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50-593: The Sanga Choeling Monastery , also spelt Sange Choeling Monastery ( Sikkimese : གསང་སྔགས་ཆོས་གླིང , Wylie : gsang sngags chos gling , THL Sangngak Chö Ling ), established in the 17th century by Lama Lhatsün Chempo, is one of the oldest monasteries in Pelling , about 10 km from Gyalshing city in the Gyalshing district in Northeast Indian state of Sikkim . The literal meaning of Sanga Choeling

100-555: A close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet . It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks . Chöke

150-578: A group of people or region, such as "Denjongpa/Denjongpo", meaning "Bhutia Dwellers" in Tibetan languages. There are also a small number of villages who use last names derived from their respective village name. There are only five basic words for colors in Bhutia, with words for red, yellow, white, black, and blue/green. The last color listed can be difficult for Bhutia speakers in English translation, as

200-407: A lexical similarity of 65% between the two languages. By comparison, Standard Tibetan , however, is only 42% lexically similar. Bhutia has also been influenced to some degree by the neighbouring Yolmowa and Tamang languages . Due to more than a century of close contact with speakers of Nepali and Tibetan proper , many Bhutia speakers also use these languages in daily life. Dialects are for

250-608: A proper form and an ordinary form. The ordinary form is used in common day-to-day speech between friends and family, while the proper form is used in more formal situations. Most Denjongke speakers do not know every form of these nouns, but knowing the formal form shows proficiency in the language. These two forms can be formed by adding a certain suffix or prefix, but others have a completely different spelling. Most nouns have one or two syllables, compound words, though still nouns, may have three or more syllables. Verbs in Denjongke show

300-468: A separate occurrence from glottal stops. Words that end in a glottal stop vary in production length. In continuous speech however, they are mostly produced with a long vowel with no glottal stop. The glottal stop also increases vowel quality within back vowels, much like vowel length. A phonetic glottal stop can also happen when it accompanies an utterance-final nasalized vowel. There are a total of five fricatives in Bhutia, which are /s, z, ɕ, ʑ, h/. The /j/

350-450: A small number of villages that do not generally use honorifics, using the low-level second person pronoun even with strangers. The lack of honorifics is perceived by most speakers as vulgar and offensive, while the use of honorifics is perceived by these villagers as "too slow and wordy". This may be exemplified by the translated sentence "Where are you going?". With honorifics the sentence takes eight syllables, and without, just three. Overall

400-522: A state of being, feeling, or describe the happenings of events. Most verbs carry one syllable to help differentiate themselves from adjectives, and also carry two forms, the proper and ordinary forms. Adjectives vary from two to three syllables in order to, as forementioned above, help tell the difference between a verb and an adjective. It is often hard to tell the difference between a verb and an adjective because they both end in "-bo" or "-po". Dzongkha The word dzongkha means "the language of

450-531: A three-way contrast, which are voiced, voiceless aspirated, and voiceless unaspirated. However, aspiration when it comes to the word-medial position is dwindled down as well as dialectal variation. Just the voiceless unaspirated contrast of /p/, /k/ and /ʔ/ can happen in the word-final position and these are mostly produced as an unreleased [p̚] and velar alternating with the glottal stop [k]~[ʔ]. The glottal stop, also being an allophone of word-final /k/, contrasts with non-glottal endings. One interesting phonetic feature

500-498: Is "Island of the Guhyamantra teachings", where gling means a vihara and "secret Mantra teachings" is a synonym for " Vajrayana Buddhism ". The monastery is located on a ridge top above Pelling at a distance of 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Pemayangtse Monastery and is accessed by walking the steep hilly track of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), which traverses through rich forest cover. Pilgrimage to Sanga Choeling Monastery

550-532: Is /bb/. This happens when the equative bɛʔ and the infinitive marker -po/bo combines to become -bbɛʔ. The rest of bilabial plosives are as follows: voiced labio-velar approximant, voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive, voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive, voiceless unreleased bilabial plosive, voiced bilabial fricative, voiceless bilabial fricative, voiced bilabial plosive, and voiceless lightly but not consistent aspirated bilabial plosive followed by breathiness. Dento-Alveolar plosives and affricates are produced with

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600-409: Is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced . Aspirated consonants (indicated by the superscript h ), /ɬ/ , and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic /r/

650-652: Is a language of the Tibeto-Burman languages spoken by the Bhutia people in Sikkim in northeast India , parts of Koshi province in eastern Nepal , and Bhutan . It is one of the official languages of Sikkim. The Bhutia refer to their own language as Drendzongké (also spelled Drenjongké , Dranjoke , Denjongka , Denzongpeke or Denzongke ) and their homeland as Drendzong ( Tibetan : འབྲས་ལྗོངས་ , Wylie : 'bras-ljongs , "Rice Valley"). Up until 1975, Bhutia

700-411: Is a local belief that the people in these Northern villages originated from this same area in Bhutan. Bhutia has a total of eight vowels and 43 consonants in its inventory. Words in Bhutia are split into high or low registers all based on voice quality and pitch. The register of Bhutia words can be predicted most of the time based on their starting phoneme but nasals and liquids are unpredictable. Due to

750-664: Is more likely to be code switched with these than in written language. Noun phrases are made up of nouns with their proceeding or following modifiers, proforms much like pronouns, demonstrative words, and nominalized clauses. The order in which noun modifiers follow is (demonstrative) + noun + adjective + numeral + (demonstrative). Whenever the quantity of a noun is specified, the noun is not pluralized. It would like something like "sister three" rather than "sisters three". Nouns, adjectives, postposition phrases, noun compliment clauses, and relative clauses can all be considered genitive-marked noun modifiers. Nouns in Denjongke have two forms:

800-527: Is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic . Syllables usually take

850-606: Is produced when saying these vowels. Below is a chart of Bhutia vowels, also largely following Yliniemi (2005). In the Tibetan script , an abugida , the inherent vowel /a/ is unmarked. In Bhutia, first names are typically two disyllabic words, and are heavily influenced by the day of the week (a child was born), planetary words, and Buddhism. Names can also belong exclusively to one gender, or be gender-neutral. In official documents last names are used and vary in origin. Some may use clan names, while others use names that exist for

900-422: Is realised as an allophone of /n/ and /ng/, which themselves have mostly lost contrast among speakers. Plosives and affricates contrast in four distinct ways and it only occurs in the word-initial position. The four contrast ways are voiceless unaspirated, voiced, voiceless heavily aspirated, and voiceless lightly with a breathy voice and aspirated inconsistently. Anything that falls in the word-medial position has

950-485: Is reduced when it comes to the word-medial position and the breathy series of consonants. Below is a chart of Bhutia consonants, largely following Yliniemi (2005) and van Driem (1992). Devoiced consonants are pronounced with a slight breathy voice , aspiration , and low pitch . They are remnants of voiced consonants in Classical Tibetan that became devoiced. Likewise, the historical Tibetan phoneme /ny/

1000-483: Is that voiced stops fricatives word-medially. Something else that is interesting is that when these are pronounced in isolation, voiced stops are either prevoiced or pre-nasalized. It is worth noting that some prenasalized onsets are voiced pretty much throughout but there are some that have a brief moment of weak voicing followed by a voiceless release. There is only one known geminate, which refers to consisting of similar adjacent sounds especially in consonants, and that

1050-630: Is the only central approximant. This central approximant /j/ happen in the high and low registers along with the voiceless fricatives /s, ɕ/ which provide evidence that Bhitia has tonal contrasts. /h/ in the high register contrasts with initial vowels and those have intrinsic phonetic initials, otherwise known as glottal initials. However, low register initial vowels just have an intrinsic initial which do not contrast with other glottal initials. In total, there are eight nasals in Bhutia: /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /m̥/, /n̥/, /ɲ̥/, and /ŋ̥/. The first four are voiced and

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1100-415: Is the pronunciation of /a/ and /o/ being neutralized before the phoneme /ŋ/. Another variation is that the short /i/ vowel is usually pronounced as [ɪ] on a lower register rather than the long vowel /iː/ [iː] which is already quite low. One final variation is that although /ɛ/ and /ɛː/ are listed as short and long vowels respectively, they still fall under the same F1 hertz category, which is the frequency that

1150-433: Is undertaken by many Buddhist devotees as part of a religious and heritage circuit encompassing Pemayangtse Monastery , Rabdentse ruins, Khecheopalri Lake , Norbugang Chorten , Dubdi Monastery , Yuksom and Tashiding Monastery . Sanga Choeling Monastery, built in 1697, is also known as the place of secret spells. It has clay statues dating back to the 17th century. The monastery was affected by fire several times and

1200-400: Is usually a trill [ r ] or a fricative trill [ r̝ ] , and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. /t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental . Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/ . Syllable-final /ŋ/

1250-504: The Uchen script , forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm . There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha , devised by the linguist George van Driem , as its standard in 1991. Dzongkha

1300-487: The genitive marker, and the dropping of case marking in directionals. Both literary and spoken variants borrow from related or influential languages. The written language most often borrows Tibetan loan words, especially for words or concepts that may otherwise not yet be standardized in Bhutia. Because of this, non-literate speakers may have difficulty with these loan words. Conversely, the spoken language borrows more from neighboring Nepali as well as English. Spoken language

1350-504: The Tibetan script in 2001. Bhutia belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, and more specifically, is classified as a Tibetic language, descending from Old Tibetan. For most of the language's existence Bhutia was an oral language, and it was not until 1975 when Sikkim became a part of India that a written language was developed. Until this point, Classical Tibetan was the primary mode for writing. After Indian statehood, Bhutia

1400-499: The final /k/ [k̚]~[ʔ] because the glottal stop is only phonemic in the word-final position. It also differs in the high and low register because it only happens in the high register and it is considered a phonetic feature of initial vowels. Yet, although the glottal stop is considered phonemic in the word-final position, it still is not really under that status clearly. That is because the production of final glottals in continuous speech crosses over with vowel length. Vowel length happens as

1450-481: The final /l/ is produced as a vowel lengthening and fronting and also only happens in reading and spelling-style pronunciation. All the laterals are word-medially voiced. Denjongke's syllable structure follow's CV(V/C) or (C) (G) V (C/V) where C stands for consonant, V stands for vowel, and G stands for glide. Denjongke is a verb-final language, and their sentence structure follows SOV or subject-verb-object order, similar to languages such as Japanese and Korean. Although

1500-486: The form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . Dzongkha bears

1550-556: The fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013 , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible . Dzongkha and its dialects are

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1600-564: The front-short position are i and ɛ. In the front-long position are iː, yː, øː, ɛː, and eː. The only vowel in the middle-short position is a and the only one in the middle-long position is aː. The vowels in the back-short position are u and o. The vowels in the back-long positions are uː and oː. Due to the complexity of Bhutia, it has been deemed difficult to analyze vowels on a much deeper level since there are different varieties of bhutia spoken in Northern and Eastern Sikkim. One of those varieties

1650-418: The glide is /j/ most of the time, it can sometimes be an /r/ pronounced as [r], which is called a marginal glide. Not all varieties of Bhutia have this feature. Glides might follow bilabial and velar stops as well as the bilabial nasal /m/. There is also a mandatory vowel that can be preceded by plenty of consonant phonemes and any vowel can fill that position in as long or short vowels. The vowels /i/ and /u/ are

1700-406: The high register. In the low register, a low pitch is produced along with a modal or breathy voice when producing vowels. The low register is also used when producing voiced and breathy consonants. The following are the Bhutia vowels, there are 13 of them: ɛː, ɛ, eː, a, aː, o, oː, øː, yː u, uː, i, and iː. For the following explanations, the terms "short" and "long" refer to the vowel lengthening. In

1750-445: The language continues to be used in different media. As of 2021, currently one active newspaper exists, with another paper that has plans to begin printing again. Moreover, in the last 2 decades multiple dictionaries have been published. Finally, the "Bhutia Language Website Development Committee" plans to launch an informational website about the language and peoples in the future. Speakers of Bhutia can understand some Dzongkha , with

1800-517: The language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in the Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha. The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters , sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants . Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of

1850-401: The last four are voiceless. Quite a few Bhutia speakers produce voiceless nasals in a similar way they produce voiced nasals that fall in the high register. Voiceless nasals occur only word-initially, whereas voiced nasals occur word-initially, medially, and finally. There are two lateral approximants in Bhutia, one is the voiceless /l̥/ and the other is the voiced /l/. In regular conversation,

1900-505: The most part quite mutually intelligible in Bhutia as most differences that exist are minor. One big difference, however, is the lack of honorifics in some Northern villages, discussed in more detail in a separate section below. Also occurring in these villages are the largest dialectal differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. In the area of Bhutan closest to Sikkim, non-Bhutia speakers can understand Northern varieties of Bhutia much more easily than they can varieties from West Sikkim. It

1950-520: The native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan ( viz. Wangdue Phodrang , Punakha , Thimphu , Gasa , Paro , Ha , Dagana and Chukha ). There are also some native speakers near the Indian town of Kalimpong , once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal , and in Sikkim . Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and

2000-418: The ones that typically go in the second vowel position. The last consonant position can be a plosive, a rhotic, or a nasal. VV CV CVV CGV CGVV CVC CGVC High and low are the two registers in the Bhutia language. Both have many features. The high register produces a cranky or stiff voice when producing vowels. The high register also produces a high pitch. Voiceless and aspirated consonants happen in

2050-449: The relationship between the addresser and addressee, and/or how the speaker perceives the addressee. Typically there are two different groupings, with the lower group being considered common and simple, and the latter honorific. For example, there are three levels of the second person pronoun; the low level may be used with social inferiors or friends, the mid level with social equals, and the honorific with social superiors. There are also

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2100-407: The tongue touching the alveolar ridge and the back of the upper teeth. The following are classified as dento-alveolar: voiceless dental fricative, voiceless unaspirated dento-alveolar laminal plosive, voiced dento-alveolar laminal plosive, voiceless aspirated dento-alveolar laminal plosive, and voiceless lightly not consistent aspirated dento-alveolar plosive followed by breathiness. All can be found in

2150-426: The unpredictability of some of Bhutia's registers and the lack of difference between modal and breathy voicing, Bhutia is considered a toned language even though tone itself is not provide too much of a functional load like other languages that are also considered to be toned. All consonants happen word-initially with the exception of the glottal /ʔ/. Voiceless nasals and liquids actually don't occur at all. Aspiration

2200-432: The use of honorifics is associated with one's speaking ability and language skills. While the spoken and written language are similar, there are some minor differences. Notable types of change are phonological reduction/modification, as well as morphosyntactic reduction. Some morphosyntactic changes include the dropping of case-markers in certain contexts. Examples that have been observed include noun modifiers losing

2250-563: The word represents a very large spectrum, encompassing, for example, both tree leaf green and sky blue. While there are words that describe this range more specifically, they are of (Classical) Tibetan origin and do not see regular use. Other colors, specific shades of colors, and qualities of color like paleness, darkness and brightness are represented by using the basic color terms with word compounding or suffixation. In Bhutia, there are different forms of many nouns, pronouns, and verbs varying in politeness and respect, and whose use depends on

2300-475: The word-initial position. The following are also known as "retroflex" even though the tongue is not curled backwards as strongly. They are as follows: voiceless unaspirated postalveolar apical plosive, voiceless aspirated postalveolar apical plosive, voiced postalveolar apical plosive, voiced alveolar flap, and voiceless lightly but not consistent aspirated postalveolar apical plosive followed by breathiness. The glottal stop differs from glottal vowel endings and

2350-534: Was not a written language. After gaining Indian statehood, the language was introduced as a school subject in Sikkim and the written language was developed. Bhutia is written using Sambhota script and Zhang Yeshe De Script, which it inherited from Classical Tibetan . Bhutia phonology and lexicon differ markedly from Classical Tibetan, however. SIL International thus describes the Bhutia writing system as "Bodhi style". According to SIL, 68% of Bhutia were literate in

2400-444: Was one of the many minority languages in the region to be taught in schools over the next few years. As a result of this, a written language was developed, adopting a modified version of the Tibetan script. The first literary materials were school books translated from Tibetan, and in the following years original works would be authored, including novels, poetry, and plays. While the total number of bhutia authors number approximately 30,

2450-532: Was rebuilt. The Monastery's location provides very scenic and panoramic view all round. On the tenth day of every month according to the Tibetan calendar , lamas recite hymns at this monastery. Every morning and evening prayers are special here. The monastery is reserved for men only and belongs to the Nyingma sect. Sikkimese language Sikkimese ( Tibetan : འབྲས་ལྗོངས་སྐད་ , Wylie : 'bras ljongs skad , THL : dren jong ké , "rice valley language")

2500-439: Was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools. Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by

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