40-534: Samyukta , also known as Sanyogita or Sanjukta , was the daughter of Jaichand , the King of Kannauj , and one of three wives of Prithviraj Chauhan . The love between Prithviraj and Samyukta is one of India's most popular medieval romances, composed by Chand Bardai in Prithviraj Raso . At the peak of his reign, Prithviraj had annexed vast regions of India to his kingdom, and his fame had spread all across
80-460: A digvijaya campaign (conquest in all directions). At the end of this campaign, he conducted a rajasuya ceremony to proclaim his supremacy. However, none of the Gahadavala inscriptions mention such a ceremony by Jaichand. The contemporary literary work Rambha-Manjari , which presents Jaichand as a hero, does not mention this campaign either. According to the text, Jaichand also conducted
120-486: A svayamvara (husband selection) ceremony for his daughter Samyukta. He did not invite Prithviraj to this ceremony, but Samyukta had fallen in love with Prithviraj, and decided to select him as her husband. Prithviraj came to the ceremony and eloped with the princess after a fight with Jaichand's men. This anecdote is not supported by any historical evidence either. It is possible that Jaichand and Prithviraj were political rivals, as indicated by their non-cooperation against
160-465: A conflict between Jaichand and Prithviraj. Neither Chahamana nor Gahadavala inscriptions mention any such conflict. The text claims that Jaichand assisted the Chandela king Paramardi in a battle against Prithviraj. The Chandelas were defeated in this battle. The inscriptional evidence confirms that Prithviraj defeated Paramardi, but there is no evidence for a Gahadavala-Chandela alliance. That said, it
200-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
240-521: A million soldiers and 700 elephants . The Hindu accounts (such as Prithviraj Raso and Vidyapati 's Purusha-Pariksha ) claim that Jayachandra defeated the Ghurids multiple times. The contemporary Muslim accounts, on the other hand, mention only two battles: one relatively minor engagement and the Battle of Chandwar , in which Jayachandra was killed. The Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor had defeated
280-707: A modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
320-698: A prince, Jayachandra was initiated as a worshipper of Krishna by the Vaishnavite guru Praharaja-Sharman. Nevertheless, after ascending the throne, Jayachandra assumed the dynasty's traditional title Parama-Maheshvara ("devotee of Shiva "). His Kamauli grant inscription states that he made a village grant and performed tulapurusha ceremony in the presence of the god Kṛittivāsa (an epithet of Shiva). An inscription discovered at Bodh Gaya suggests that Jayachandra also showed interest in Buddhism . This inscription begins with an invocation to Gautam Buddha ,
360-435: Is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called a macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto ,
400-684: Is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to
440-473: Is believed to have invaded the Gahadavala territory, but this invasion may have taken place after Jayachandra's death. The Muslim Ghurids invaded Jayachandra's kingdom in the 1193 CE. The Muslim accounts describe Jayachandra as the Rāi of Banaras ( King of Banaras ). According to Ibn Asir 's Kamil ut-Tawarikh , Jayachandra was "the greatest king of India and possessed the largest territory", and his army had
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#1732783878887480-581: Is known that Paramardi's grandfather Madanavarman had friendly relations with the Gahadavalas. It is also possible that Gahadavalas may have supported the Chandelas, because the Chahamanas were a common rival of these two kingdoms. This hypothesis notwithstanding, there is no evidence to suggest that Jayachandra and Prithviraja were rivals. Prithviraj Raso further claims that Jaichand launched
520-542: Is same as Samyukta, there is no concrete evidence to support the Prithviraj Raso narrative of Samyuka's abduction and marriage to Prithviraj Chauhan. "Samyukta", which means "united" in Sanskrit , is a popular girl's name in modern India. The life of Prithviraj Chauhan has also been the subject of a television show aired on Star Plus titled Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan , the character of Sanyogita
560-541: The Bodhisattavas , and one Shrimitra (Śrimītra). Shrimitra is named as a perceptor ( diksha -guru ) of Kashisha Jayachchandra, identified with the king Jayachandra. The inscription records the construction of a guha (cave monastery) at Jayapura. IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It
600-629: The Chahamana king Prithviraja III in 1192 CE. According to Hasan Nizami 's 13th century text Taj-ul-Maasir , he decided to attack the Gahadavala kingdom after taking control of Ajmer , Delhi and Kol . He dispatched a 50,000-strong army commanded by Qutb ud-Din Aibak . Nizami states that this army defeated "the army of the enemies of the Religion" ( Islam ). It appears that the defeated army
640-531: The Gahadavala dynasty of northern India. He is also known as Jayachchandra ( IAST : Jayaccandra) in inscriptions, and Jaichand in vernacular legends. He ruled the Antarvedi country in the Gangetic plains , including the important cities of Kannauj and Varanasi . His territory included much of the present-day eastern Uttar Pradesh and some parts of western Bihar . The last powerful king of his dynasty, he
680-763: The ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H
720-678: The Somavanshi king of Kataka . Jaichand's father Vijayachandra had defeated Mukunda-deva, who concluded a peace treaty by marrying his daughter to prince Jaichand. Samyukta was the issue of this marriage. This narrative is historically inaccurate: the Somavanshi dynasty did not have any king named Mukunda-deva. Moreover, the Somavanshis had already been displaced by the Gangas before Vijayachandra's ascension. The text also talks of
760-462: The cavalry , the infantry and the elephant corps " ) and Vividha-vidya-vichara-vachaspati ("patron of different branches of learning"). Jayachandra's inscriptions praise him using the conventional grandiloquent terms, but do not mention any concrete achievement of the king. The records of his neighbouring Hindu kings ( Paramara , Chahamana , Chandela and Kalachuri ) do not mention any conflict with him either. The Sena king Lakshmana Sena
800-569: The Gahadavala treasury at the Asni fort. The identification of Asni is not certain, but most historians believe it to be the present-day Asni village in Fatehpur district . Afterwards, the Ghurids ransacked the city of Kashi (Varanasi) and destroyed several temples there. According to Hasan Nizami, "nearly 1000 temples were destroyed and mosques were raised on their foundations". A number of local feudatory chiefs came forward to offer their allegiance to
840-570: The Ghurid invaders. But the Prithviraj Raso claim that Jaichand not only refused to help Prithviraj against the Ghurids, but also formed an alliance with the invading Ghurid king Muhammad of Ghor . Although historians dispute the account in Prithviraj Raso , the name "Jaichand" became synonymous with the word "traitor" in Hindu folklore. Several inscriptions from Jayachandra's reign have been discovered, most of them in and around Varanasi . One of
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#1732783878887880-506: The Ghurids. Jayachandra's son Harishchandra succeeded him on the Gahadavala throne. According to one theory, he was a Ghurid vassal. However, in an 1197 CE Kotwa inscription, he assumes the titles of a sovereign. Jayachandra is a prominent character in the Braj language text Prithviraj Raso , many of whose claims at least regarding Jayachandra are unsubstantiated, historically inaccurate or clearly contradicted by evidence. According to
920-459: The affair, Raja Jaichand was outraged that a romance had been budding behind his back. Jaichand decided to insult Prithviraj and arranged a svayamvara for his daughter in 1185 CE. He invited royalty from far and wide to the ceremony, every eligible prince and king—except Prithviraj. He then commissioned a clay statue of Prithviraj, which served as a dvarapala (or, a figurative "doorman") to Jaichand's court. Prithviraj Chauhan, on hearing about
960-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
1000-528: The diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which the convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and
1040-469: The foreign non-Hindu Ghurids to ensure Prithviraj's downfall. The name "Jaichand" became synonymous with the word "traitor" in folklore of northern India because of this legend. Jayachandra was a son of the Gahadavala king Vijayachandra . According to a Kamauli inscription, he was crowned king on 21 June 1170 CE. Jayachandra inherited his grandfather Govindachandra 's royal titles: Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati Rajatrayadhipati ("leader of three forces:
1080-480: The impending svayamvara , devised a plan to elope with the bride-to-be. On the day of the ceremony, Samyukta walked through the court holding the ceremonial garland, ignoring the gazes of her ardent suitors. She passed through the door and put the garland around the neck of Prithviraj's statue, declaring him her husband. Prithiviraj, who meanwhile was hiding behind the statue, caught Samyukta up in his arms, set her on his horse, and whisked her away to Delhi. Raja Jaichand
1120-426: The inscriptions has been discovered at Bodh Gaya in present-day Bihar . The inscriptions from Jayachandra's reign include the following: Jayachandra's court poet Bhatta Kedar wrote a eulogy titled Jaichand Prakash on his life, but the work is now lost . Another lost eulogy on his life is the poet Madhukar's Jaya-Mayank-Jasha-Chandrika ( c. 1183 ). According to the 1167 CE Kamauli inscription, as
1160-501: The more reliable Prithviraja Vijaya , which was composed during the reign of Prithviraj Chauhan, also contains a reference to Samyukta. An unfinished theme in the 11th chapter of Prithviraja Vijaya refers to Prithviraj's love for an unnamed woman who lived on the banks of the Ganges river (just like Samyukta). This woman is mentioned as an incarnation of Tilottama , a legendary apsara (celestial nymph). However, even if this woman
1200-749: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
1240-512: The original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast,
Samyukta - Misplaced Pages Continue
1280-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
1320-400: The short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold
1360-567: The subcontinent and to Afghanistan. Many lesser kings were envious and wary of his power, including Raja Jaichand of Kannauj . Jaichand's daughter, Samyukta, was a headstrong girl who was known for her bewitching beauty. She is said to have fallen in love with Prithviraj–like the two other princesses, Shashivrata and Padmavati, before her—as his reputation dazzled her. She desired nobody but him. For his part, Prithviraj had heard of Samyukta's loveliness and fell in love with her as well. However, Jaichand and Prithviraj were rivals. On finding out about
1400-536: The text, Jayachandra ("Jaichand") was a cousin of the Chahamana king Prithviraja III ("Prithviraj Chauhan"). Their mothers were sisters born to the Tomara king of Delhi . This claim is directly contradicted by the more reliable contemporary text Prithviraja Vijaya , according to which Prithviraj's mother had nothing to do with the Tomaras. The text states that Jaichand's wife was a daughter of king Mukunda-deva,
1440-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
1480-445: Was defeated and killed in 1194 CE, in a battle near Yamuna against a Ghurid army led by Muhammad of Ghor . A fictional account of Jayachandra (as Jaichand) occurs in a legendary text Prithviraj Raso . The epic poem was likely written centuries after his death. According to this account, he was a rival of another Indian king, Prithviraj Chauhan . His daughter Samyukta eloped with Prithviraj against his wishes, and he allied with
1520-456: Was enraged. This led to a rift between Delhi and Kannauj , which was later taken advantage of by Mohammad Ghori of Afghanistan . The historicity of Samyukta is a matter of debate. Prithviraj Raso is a historically unreliable text, having been embellished under the patronage of the Kshatriya rulers since the 16th century. However, some scholars such as Dasharatha Sharma believe that
1560-412: Was not Jayachandra's main army, but only a smaller body of his frontier guards. Jayachandra then himself led a larger army against Muhammad of Ghor who marched from Ghazni with an army of 50,000 cavalry in 1194 CE. According to the 16th century historian Firishta , Jayachandra was seated on an elephant when Qutb al-Din killed him with an arrow. The Ghurids captured 300 elephants alive, and plundered
1600-402: Was portrayed by Mugdha Chaphekar in that series. A historical film titled Raani Samyuktha was made in 1962 with Padmini and M. G. Ramachandran in the lead roles. In the 2022 film Samrat Prithviraj by Chandraprakash Dwivedi , the character of Sanyogita is portrayed by Manushi Chhillar . Jaichand Jaya-chandra ( IAST : Jayacandra, r. 21 June 1170– 1194 CE) was a king from
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