather of Guinea's first president, Ahmed Sékou Touré . Samory Toure was born c.  1830 in Manyambaladugu,

160-408: A caravan transporting kola nuts . He described the visit in his book Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo . The town had a population of 6,000 inhabitants and was an important commercial centre with a market held three times a week. Instead of having a surrounding mud wall, the town was defended by quickset hedges . The chief of the town refused Caillié permission to travel along the river to

240-453: A Sufi order. Including: The Maliki school's sources for Sharia are hierarchically prioritized as follows: Quran and then widely transmitted Hadiths (sayings, customs and actions of Muhammad); `Amal (customs and practices of the people of Medina), followed by Ahad Hadith, and then followed by consensus of the Sahabah (the companions of Muhammad), then individual opinion from

320-526: A few cola for you to stop this war." With that, he gave Diakite a large bribe to switch sides. The next morning, Diakite's troops fired on Samory's without having loaded bullets into their guns, then turned and helped route Kourouma, who was captured and beheaded. Samory was now Faama of all the land between the Milo , the Sankarani , and Dion rivers . After his victory in the battle of Saman-saman, in 1875

400-535: A force of the Southern Nigeria Regiment under Henderson marched on the town but were defeated at Dokita, then later routed and Henderson was captured at Wa . Knowing this setback would prompt an aggressive British response, the French again sent Braulot, at the head of an armed column, to try to acquire Bouna by negotiation. Saranken Mori initially accepted. But when Braulot arrived at Bouna, he

480-401: A force to establish a fort there on February 1, 1883. Kebe Brema, Samori's brother, led a force to Bamako to lure the French out of their defenses. They fought two battles at Woyo Wayanko creek in early April, with Kebe Brema winning the first but eventually being forced to retreat. In January 1885 Toure sent an embassy to Freetown, offering to put his kingdom under British protection . While

560-566: A fort at Siguiri and were blocking all trade with the Sahel or Senegal . As the siege dragged on, anyone living near the road to Bissandougou was forced into service as porters or had their food appropriated by the soldiers. When a rumor began that Samory himself was dead, another massive rebellion broke out. By the end of the 1888 rainy season, he was forced to abandon the siege. His starving, desperate troops again brutally sacked Wassoulou, massacring any rebels they found. In February 1889 Samory and

640-609: A head, and diplomatic outreach came to nothing. While marching to confront Morlaye, Samory passed through Kankan and asked the Kaba to contribute troops. With the Cissés being fellow Muslims as well as relative by marriage, and feeling sidelined in the alliance, they refused, breaking the accord of Tintioule. Samory left his brother Keme Brema to besiege Kankan while he marched to face the Cissé. He captured Morlaye at Sirinkoro, and then defeated

720-611: A popular resistance movement. Monteil stumbled onto the sofas on March 2, to the surprise of both sides; in a battle on the 14th, the French were forced to retreat and abandon Kong, which pledged fealty to Samory in April. He would enjoy nearly two years to consolidate his new empire without significant French intervention. Samory's sofa forces has been depleted by war and the wholesale migration east. His defeat of Babemba Traore at Kaloua in September 1894, however, boosted his prestige among

800-666: A population of 198,013 people as of 2020. The city is located in eastern Guinea about 555 kilometres (345 miles) east of the national capital Conakry . The city is the capital and largest town of the Kankan Prefecture and of the Kankan Region with its population being largely from the Mandinka ethnic group. Kankan had different names before being dubbed Kankan during Arafan Kabine's rule as patriarch, which means 'the defenses' (or 'God protect our city from all

880-523: Is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . It was founded by Malik ibn Anas ( c.  711–795 CE ) in the 8th century. The Maliki school of jurisprudence relies on the Quran and hadiths as primary sources. Unlike other Islamic fiqhs, Maliki fiqh also considers the consensus of the people of Medina to be a valid source of Islamic law . The Maliki school

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960-614: Is one of the largest groups of Sunni Muslims, comparable to the Shafi’i madhhab in adherents, but smaller than the Hanafi madhhab. Sharia based on Maliki Fiqh is predominantly found in North Africa (excluding northern and eastern Egypt), West Africa , Chad , Sudan , Kuwait , Bahrain , Qatar , the Emirate of Dubai ( UAE ), and in northeastern parts of Saudi Arabia . In

1040-500: Is remembered as a tyrant. Samory's great-grandson, Ahmed Sékou Touré , was elected as the first President of Guinea after it became independent. Today, his tomb is at the Camayanne Mausoleum , within the gardens of Conakry Grand Mosque . Maliki school Others In terms of Ihsan : The Maliki school or Malikism ( Arabic : ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْمَالِكِيّ , romanized :  al-madhhab al-mālikī )

1120-460: Is so complete that it is considered in Maliki school to be a sound hadith in itself. Mālik included the practices of the people of Medina and where the practices are in compliance with or in variance with the hadiths reported. This is because Mālik regarded the practices of Medina (the first three generations) to be a superior proof of the "living" sunnah than isolated, although sound, hadiths. Mālik

1200-643: The Bandama and Comoe River to Dabakala in February 1895. His objective, and the key to the whole region, was the ancient Dyula trading city of Kong . The city had nominally accepted French protection during Louis-Gustave Binger 's visit in 1892, and the colonial leaders sought to formalize this relationship by putting together a column led by Col. Monteil in August 1894. The force did not leave Grand Bassam , however, until February 1895, and its arrival sparked

1280-677: The Bate Empire , a theocratic state ruled by the Kaba dynasty of Kankan , sent commissioners to Touré in Bissandougou. Karamo Mori Kaba asked for an alliance against his pagan neighbors, particularly the Condé clan based in Gbérédou. This Samory accepted, sealing the pact with a meeting at Tintioule . As part of this holy alliance, Samory deepened his knowledge of Islam studying with a Mauritanian teacher named Sidiki Cherif. After clearing

1360-587: The British colony of Sierra Leone . He opened regular contacts with the colonial administration there. By 1878 he was strong enough to proclaim himself Faama (military leader) of his Wassoulou Empire . While Samory had been conquering in the north of his empire in the years 1875-8, Sere Brema Cissé's nephew Morlaye had pushed into the Sankaran region, exploiting Samory's relative lack of influence there but attacking some of his allies. The situation now reached

1440-580: The Brussels Conference Act of 1890 . On March 10, 1891, a French force under Colonel Louis Archinard set out from Nyamina for a surprise attack on Kankan , rendering all the previous treaties moot. He expected to subdue Samory in a few weeks with a lightning campaign. Knowing his fortifications could not stop French artillery , Toure began a war of manoeuvre and scorched earth. Despite victories against isolated French columns (for example at Dabadugu in September 1891), he failed to push

1520-609: The Qur'an as primary source, followed by the sayings, customs/traditions and practices of Muhammad , transmitted as hadiths. In the Mālikī school, said tradition includes not only what was recorded in hadiths, but also the legal rulings of the four rightly guided caliphs – especially Umar . Malik bin Anas himself also accepted binding consensus and analogical reasoning along with the majority of Sunni jurists, though with conditions. Consensus

1600-625: The Sahabah , Qiyas (analogy), Istislah (interest and welfare of Islam and Muslims), and finally Urf (custom of people throughout the Muslim world if it did not contradict the hierarchically higher sources of Sharia). The Mālikī school primarily derives from the work of Malik ibn Anas , particularly the Muwatta Imam Malik , also known as Al-Muwatta . The Muwaṭṭa relies on Sahih Hadiths , includes Malik ibn Anas' commentary, but it

1680-665: The Senufo people , many of whom joined the army. He also tried to build an anti-European alliance with the Ashanti Empire , but this attempt failed when they were defeated by the British . Toure accorded the city of Kong numerous privileges, but the local Dyula merchants' commerce with the coast, dominated by the French, had slowed since their absorption into the Wassoulou empire. When Samory, looking to push further east into

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1760-693: The Toucouleur Empire , the French were compelled to negotiate the Treaty of Kenieba Koura, signed on March 28, 1886. This pact recognized French hegemony over the left bank of the Niger as far upstream as Siguiri , and Samory's control of Bure and the Manding region. As part of the agreement, Samory's eldest son and heir Djaoulen-Karamo was sent on a diplomatic/fact finding/goodwill mission to France. While Samory had been nominally fighting for Islam since

1840-549: The medieval era , the Maliki school was also found in parts of Europe under Islamic rule , particularly Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily . A major historical center of Maliki teaching, from the 9th to 11th centuries, was in the Mosque of Uqba of Tunisia. One who ascribes to the Maliki school is called a Maliki , Malikite or Malikist ( Arabic : ٱلْمَالِكِيّ , romanized :  al-mālikī , pl. ٱلْمَالِكِيَّة , al-mālikiyya ). Although Malik ibn Anas

1920-463: The British apart. Capt. Paul Braulot  [ fr ] came south from the Niger bend to attempt to negotiate another protectorate but was rebuffed, as Toure wanted only to live apart from the French. In April 1897, British Governor William Edward Maxwell of the Gold Coast tried to intimidate Saranken Mori, Samory's son and the commander in the region, into abandoning Bouna. When this failed,

2000-523: The British did not want to risk angering the French, they allowed Toure to buy large numbers of modern repeating rifles . When an 1885 French expedition under Col. A. V. A. Combes attempted to seize the Buré gold fields by capturing Niagassola , Toure counter-attacked. Dividing his army into three mobile columns, he worked his way around the French lines of communication and quickly forced them to withdraw. Already embroiled in conflict with Mahmadu Lamine and

2080-460: The French back to the Niger. This victory won Toure a reputation as the African leader who could stand up to the invading toubab, massively boosting his prestige and recruitment, as well as providing a blueprint for future engagements. In the aftermath of Samaya, some of the leaders of Bamako began making overtures to Toure. The French, eager to possess this key strategic town on the Niger, rushed

2160-621: The French from the core of his kingdom. Archinard had little trouble capturing Kankan on April 11 and then a deserted Bissandougou , but Toure had left little worth taking. They set up a garrison in Kankan, where they reinstalled Daye Kaba as a puppet ruler. Samory organized a great assembly in August 1891 in Missamaghana, inviting his son in law Mangbe-Amadou Toure of the Kabadougou Kingdom , also called Kabassarana. The empire

2240-427: The French signed yet another treaty, this time at Niako, that pushed colonial control further south. The Almamy was in a relatively weak position after the debacle at Sikasso, and the French were still focused on Segou. They soon broke some of the verbal promises that had been made at Niako relative to the return of fugitives and rebels. In another blow, the British had stopped selling breechloading guns in accordance with

2320-614: The French, although unable to corner Toure's armies in Guinea, did manage to capture Faranah and block resupply routes to Liberia and Sierra Leone , Wassoulou's primary source of modern weaponry. This left Samory reliant on a longer route through the Gold Coast . The Wassoulou vassals in Kissidougou and the rest of the western- and southernmost parts of the empire surrendered, and the French looked to rebuild profitable colonies in

2400-520: The French, for the next seven years. Archinard's replacement Col. Pierre Humbert arrived in Kankan in January 1892 and led a small, well-supplied force of picked men on an attack on Bissandougou. The sofas fought defensive battles at the Soumbe and Diamanko creeks the 11th and 12th, taking heavy casualties but doing serious damage to the French and nearly capturing the enemy artillery, but could not save

2480-427: The Gold Coast to secure new sources of guns, retreated rather than fight a French force, they sought to take advantage of his weakness by intercepting arms caravans and opening channels to invite the French back. When the discontent eventually broke into open revolt, Samory destroyed the city on May 23, 1897. The force that the sofas had encountered was part of France's efforts to control Bouna while keeping Samory and

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2560-461: The Maliki school does not assign as much weight to analogy, but derives its rulings from pragmatism using the principles of istislah (public interest) wherever the Quran and Sahih Hadiths do not provide explicit guidance. The Maliki school differs from the other Sunni schools of law most notably in the sources it uses for derivation of rulings. Like all Sunni schools of Sharia, the Maliki school uses

2640-589: The Samory years, and therefore that the communities owed their lives and allegiance to them. During the interwar period, however, African intellectuals began to rehabilitate Toure's memory. He became a hero and rallying cry for anti-colonial parties in Guinea and Mali, but was also used by their opponents. Since independence, Samory Toure has been generally remembered as a hero and martyr of African resistance to European colonialism. In some communities in southern Mali that suffered brutal repression under his rule, however, he

2720-626: The alliance with the Imamate of Fula Djallon in 1879, in July 1884 he convened a council to officially proclaim Islam as the state religion, crack down on animist practices, and formally take the title of Almamy . At roughly the same time, the frontier on the Bagoe river between the Samory's lands and the Kenedougou Kingdom was descending into violence as forces from both sides raided into

2800-616: The army sent to rescue him. Soon he had trapped Sere Brema in Worokoro, which soon fell. Meanwhile, an effort to relieve the siege of Kankan led by the Sakhos of Koundian and the Coulibalis of Keniera who had also revolted against Samory failed and the city was captured. Daye Kaba, who commanded the garrison of the suburb of Karfamoria, managed to escape to Keniera and later to Segou , where he took refuge with Ahmadu Tall . His family

2880-467: The attacks'), due to successives attacks by the unfaithful people. But there are other terms which says that during the Kaba's negotiation of the place from Conde's, they were informed to install where the people made the Kankan (A fixed wood that Mandes often used as a door), and there were no other human settlement between Makonon and Diankana (30 km) during this moment. The other terms are used by

2960-529: The colonial army was engaged in a campaign to take Segou . With the French now supposed allies, he turned his full force against Kenedougou, beginning a siege of their capital Sikasso in April that would last 15 months. During this period the army was well equipped with modern firearms and boasted a complex structure of permanent units. It was divided into an infantry wing of sofa and a cavalry wing. In 1887 Samori could field 30,000 to 35,000 infantry and about 3,000 cavalry, in regular squadrons of 50 each. There

3040-630: The daily practice of az-Zubayr as his source of "living sunnah" (living tradition) for his guideline to pass verdicts for various matters, in accordance of his school of though method. The second source, the Al-Mudawwana, is the collaborator work of Mālik's longtime student, Ibn Qāsim and his mujtahid student, Sahnun . The Mudawwanah consists of the notes of Ibn Qāsim from his sessions of learning with Mālik and answers to legal questions raised by Saḥnūn in which Ibn Qāsim quotes from Mālik, and where no notes existed, his own legal reasoning based upon

3120-400: The end of the 1887 dry season, the last holdouts had been starved into submission. As the Wassoulou region came back under his control, Samory looked to shore up his northern flank. On March 23, 1887, he signed the treaty of Bissandougou with the French. The terms were similar to the treaty signed the year before, although he did accept a French protectorate that Samory saw as unenforceable, as

3200-424: The enemy. To protect his arms caravans, Samory formed a non-aggression pact with Aguibou Tall of Dinguiraye in 1878, then an alliance with the almamy of the Imamate of Futa Jallon Ibrahima Sory Dara in 1879. He sent the remains of the son of El Hadj Oumarou Tall , Seydou, who had died at Norasoba, to Dinguiraye for burial. By this point, he was importing breech-loading rifles via the port of Freetown in

3280-648: The griots, that there were too much of the Kankan-Kissè (an arborescent name) in to the area that Kankan settled in, so the Conde's told the Kaba to install this place, which made the Kaba to rename it as Kankan. Those terms have no sources and the speakers didn't know anything about Kankan's history. The city is located on the Milo River , a tributary of the Niger River . According to oral histories, Kankan

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3360-522: The immediate environs of Kankan, Samory and the Kaba launched a successful 10-month siege of Koumban upstream of Kankan on the left bank of the Milo. He won over Gbérédou-Baranama and Jadaba Conde (likely an ancestor of Alpha Condé ) of Baro . Rather than facing down the important center of Kouroussa he marched down the banks of the Niger river , conquering or negotiating with various chiefs. The final step

3440-527: The leaders of Bissandougou , and taking the village of Faranfina by a ruse. This first expansionist phase, lasting from 1866 to 1873, saw Samory's army and influence grow dramatically as members of his mother's Camara clan and numerous other volunteers were attracted by his success. Samory's 1873 capture of Bissandougou represented a declaration of war against Nantenin Famoudou Kourouma, pagan king of Saboudou, who kept his capital at Worokoro. Samori

3520-666: The north as the town of Kankan was fighting for control of the Bouré gold producing area around Siguiri and the Tinkisso River . Instead Caillié left the town heading east in the direction of Minignan in the Ivory Coast. After defeating Jamoro Aji and Ouorokodo Famoudou in the Battle of Saman-Saman, Kankan sent emissaries to join the theocratic alliance led by Samori Ture and signed the peace treaty with him. While Samori

3600-474: The once-again abandoned city. The French kept chasing Samori's army south, facing ambushes, guerilla warfare, and scorched earth the whole way, installing garrisons at Bissandougou and Kerouane . At another council at Frankonedou on May 9, 1892, Samory and his allies decided to rebase the empire in Kabadougou, devastating each area before evacuating it to delay French pursuit. During the first months of 1893

3680-462: The other, and Tieba Traore 's army sought to spark a rebellion in the Wassoulou region. With famine and instability widespread, when Samory's forces started forcing conversion to Islam and destroying local sacred sites in 1885, the populace rebelled. Rebels massacred sofa garrisons at Siondougou and Fulala. Samory sent Keme Brema to deal with the situation, and he brutally put down the rebellion. By

3760-586: The predominantly-Zahiri Almohads , at which point Malikis were tolerated at times but lost official favor. With the Reconquista , the Iberian Peninsula was lost to the Muslims in totality. Although Al-Andalus was eventually lost, the Maliki has been able to retain its dominance throughout North and West Africa to this day. Additionally, the school has traditionally been the preferred school in

3840-647: The prince Sere Brahima, whose older brother Sere Bourlaye was king in Madina . He went to Madina to exchange himself for his mother, and served seven years as a warrior for the Cissé. In their service he learned to handle firearms, the arts of war, and discipline, and converted to Islam. Brave and intelligent, he moved quickly up the ranks. Sere Bourlaye died in 1859. Soon afterwards Sere Brahima, who succeeded him, freed Samory and his mother, and they returned to Sanankoro. According to tradition, he remained "seven years, seven months, seven days" before leaving with his mother. At

3920-572: The principles he learned from Mālik. These two books, i.e. the Muwaṭṭah and Mudawwanah, along with other primary books taken from other prominent students of Mālik, would find their way into the Mukhtaṣar Khalīl , which would form the basis for the later Mālikī madhhab. The Maliki school is most closely related to the Hanafi school, differing in degree, not in kind. However, unlike the Hanafi school,

4000-561: The railroad originating in Conakry . This was eventually completed in 1914, enhancing Kankan's longstanding position as a crossroads of trade. By 1922 it was widely seen as the second city of Guinea, after the capital Conkary. Kankan has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ). The Julius Nyerere University of Kankan was founded in 1964. Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also Christian churches and temples :

4080-450: The severity of conflicts, increasing the number of fatalities. Toure was a troublesome youth, leading a group of local boys who would steal fruit from fields. To put him on a better path, his father bought him some merchandise and sent him off to become a merchant trading kola nuts from the coast for cloth. In 1853 Sanankoro was raided by the Cissé clan and Samory's mother was captured by

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4160-540: The siege over Kankan, but they were repelled and massacred until they crossed the River Gbourouroun, the border between two cities. . After having driven out the Kaba, Samori installed a puppet ruler. Kaba, meanwhile, joined the French colonial forces in Ségou , fighting with them until they captured Kankan in 1891, at which point the dynasty was restored. In 1904, the city was chosen as the final destination for

4240-605: The small Arab States of the Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar). While the majority of the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia follows Hanbali laws, the country's Eastern Province has been known as a Maliki stronghold for centuries. Although initially hostile to some mystical practices, Malikis eventually learned to coexist with Sufi customs as the latter became widespread throughout North and West Africa. Many Muslims now adhere to both Maliki law and

4320-461: The small island of Missanga in the middle of the Ogooué River near Ndjolé , was known as the 'dry guillotine' due to the death rate among prisoners. He died there of pneumonia on June 2, 1900, at 4:45 pm. In the first decades of colonial domination in southern Mali and northeastern Guinea, the French framed their conquest as having delivered the locals from the violence and insecurity of

4400-493: The son of Kemo Lanfia Toure, a Dyula weaver and merchant, and Sokhona Camara. The family moved to Sanankoro soon after his birth. Toure grew up as West Africa was being transformed through growing contacts and trade with the Europeans in commodities, artisan goods and products. European trade made some African trading states rich. The trade in firearms changed traditional West African patterns of warfare and heightened

4480-443: The time, the Manding region had many war bands that were indistuinguishable from bandits. Unable to settle into a peaceful life, Samory joined one of these groups but, with his reputation as a warrior, came into conflict with the incumbent leader. After being whipped for insubordination, he left for another band of which he soon took control. His force would set up outside villages, feeding themselves by extorting passing peasants until

4560-441: The towns that had sheltered their inhabitants during exile. Timbo neighborhood still exists today. . Another later invasion from Wassoulou, led by the kings Diédi and Djiba (or DJI ), attempted to conquer Kankan but it was defeated by Alpha-Mamoudou Kaba. . The French explorer René Caillié spent a month in Kankan in 1827 during his journey from Boké , in present-day Guinea, to Djenné and Timbuktu in Mali. He arrived with

4640-434: The treaty of Dielibakoro Samory looked to the gold fields of Buré , annexing Fodekaria (Balimana), then crossing the Milo river and where many of the local chiefs joined the alliance. He subdued the Wassoulou region, which would eventually give its name to his entire empire despite the fact that it was rather peripheral to it. During this series of campaigns he arrested and beheaded Jamoro Adjigbe Diakite for conspiring with

4720-406: The unfamiliar mountainous territory of western Ivory Coast , hostile locals, and colonial attacks turned the campaign into a disaster. Thousands died of starvation. Using information from sofa deserters, the French captain Henri Gouraud surprised Toure's forces at Guelemou on September 29, 1898, and captured the Almamy without a fight. Samory Toure was brought to Kayes , and on December 22, 1898,

4800-410: The upper reaches of the Nile in what is now Sudan . Their drive south-east to link up with their bases in Côte d'Ivoire put them directly in conflict with Toure. After fleeing his native Kankan, Daye Kaba had made contact with the French, who had a garrison at Kita in present-day Mali . The commander Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes sent an envoy to Samory Toure to announce that Kiniéran , where Kaba

4880-412: The village accepted Samory's authority, then they moved on. Their first serious obstacle was the fortified village of Tere, defended by Sere Brema's governor in the region. Samory failed both to capture it and to bribe the governor, Dianka, into switching sides. Still, he managed to capture all of the Toron region either by force or diplomacy, building alliances with the powerful Konate family of Gbodou and

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4960-430: The warlord Bourama Diakite from Wassoulou drove the inhabitants of the Bate region, including Kankan, intto Fouta Jalon , where they took refuge in Timbo and Fougoumba due to their shared Islamic background. Their exile lasted seven years. Upon their return in 1770 they rebuilt and fortified the town and renamed it Kankan , meaning 'protected city'. The new town was built in six districts, two of which were named after

5040-464: The wartorn lands rather than push further. Samory Toure's empire in the Manding region was now gone, but he still commanded some 12000 infantry, 2000 cavalry, and had a moving retinue of some 120,000 people as he pushed east. Encouraged by Babemba Traore , who had succeeded his brother Tieba as faama of Kenedougou, the Bambara country again rose in revolt in 1894, blocking Samory's access to Sahelian horses. He moved his base out of Kabadougou toward

5120-408: Was a student of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and 6th Shi'ite Imam ), as with Imam Abu Hanifah . Thus all of the four great Imams of Sunni Fiqh are connected to Ja'far, whether directly or indirectly. The Malikis enjoyed considerably more success in Africa, and for a while in Spain and Sicily. Under the Umayyads and their remnants, the Maliki school

5200-437: Was also a reserve, one out of every ten men from every village, such that each of the empire's 10 provinces could furnish 10,000 men. The elite troops were equipped with the Gras rifle , which local blacksmiths had learned to repair and even build from scratch, but not in the quantities necessary to supply the entire army. The siege marked the high water mark of Toure's power and the beginning of his decline. The Tata of Sikasso

5280-492: Was beaten in their first battle and fell back into the heart of his lands. The night before battle beneath the walls of Bissandougou, Samory went to negotiate with Jamoro Adjigbe Diakite, one of Kourouma's most powerful lieutenants. "I believe that you are wrong to fight against your brother Muslim," he said. "You are Fula and the Fula are Muslim, and I am Touré and the Touré clan are Manden-Mori (Muslim of Mande), and one Muslim can't fight against his brother Muslim. I brought you

5360-463: Was condemned to exile, despite his wish to return to southern Guinea. His wife Saranken Konate, who had often ruled as regent during his absences from Bissandougou, refused to accompany him. Emotionally devastated, he was taken to Saint-Louis, Senegal on January 4, 1899. He attempted suicide the night before he was scheduled to be deported to Gabon but survived and finally embarked on February 5. The prison camp where Samory Toure spent his last years,

5440-456: Was founded in 1690 by Daouda Kaba, whose ancestors had come from Diafounou, in what is now Mali, a few decades earlier. His uncle Fodemoudou Conde, chief of the nearby village Makonon, gave Kaba the land on the banks of the Milo river near where the bridge is today, which was open bush. The hamlet was originally called Fadou (place of plenty), then Kaourou (prosperous place), then Nabaya (place of welcome). Another tradition holds that Kankan

5520-407: Was founded in the mid 17th century by Dyula traders of the Sarif and Sanyo families. By the 18th century it was an important religious center under the great marabout and Islamic scholar Alfa Kaabinè Kaba as well as a center of trade linking the coast, the kola nut growing regions, and the Niger river valley to the north. During this period Kankan was the capital of the Bate Empire . In 1763

5600-420: Was himself a native of Medina, his school faced fierce competition for followers in the Muslim east, with the Shafi'i , Hanbali , and Zahiri schools all enjoying more success than Malik's school. It was eventually the Hanafi school, however, that earned official government favor from the Abbasids . Imam Malik (who was a teacher of Imam Ash-Shafi‘i , who in turn was a teacher of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal )

5680-409: Was killed and his column destroyed outside the city on August 20, 1897, restarting the war between the French and Samory Toure. The fall of the Kenedougou capital of Sikasso on May 1, 1898, permitted French colonial forces to launch a concentrated assault against Toure. He soon was forced to migrate once again, this time towards Liberia. Hoping to live off the land while marching, a combination of

5760-507: Was one of the most well-developed defensive systems in West Africa at the time, and Samory had no artillery. His supply lines relied on porters to bring food and ammunition from Bissandougou through still-hostile Bambara territory. Roads became quagmires during the rainy season, and dysentery struck the army, devastating the men and killing Kebe Brema among other important leaders. Meanwhile, the French, far from acting as allies, had built

5840-485: Was only accepted as a valid source of law if it was drawn from the first generation of Muslims in general, or the first, second or third generations from Medina, while analogy was only accepted as valid as a last resort when an answer was not found in other sources. Kankan Kankan ( Mandingo : Kánkàn; N’ko : ߞߊ߲ߞߊ߲߫) is the largest city in Guinea in land area , and the third largest in population, with

5920-449: Was particularly scrupulous about authenticating his sources when he did appeal to them, as well as his comparatively small collection of aḥādith, known as al-Muwaṭṭah (or, The Straight Path). The example of Maliki approach in using the opinion of Sahabah were recorded in Muwatta Imam Malik per ruling of cases regarding the law of consuming Gazelle meat. This tradition were used from opinion of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam . Malik also included

6000-861: Was promoted as the official state code of law, and Maliki judges had free rein over religious practices; in return, the Malikis were expected to support and legitimize the government's right to power. This dominance in Spanish Andalus from the Umayyads up to the Almoravids continued, with Islamic law in the region dominated by the opinions of Malik and his students. The Sunnah and Hadith , or prophetic tradition in Islam, played lesser roles as Maliki jurists viewed both with suspicion, and few were well versed in either. The Almoravids eventually gave way to

6080-484: Was put on a war footing, collecting metal to melt into bullets, stocking granaries, recruiting soldiers etc. While the best-armed troops resisted the French using French-made repeater rifles, those armed with the bolt-action chassepot conquered new territory to the east to use as a strategic reserve, and men with flintlocks served as the home guard or internal security. With this system, Samory could fall back into territory already conquered and organized, leaving no food for

6160-504: Was removed from power in Kankan, whose inhabitants were spared a sack but forced to pay a large indemnity in gold. With this great trading center secure, the Wassoulou Empire extended through the territory of present-day Guinea and southern Mali, from what is now Sierra Leone to northern Côte d'Ivoire . The French began to expand into the heart of West Africa in the late 1870s, pushing eastward from Senegal to ultimately reach

6240-439: Was sheltering, was now a French protectorate. Unimpressed, Toure sacked the town on February 21, 1882. A French relief column arrived too late, but pursued the Wassoulou army, which turned and fought at Samaya on the 26th. The sofas traditional frontal charges became a slaughter when faced with the latest French weaponry, but Samory quickly pivoted by adopting effective guerilla tactics and hit-and-run cavalry attacks. They harassed

6320-402: Was the city of Norassoba , which fell after a 9 month siege and joined the Samory's alliance. With this victory, Kouroussa's chief Karinkan-Oulen Doumbouya was left with no allies and agreed to submit, with Samory confirming him in his position. He continued on to the capital of Joma (Dioma), Dielibakoro ; one of Toure's griots was from there, managed to negotiate their peaceful submission. After

6400-466: Was trying to conquering the Cissé kingdom, he called on Bate (Kankan) to help him, but Kankan categorically refused because one of the Séré-Bréma's wives, Mali Kaba, was from Kankan. Samori saw this as a betrayal, and in 1879 sent troops to besiege the town within three months. Mamadi Kaba (commonly known as Dayi Kaba ) escaped the besieged city. During this siege, Karifamoudouya sent troops to break

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