88-580: The Tomaras of Delhi (also called Tomar dynasty in modern vernaculars due to schwa deletion ) ruled parts of present-day Delhi and Haryana in India during 8th-12th century. Their rule over this region is attested to by multiple inscriptions and coins. In addition, much of the information about them comes from medieval bardic legends . They belonged to the Tomar clan of the Rajputs . They were displaced by
176-687: A 1,467-metre (4,813 ft) tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, is the highest point in Haryana. Most of the state sits atop the fertile Ghaggar Plain , a subsection of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . Haryana has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh. Haryana has four main geographical features. The Yamuna ,
264-513: A city in the Haryana region. Around that city is a fortified wall called Lal Kot built by Anangpal Tomar . It is also known that the Tomara kingdom stretched to Hansi and areas at Thanesar . The Tomara's rule was followed by that of the Chahamanas and the mlechchha Sahavadina ( Shihab ad-Din ). The Tomaras are known from some inscriptions and coins. However, much of the information about
352-401: A large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development. Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post- Mahabharata period, the Ābhiras live here, who developed special skills in the art of agriculture. According to Pran Nath Chopra, Haryana evolved as
440-422: A nasal. Unlike other Indo-Aryan languages like Hindi, comprehension of Marathi is not impeded if all schwas are retained. However it will be interpreted as a formal register called 'Ati Shuddha Marathi', which is only used for certain plays and poetry recitals. Nepali orthography is comparatively more phonetic than Hindi when it comes to schwa retention. Schwas are often retained within the words unless deletion
528-453: A part of Haryana. However, Kharar was given to Punjab. The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory , serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of Haryana . Chaudhary Devi Lal is credited to be the individual who pushed for the creation of this commission. He was an instrumental figure in the separation of the Haryana state from Punjab in 1966. As per 2019 estimates,
616-509: A result of schwa syncope, the Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal Sanskrit-style reading of Devanagari. For instance, राम is pronounced Rām (not Rāma , as in Sanskrit), रचना is pronounced Rachnā (not Rachanā ), and वेद is pronounced Ved (not Veda ). The name of the script itself is pronounced Devnāgrī , not Devanāgarī . Correct schwa deletion
704-507: A result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of Pakistan . Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from West Punjab . Gopi Chand Bhargava , who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab. Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up
792-484: A strong schwa deletion phenomenon, affecting both medial and final schwas. From an evolutionary perspective, the final schwas appear to have been lost prior to the medial ones. According to Cardona , the word-final schwa deletion occurred during the transition from Middle Gujarati to Modern Gujarati . In the Dardic subbranch of Indoian, Kashmiri similarly demonstrates schwa deletion. For instance, drākṣa (द्राक्ष)
880-586: A tributary of the Ganges , flows along the state's eastern boundary. Northern Haryana has several northeast to west flowing rivers originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas , such as Ghaggar ( palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river ), Chautang (paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river , tributary of the Ghagghar), Tangri river (tributary of the Ghagghar), Kaushalya river (tributary of
968-664: A word from Ābhirāyana (from ābhira and ayana "path, way") to Ahirāyana to Hariyānā (Haryana). The villages of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are home to ancient sites of the Indus Valley Civilization , which contain evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metalworking (in both bronze and precious metals). During
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#17327655185921056-607: Is Chandigarh , which it shares with the neighbouring state of Punjab; the most populous city is Faridabad , a part of the National Capital Region . The city of Gurgaon is among India's largest financial and technology hubs. Haryana has 6 administrative divisions , 22 districts , 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils , 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks , 154 cities and towns , 7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats . Haryana contains 32 special economic zones (SEZs), mainly located within
1144-403: Is həməro ( even ours ) with schwas but is pronounced həmᵊro . That is akin to the neighbouring Bhojpuri in which हमरा (meaning mine ) is pronounced həmrā rather than həmərā from the deletion of a medial schwa. Marathi exhibits extensive schwa deletion. The schwa at the end of a word is almost always deleted, except in the case of a few tatsama words from Sanskrit as well as when
1232-487: Is a phenomenon that sometimes occurs in Assamese , Hindi , Urdu , Bengali , Kashmiri , Punjabi , Gujarati , and several other Indo-Aryan languages with schwas that are implicit in their written scripts. Languages like Marathi and Maithili with increased influence from other languages through coming into contact with them—also show a similar phenomenon. Some schwas are obligatorily deleted in pronunciation even if
1320-588: Is a popular beverage and serves as an instant refresher during the summer months. Lassi, made from yogurt, is another beloved drink that can almost constitute a meal in itself. The Haryanvi fondness for lassi is evident in the fact that "thandai," a sweet milk-based drink, is referred to as "kachi lassi" in Haryana. Haryanvi people have a concept of inclusive society involving the "36 Jātis" or communities. Castes such as Jat , Rajput , Gurjar , Saini , Pasi , Ahirs , Ror , Meo , Charan , Bishnoi , Harijan , Aggarwal , Brahmin , Khatri and Tyagi are some of
1408-402: Is also critical because the same letter sequence is pronounced two different ways in Hindi depending on the context. Failure to delete the appropriate schwas can then change the meaning. For instance, the letter sequence 'रक' is pronounced differently in हरकत ( har.kat , meaning movement or activity ) and सरकना ( sarak.na , meaning to slide ). Similarly, the sequence धड़कने in दिल धड़कने लगा (
1496-567: Is based on day-to-day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs. Haryanvi music takes two main forms: "Classical folk music" and "Desi Folk music" (Country Music of Haryana), and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of the parting of lovers. Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on Indian classical music . Hindustani classical ragas , learnt in gharana parampara of guru–shishya tradition , are used to sing songs of heroic bravery (such as Alha-Khand (1163–1202 CE) about
1584-508: Is identified as a Tomara ruler by some modern historians. Some coins featuring crude depictions of a horseman and a bull, and bearing the name "Mahipala", have been attributed to this king. These coins are similar to those of Mawdud of Ghazni (r. 1041-50 CE), confirming that Mahipala must have ruled in the 11th century. The horseman-and-bull were a characteristic of the Kabul Shahi coinage; Mawdud probably adopted this style after capturing
1672-442: Is often referred to as the 'Land of Rotis' due to its residents' fondness for various types of rotis. Wheat rotis are ubiquitous, along with the popular baajre ki roti. In the past, rotis were commonly made from a blend of wheat, gram, and barley flour, offering a nutritious and wholesome combination. Another notable variety is the gochini atta, crafted from wheat and gram flour. Haryana is renowned for its abundant livestock, including
1760-636: Is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water), Sanjhi and Holi festival. Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a way of lessening societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for events, ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalised for any specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, and dialects. These songs transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen in
1848-483: Is pronounced both as /ˌxikˈkʰitɔ/ and /ˌxikˈkʰit/. The Bengali equivalent for schwa is open-mid back rounded vowel or [ɔ]. Bengali deletes this vowel at the end when not ending in a consonant cluster but sometimes retains this vowel at the medial position. The consonant clusters at the end of a word usually follows a close-mid back rounded vowel or [o]. For example, the Sanskrit word पथ (/pɐt̪ʰɐ/, way) corresponds to
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#17327655185921936-499: Is received during the period from December to February as a result of the western disturbance . Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km ) and the Tree Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km ), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%. In 2016–17, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings. Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over
2024-804: Is responsible for the rejuvenation of 14,000 johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state. The only hot spring in Haryana is the Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurgaon district. Tosham Hill range has several sacred sulphur ponds of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of sulphur , such as Pandu Teerth Kund , Surya Kund , Kukkar Kund , Gyarasia Kund or Vyas Kund . Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills , Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on
2112-438: Is rich in history , monuments , heritage , flora and fauna and tourism , with a well-developed economy , national highways and state roads . It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, by Rajasthan to the west and south , while river Yamuna forms its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh . Haryana surrounds the country's capital territory of Delhi on three sides (north, west and south), consequently,
2200-745: Is said to have established the Lal Kot citadel in the Mehrauli area. The construction of the Anang Tal tank and the Anangpur Dam is also attributed to him. His coins also feature the horseman-and-bull figure, and bear the title "Shri Samanta-deva". These coins are very similar to those of the Shakambhari Chahamana kings Someshvara and Prithviraja III , indicating that Anangapala was a contemporary of these 12th century kings. One of
2288-495: Is signaled by the use of a halanta(्). सुलोचना (a name) is pronounced sulocnā by Hindi speakers while sulocanā by Nepali speakers. Some exceptions exist, such as सरकार (government), pronounced sarkār , not sarakār . The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain the final schwa in a word. Note that schwas are often retained in music and poetry to facilitate singing and recitation. Odia in its standardised form retains
2376-632: Is the open-mid back rounded vowel or [ɔ]. Assamese deleted this vowel at the end of consonant ending words, with a few exceptions like in numerals. In clusters, it's deleted in words like কান্ধ (/kandʱ-/, shoulder), বান্ধ (/bandʱ-/, bond) while optional in the word গোন্ধ (/ɡʊnˈdʱ(ɔ)/, smell). Modern Standard Assamese developed the schwa in words like কাছ (/kaˈsɒ/, turtle), পাৰ (/paˈɹɒ/, pigeon), তই কৰ (/tɔi kɔɹɔ/, you do) which appear with different vowels in some other dialects, like কাছু /ˈkasu/, পাৰা /ˈpaɾa/, কৰাহ /ˈkɔɾaʱ/ in some Kamrupi dialects . Eastern (and its sub-dialect, Standard) and Central Assamese retained
2464-553: Is the Sanskrit word for grape, but the final schwa is dropped in the Kashmiri version, which is dach (दछ् or دَچھ). Maithili's schwa deletion differs from other neighbouring languages. It does not delete schwa, but shortens it, i.e. ə → ə̆ / VC_CV applies to the language. Maithili with increased influence of other languages through coming into contact with them has been showing the phenomenon of schwa deletion sometimes with words that traditionally pronounce schwas. For instance, हमरो
2552-407: Is written as खरं ( khara , "true"). This often happens in the case of pluralization, e.g. फूल ( phūl , "flower") can be written as having the plural फुलं ( phula , "flowers"). This arises from the original plural marker -एं (as in फुलें phulẽ , "flowers") having degraded to a schwa in modern speech, and the anusvara serves a purpose as a non-deleted vowel even though it is not realized as
2640-475: Is रचना/রচনা which is pronounced racanā (/rɐtɕɐnaː/) in Sanskrit, racnā (/rətʃnɑː/) in Hindi and rôcona (/rɔtʃona/) in Bengali. While the medial schwa is deleted in Hindi (because of the ə → ∅ / VC_CV rule), it is retained in Bengali. On the other hand, the final schwa in वेद /বেদ is deleted in both Hindi and Bengali (Sanskrit: /veːd̪ə/, Hindi: /veːd̪/, Bengali: /bed̪/). The Assamese equivalent for schwa
2728-913: The Aravalli Range in and around the hills in Mewat region, including Sahibi River (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi), Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district), Krishnavati river (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river) and Indori river (longest tributary of Sahibi River, originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries of
Tomaras of Delhi - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-770: The Battle of Delhi , and assumed the ancient title of Vikramaditya . The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis . In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari . Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from 1553 to 1556 from Punjab to Bengal , defeating
2904-587: The Chahamanas of Shakambhari and later on the Gahadavala dynasty . According to a 973 CE inscription of the Chahamana king Vigraharaja II , his ancestor Chandana (c. 900 CE) killed the Tomara chief Rudrena (or Rudra) in a battle. The Harsha stone inscription states that Chandana's descendant Simharaja (c. 944-971 CE) defeated a Tomara leader called Lavana or Salavana. Historian R. B. Singh identifies
2992-767: The Chahamanas of Shakambhari in the 12th century, who took over their capital in Delhi, but who were themselves soon displaced by the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor in 1192 CE. The Tomara territory included parts of the present-day Delhi and Haryana . A 13th century inscription states that the Tomaras ruled the Hariyanaka (Haryana) country before the Chahamanas and the Shakas ( Turks in this context). A 14th century inscription states that they built Dhillika (modern day Delhi)
3080-1408: The Drishadwati / Saraswati river. Major canals are Western Yamuna Canal , Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus ), and Indira Gandhi Canal . Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district, Hathnikund Barrage and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district, Pathrala barrage on Somb river in Yamunanagar district, ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district, and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district. Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland , Badkhal Lake in Faridabad, holy Brahma Sarovar and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra, Blue Bird Lake in Hisar, Damdama Lake at Sohna , Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district, Karna Lake at Karnal, ancient Surajkund in Faridabad , and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak. The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board
3168-523: The Indo-Aryan languages Odia and Sinhala . According to Masica (1993), there has been not "any attempt to deal with it [schwa deletion] (and medial vowel loss in general) in systematic fashion either descriptively or historically across all NIA [New Indo-Aryan] languages." Although the Devanagari script is used as a standard to write Modern Hindi , the schwa ('ə') implicit in each consonant of
3256-565: The Karnal area . However, F. Kielhorn suggested that this Tomara family actually resided in Delhi: they may have visited Pehowa on pilgrimage, and built a temple there. As the Pratihara power declined, the Tomaras established a sovereign principality around Delhi by the 10th century. According to the bardic tradition, the king Anangapal Tuar (that is Anangapala II Tomara; not to be confused with
3344-565: The Sanskrit word " Rāma " ( IPA: [raːmɐ] , राम) is pronounced "Rām" ( IPA: [raːm] , राम्) in Hindi. The schwa ( ə ) sound at the end of the word is deleted in Hindi. However, in both cases, the word is written राम. The schwa is not deleted in ancient languages such as Sanskrit . The schwa is also retained in all the modern registers of the Dravidian languages Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , and Malayalam as well as
3432-559: The Vedic era , Haryana was the site of the Kuru Kingdom , one of India's great Mahajanapadas . The south of Haryana is the claimed location of Manu 's state of Brahmavarta . The area surrounding Dhosi Hill , and districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like Vedas , Upanishads , Manusmriti , Brahmanas and Puranas . As per Manusmriti, Manu
3520-448: The caste wise composition of Haryana is 25-27% Jats , 21% Scheduled Caste , 8% Punjabis , 7.5% Brahmins , 5.1% Ahir / Yadav , 5% Vaish , 4% Jat Sikhs , 3.8% Meos and other Muslims, 3.4% Rajputs , 3.4% Gujjar , 2.9% Saini , 2.7% Kumhars , 1.1% Ror and 0.7% Bishnois . Languages of Haryana (2011) The official language of Haryana is Hindi . Several regional languages or dialects, often subsumed under Hindi, are spoken in
3608-818: The 2011 census, of the total population of 25,351,462 in Haryana, Hindus (87.46%) constitute the majority of the state's population with Muslims (7.03%) (mainly Meos ) and Sikhs (4.91%) being the largest minorities. Muslims are mainly found in the Nuh district . Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after Punjab , and they mostly live in the districts adjoining Punjab , such as Sirsa , Jind , Fatehabad , Kaithal , Kurukshetra , Ambala and Panchkula . Haryana has its own unique traditional folk music , folk dances , saang (folk theatre), cinema , belief system such as Jathera (ancestral worship), and arts such as Phulkari and Shisha embroidery. Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying
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3696-472: The 7th century with its capital at Thanesar . Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty. Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century. Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras. After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa , Fatehabad , Sunam , Kaithal and Panipat . When he reached
3784-603: The Bengali word পথ /pɔt̪ʰ/ (পথ্). But the Skt. word अन्त (/ɐnt̪ɐ/, end) retains the end vowel and becomes অন্তো (/ɔnt̪o/) in Bengali, as it ends with a consonant cluster. However, tatsama borrowings from Sanskrit generally retain the 'ɔˈ except in word-final positions and except in very informal speech. That vowel in medial position are not always retained. For instance, 'কলকাতা' is pronounced as কোল্কাতা (/kolkat̪a/), and not /kolɔkat̪a/ (although different pronunciations based on dialect exist, none pronounce it this way). Gujarati has
3872-577: The Chahamana dynasty of Shakambhari; r. c. 1179-1192 CE). However, this claim is not correct: the historical evidence shows that Prithviraj inherited Delhi from his father Someshvara . According to the Bijolia inscription of Someshvara, his brother Vigraharaja IV had captured Dhillika (Delhi) and Ashika (Hansi). He probably defeated the Tomara ruler Anangapala III. Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages Schwa deletion , or schwa syncope ,
3960-887: The Ghagghar), Markanda River (tributary of Ghagghar), Sarsuti , Dangri , Somb river . Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage, rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district , passes through Ambala and Sirsa , it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km (290 mi) before disappearing into
4048-710: The Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas . The state was part of the British Punjab province . The Delhi division of Punjab province formed
4136-544: The Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. It encompassed the predominantly Hindi-speaking southern part of former Punjab, while the state of Punjab was reduced to the area where Punjabi speakers formed the majority population. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby
4224-540: The Shahi territories. Mahipala probably imitated the same style after capturing Asigarh Fort in Hansi and Thaneshvara regions from Mawdud. Some fragmentary Tomara inscriptions have been discovered from Mahipalpur near Delhi. Historian Y. D. Sharma theorizes that Mahipala established a new capital at Mahipalapura (now Mahipialpur). Three Tomara kings seem to have shared the name "Anangapala" ( IAST : Anaṅgapāla). One of these
4312-420: The Tomaras was not decisive and as his son Vigraharaja IV had to fight the Tomaras. This may have been because Anoraja was unsuccessful of getting through the fort Lal Kot which had been built by the Tomara rulers. The writings of the medieval Muslim historians suggest that a king named Mahipala was ruling Delhi in the 11th century. Although these medieval historians do not mention the dynasty of this king, he
4400-508: The adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature, Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above. With the coming up of a strongly socio-economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification. Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive ideologies and stand
4488-417: The blood of Vasuki. Realizing his mistake, the king ordered it to be re-instated, but it remained loose ("dhili"). Because of this, the area came to be known as "Dhilli" (modern Delhi ). This legend is obviously a myth. The bardic legends state that the last Tomar Rajput king, Anangpal Tomar (also known as Anangapala), handed over the throne of Delhi to his son-in-law Prithviraj Chauhan (Prithviraja III of
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#17327655185924576-901: The bravery of Alha and Udal , Jaimal and Patta of Maharana Udai Singh II ), Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs (such as Teej , Holi and Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi ). Bravery songs are sung in high pitch. Desi Haryanvi folk music, is a form of Haryanvi music, based on Raag Bhairvi , Raag Bhairav , Raag Kafi , Raag Jaijaivanti , Raag Jhinjhoti and Raag Pahadi and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing seasonal songs, ballads , ceremonial songs (wedding, etc.) and related religious legendary tales such as Puran Bhagat . Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch. Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch. Young girls and women usually sing entertaining and fast seasonal, love, relationship and friendship-related songs such as Phagan (song for eponymous season/month), Katak (songs for
4664-631: The bulk of Haryana. Among the princely states that were located in the state were Jind , Kalsia , Loharu , Dujana and Pataudi , as well as parts of the Patiala State . During the Partition of India , the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh-dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India as East Punjab state. As
4752-915: The cultural needs of primarily agrarian and martial natures of Haryanavi tribes. Haryanvi musical folk theatre's main types are Saang , Raslila and Ragini . The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by Lakhmi Chand . Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are Gogaji / Gugga , Holi , Phaag , Sawan , Teej . The devotional dances and songs are Chaupaiya , Holi , Manjira , Ras Leela , Raginis ). The ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types: legendary bravery ( Kissa and Ragini of male warriors and female Satis), love and romance ( Been and its variant Nāginī dance, and Ragini ), ceremonial ( Dhamal Dance , Ghoomar , Jhoomar (male), Khoria, Loor, and Ragini ). Haryanvi folk music
4840-610: The defeated ruler as Tejapala. Another fragmentary Chahamana prashasti (eulogistic inscription), now at the Ajmer museum, mentions that the Chahamana king Arnoraja (c. 1135-1150 CE) invaded the Haritanaka country. This country is identified with the Tomara territory. According to the inscription, Arnoraja's army rendered the waters of the Kalindi river ( Yamuna ) muddy and the women of Hartinaka tearful, but Arnoraja's victory over
4928-743: The deserts of Rajasthan. The seasonal Markanda River , known as the Aruna in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala , and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar. Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from
5016-638: The dynasty comes from medieval bardic legends, which are not historically reliable. Because of this, the reconstruction of Tomara history is difficult. The earliest extant historical reference to the Tomaras occurs in the Pehowa inscription issued during the reign of the Pratihara king Mahendrapala I (r. c. 885-910 CE). This undated inscription states that Jaula of the Tomara family became prosperous by serving an unnamed king. His descendants included Vajrata, Jajjuka, and Gogga. The inscription suggests that Gogga
5104-472: The eponymous season/month), Samman (songs for the eponymous season/month), bande-bandi (male-female duet songs), sathne (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends). Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial songs such as Bhajan , Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother), Sagai , Ban (Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts), Kuan-Poojan (a custom that
5192-541: The famed Murrah buffalo and the Haryana cow. This cattle wealth ensures a plentiful supply of milk and dairy products in Haryanvi cuisine. Many households produce their own butter and ghee, which are generously incorporated into daily meals. Fresh homemade butter, known as "nooni" or "tindi ghee," is commonly churned on a daily basis. When a girl becomes a mother, it's customary for her family to present her with gifts of ghee, edible gum (gondh), laddus (sweetmeats made from gram flour), and dry fruits. Buttermilk, known as "chaaj,"
5280-417: The founder of the Tomara dynasty Anangpal I) founded Delhi in 1052 CE. A 1526 CE source names the successors of Anangapala as Tejapala, Madanapala, Kritapala, Lakhanapala and Prithvipala. The Dravya-Pariksha (1318 CE) of Thakkura Pheru mentions the coins of Madanapala, Prithvipala and another ruler, Chahadapala. Soon after gaining independence, the Tomaras became involved in conflicts with their neighbours,
5368-440: The heart started beating ) and in दिल की धड़कनें ( beats of the heart ) is identical prior to the nasalisation in the second usage. However, it is pronounced dhaṛak.ne in the first and dhaṛ.kanẽ in the second. While in the word नमक the final schwa is deleted, making it Namak and not Namaka , the similarly spelled word नमकीन is pronounced Namkīn , also dropping the schwa in between the m and k. While native speakers pronounce
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#17327655185925456-482: The industrial corridor projects connecting the National Capital Region. Gurgaon is considered one of the major information technology and automobile hubs of India. Haryana ranks 11th among Indian states in human development index . The economy of Haryana is the 13th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹ 7.65 trillion (US$ 92 billion) and has the country's 5th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹ 240,000 (US$ 2,900). The state
5544-473: The notable of these 36 Jātis. Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude. The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country. The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level. Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area under forests. Karoh Peak ,
5632-400: The outskirts of Faridabad. Haryana is hot in summer at around 45 °C (113 °F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest are December and January. The climate is arid to semi-arid with an average rainfall of 592.93 mm. Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of the monsoon , and the remaining rainfall
5720-521: The paper ) and locative (ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ੇ, کاغزے, kāġzé / on the paper ) suffixes. Since Devanagari does not provide indications of where schwas should be deleted, it is common for non-native learners/speakers of Hindi, who are otherwise familiar with Devanagari and Sanskrit, to make incorrect pronunciations of words in Hindustani and other modern North Indian languages. Similarly, systems that automate transliteration from Devanagari to Latin script by hardcoding implicit schwas in every consonant often indicate
5808-529: The schwa deletion process has the effect of nasalising any preceding vowels. Here are some examples in Hindustani: Haryana Haryana ( / h ʌr i ˈ ɑː n ə / ; Hindi: [ɦəɾɪˈjɑːɳɑː] ; ISO : Hariyāṇā ) is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out after the linguistic reorganisation of Punjab on 1 November 1966. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% (44,212 km or 17,070 sq mi) of India's land area. The state capital
5896-457: The schwa in its pronunciation as an open-mid back rounded vowel . Both medial and final schwas are retained: in the medial case ଝରଣା jharaṇā is pronounced /dʒʱɔɾɔɳā/ (waterfall) and in the final case ଟଗର ṭagara is pronounced /ʈɔgɔɾɔ/ (crepe jasmine flower). Sanskrit loanwords or 'tatsama' words, being more formal, always have the schwa pronounced. However, deletion is more common in a number of non-standard dialects, as well as increasingly in
5984-503: The schwa in medial positions, like নিজৰা (/niˈzɔɹa/, stream), বিচনি (/biˈsɔni/, handfan), বতৰা (/bɔˈtɔɹa/, news), পাহৰে (/paˈɦɔɹe/, forgets), নকৰে (/nɔˈkɔɹe/, doesn't do), which were deleted in some of the Kamrupi dialect, while some others kept them as /a/. Conjuncts in Sanskrit loanwords always have the schwa, and in consonants ending words (that are followed by schwa), the schwa is optionally present in words ending with suffixes, for example, শিক্ষিত from Sanskrit शिक्षित (śikṣita, "educated")
6072-400: The schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted. However, this rule sometimes deletes a schwa that should remain and sometimes fails to delete a schwa when it should be deleted. The rule is reported to result in correct predictions on schwa deletion 89% of the time. Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building text-to-speech software for Hindi. As
6160-414: The schwa sound in the र, न, and त respectively, often leading to their transliteration by native Marathi speakers in the Roman script as Prerana, Manasi and Ketaki rather than Prerna, Mansi or Ketki. Sometimes, to avoid schwa deletion, an anusvara is placed at the end of the word. For example, the word खर ( khar , "roughness") is often read without the schwa. When the schwa needs to be made explicit, it
6248-408: The script is "obligatorily deleted" at the end of words and in certain other contexts, unlike in Sanskrit. That phenomenon has been termed the " schwa syncope rule " or the " schwa deletion rule " of Hindi. One formalisation of this rule has been summarised as ə → ∅ /VC_CV . In other words, when a schwa-succeeded consonant (itself preceded by another vowel) is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant,
6336-437: The script suggests otherwise. Here, schwa refers to an inherent vowel in the respective abugida scripts, not necessarily pronounced as schwa ( mid central vowel ). Schwa deletion is important for intelligibility and unaccented speech. It also presents a challenge to non-native speakers and speech synthesis software because the scripts, including Devanagari , do not indicate when schwas should be deleted. For example,
6424-410: The second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes in 2010. After the state's formation, Telugu was made the state's "second language" – to be taught in schools – but it was not the "second official language" for official communication. Due to a lack of students, the language ultimately stopped being taught. Tamil was made the second language in 1969 by Bansi Lal to show
6512-432: The sequences differently in different contexts, non-native speakers and voice-synthesis software can make them "sound very unnatural", making it "extremely difficult for the listener" to grasp the intended meaning. Different Indian languages can differ in how they apply schwa deletion. For instance, medial schwas from Sanskrit-origin words are often retained in Bengali even if they are deleted in Hindi. An example of this
6600-550: The several inscriptions on the Iron Pillar of Delhi mentions Anangapala. A medieval legend mentioned in a copy of Prithviraj Raso mentions a legend about the pillar: a Brahmin once told Anangapala (alias Bilan Deo) that the base of the pillar rested on the head of the Vasuki serpent, and that his rule would last as long as the pillar stood upright. Out of curiosity, Anangapala dug out the pillar, only to find it smeared with
6688-433: The speech of urban areas as a result of exposure to English and Hindi. For example, the name of the city Bhubaneshwar can be pronounced either informally as /bʰubɔneswɔɾ/, or more formally /bʰubɔneswɔɾɔ/. Punjabi has broad schwa deletion rules: several base word forms (ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼, کاغز, kāġəz / paper ) drop schwas in the plural form (ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ਾਂ, کاغزاں, kāġzāṁ / papers ) as well as with ablative (ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ੋਂ, کاغزوں, kāġzōṁ / from
6776-591: The state's differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time. In 2010, due to the lack of Tamil speakers, the language was removed from its status. There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent, like Bengali , Bhojpuri , Marwari , Mewari , and Nepali , as well as smaller communities of speakers of languages that are dispersed across larger regions, like Bauria , Bazigar , Gujari , Gade Lohar , Oadki , and Sansi . Religion in Haryana (2011) According to
6864-541: The state. During the monsoon , a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry , eucalyptus , pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck , nilgai , panther , fox , mongoose , jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here. Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by
6952-457: The state. Predominant among them is Haryanvi (also known as Bangru), whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of Haryana. Hindi and Punjabi is spoken in the northeast, Bagri in the west, Deshwali in the East and Ahirwati , Mewati and Braj Bhasha in the south. There are also significant numbers of speakers of Urdu and Punjabi , the latter of which was recognised as
7040-414: The testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk. As per a survey, 13% of males and 7.8% of females of Haryana are non-vegetarian. The cuisine of Haryana, rooted in its predominantly agricultural society, has maintained a simple and uncomplicated essence. The regional cuisine features the staples of roti , saag , vegetarian sabzi and milk products such as ghee , milk, lassi and kheer . Haryana
7128-454: The then-districts of Hisar , Mahendragarh , Gurgaon , Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district – along with Naraingarh , Ambala and Jagadhri – were to be included. The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar , which includes Chandigarh , the state capital of Punjab, should be
7216-404: The town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while
7304-586: The town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled to Tohana , whose Jat inhabitants were robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi . They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats , while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along
7392-446: The way. On the next day, he came to Assandh , whose residents were " fire-worshippers " according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , also called Hemu , claimed royal status and the throne of Delhi after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in
7480-433: The word ends in a conjunct. Schwas essentially get deleted when there is an opportunity for a consonant with a schwa to turn into a coda consonant for the previous syllable, though the actual rules are more complicated and have exceptions. However, in places where the schwa occurs in the middle of words, Marathi does exhibit a propensity to pronounce it far more regularly than Hindi. Words like प्रेरणा, मानसी, केतकी retain
7568-683: The written form rather than the pronunciation. That becomes evident when English words are transliterated into Devanagari by Hindi-speakers and then transliterated back into English by manual or automated processes that do not account for Hindi's schwa deletion rules. For instance, the word English may be written by Hindi speakers as इंगलिश (rather than इंग्लिश्) which may be transliterated back to Ingalisha by automated systems, but schwa deletion would result in इंगलिश being correctly pronounced as Inglish by native Hindi-speakers. Some examples are shown below: With some words that contain /n/ or /m/ consonants separated from succeeding consonants by schwas,
7656-464: Was a vassal of Mahendrapala I. It records the construction of three Vishnu temples by Gogga and his step-brothers Purna-raja and Deva-raja. The temples were located at Prithudaka ( IAST : Pṛthūdaka; Pehowa ), on the banks of the Sarasvati river . No information is available about the immediate successors of Gogga. The Pehowa inscription suggests that this particular Tomara family was settled around
7744-715: Was the king of Brahmavarta , the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present-day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed. Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli , Bhiwani ( Ranila , Charkhi Dadri and Badhra ), Dadri , Gurgaon ( Gurugram ), Hansi , Hisar , Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul , Pehowa , Rewari , Rohad, Rohtak ( Asthal Bohar ) and Sonepat in Haryana. Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in
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