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100-514: Sankhu ( Nepal Bhasa : साँखु, alternative name: Sakwa ( Nepal Bhasa : 𑐳𑐎𑑂𑐰 ‎/सक्व)) is the ancient Newar town located in the north-eastern corner of Kathmandu Valley which is about 17 km from the city center of Kathmandu . Sankhu was formerly divided into three Village Development Committee, namely, Pukhulachhi , Suntol and Bajrayogini . Recently the town of Sankhu has been declared as Shankharapur Municipality merging three above-mentioned VDCs and other neighbouring VDCs. At

200-487: A Capuchin missionary who visited Nepal in the 1740s referred to the language as Nepalese. The term "Newari" as a name for the language was coined by Brian Hodgson in 1847 and since then used by most western scholars. The term "Newari" is considered by many Newars to be inappropriate as it is the Sanskritisation of "Newar". "Newar" is generally believed to be related to the word "Nepal", possibly derived by

300-411: A baoli (step-well), bucket well, or rahat ( Persian wheel ) would be implemented and installed in the courtyard of the structure or near a pool of water. The dharamsals incorporated a langar (communal kitchen) and lodge, especially the ones on important highways and trade routes, where persons could eat and stay without discriminated based upon their religious or caste-background. This facilitated

400-408: A golak box located in the hall of the dharamsal where Sikhs would voluntarily contribute funds when visiting for prayers. Another means of sourcing funds was the sukh-manat , where Sikhs would donate money when a wish or desire of theirs was fulfilled as a means of expressing thanks. An additional manner in-which funds and gifts were donated is during a kurmai (wedding) ceremony occurring within

500-509: A Sangatia after the introduction of the Manji and later Masand systems. However, some remained under the leadership of a Sangatia due to the respect some earned. Manjidars were appointed leaders under the purview of the Guru and were responsible for a specified Manji diocese or parish. The later Masands were appointed to collect revenue and gifts from the distant dharamsals and congregations for

600-417: A Sikh guru or connected to their life were managed directly by a Sikh guru whilst the centres in more minor, obscure, or distant localities and areas were headed by an appointed Manjidar , Sangatia, Masand , or communally by the local Sikh congregation without a single discernible leader. Positions of local leaders were not dynastic nor inheritable and it was not a professional duty as they still had to live

700-419: A brick wall. The other sides are usually open. Patis can be either free standing of connected to another building, like a house or a dhunge dhara . Patis can be rectangular, L-shaped, T-shaped, U-shaped, curved or circular. The rectangular shape and the L shape are the most common. Patis are the smallest of the dharmashalas but some can be up to 32 bays long. Patis are found within cities and villages, but also on

800-442: A dharamsal dedicated to spreading their Guru's message and teachings in their local area. Bhai Gurdas states the following: “Wherever Guru Nanak visited, that place became a place of worship. The most important centres including those of the jogis visited by the Guru became spiritual centres. Even houses have been turned into dharamsalas where kirtan was sung on the eve of Vaisakhi.” Guru Nanak set-up an important dharamsal in

900-404: A few years as a ruler. During 1540s Jayavir Malla Deva ruled Sankhu. In 1560s, it was ruled by Trailokya Malla Deva and Queen Gangadevi. King Jayaprakahs Malla ruled sankhu from 1736 to 1768. At the end of his rule, Mallas were overthrown from Kathmnadu by Gorkha Kingdom by Prithvi Narayan Shah in 1768. Prithvi Narayan Shah's initial plan was to capture Sanku before attacking Kathmandu because it

1000-486: A golden icon to the monastery of Sankhu. Guru Rinpoche left a number of termas in Sankhu and around. 27°43′0″N 85°27′0″E  /  27.71667°N 85.45000°E  / 27.71667; 85.45000 Newar language Nepal Historical : Gorkha Kingdom Newar ( English: / n ə ˈ w ɑː r / ; 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 ‎ , nepāla bhāṣā ) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by

1100-506: A government institution established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as Sajha Prakashan . On 7 September 1995, the cabinet of ministers decided to use "Nepala Bhasa" instead of "Newari". On 13 November 1998, the Minister of Information and Communication issued another directive to use

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1200-578: A householder. The above statement separates the institution of Sikh dharamsals from those of other faiths, ordaining it as an independent institution based upon Sikhism alone. The first centre was built in Kartarpur , on the banks of Ravi River in the Punjab region by the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak Dev in the year 1521. It now lies in the Narowal District of west Punjab (Pakistan). During

1300-623: A local language. Newar is taught in schools of Sikkim. The exact placement of Newar within the Tibeto-Burman language family has been a source of controversies and confusion. Robert Shafer classified Newar as part of his Bodic division of Sino-Tibetan. George Van Driem classified Newar within the Mahakiranti grouping but he later retracted his hypothesis in 2003. Moreover, he proposed a new grouping called "Maha-Newari" which possibly includes Baram–Thangmi . T. R. Kansakar attributes

1400-524: A neat classification. A classification (based on Glover's ) indicating a percentage of shared vocabulary within the labeled branch and an approximate time of split: Example: Karen etc Example: Sunwar Tamang , Manang , Gurung , Thakali , Kaike , Tibetan , Sherpa Examples: Limbu Chepang Baram–Thangmi Pahri or Pahari (unrelated to other "Pahari" languages of the region) Dolkha Newari Modern Nepal Bhasa ɫ "%" indicates lexical similarity/common vocabulary between Newar and

1500-399: A religious one. Usually there is a source of drinking water (a well, a dhunge dhara or a tutedhara ) nearby. There are three different types of dharmashala: a pati, a sattal and a mandapa. Patis or palchas are the simplest of the three types. They consist of a platform made of stone and brick, with wooden floorboards. Wooden pillars support a sloping roof. The back of the pati is

1600-404: A secret fire sacrifice to the black goddesses. Then the royal sword is brought form the kind of Kathmandu on the fourth days and wood is burned to produce sacred ashes in the temple. The statues of the goddess are brought to the town in special chariots, they are kept on different places on the basis of rotation within four gates of Sankhu and sacrifice is made on the next day. The fifth day of jatra

1700-458: A shelter or rest house for spiritual pilgrims. Traditionally, such dharamshalas (pilgrims' rest houses) were commonly constructed near pilgrimage destinations (which were often located in remote areas) to give visitors a place to sleep for the night. Due to a lack of uniform observance of transliteration and transcription conventions for Hindi (and the Devanagari script in which Hindi

1800-407: A single humble room to house the local devotees of a locality for prayers. This was especially true in the rural areas, villages, and small towns where most of the local Sikh congregations consisted of simple peasants with little means of wealth. They were not built upon a specific axis because Sikhs believe God in omnipresent and the entire Earth is divine and equally fitting as such. The Adi Granth

1900-422: A specific community, caste, ethnic group, profession or persons from a specific region. The specified pilgrims are generally charged minimal or allowed free stay for a limited duration at a Dharamshala specifically built for them but other pilgrims may be charged higher amounts. In Nepal dharmashalas can be found in every village and city. More often than not they have a social and cultural significance rather than

2000-425: A word (derived from Sanskrit ) that is a compound of dharma (धर्म) and shālā (शाला). A loose translation into English would be 'spiritual dwelling' or, more loosely, 'sanctuary'. Rendering a precise literal translation into English is problematic due to the vast and conceptually rich semantic field of the word dharma , and the cultural aspect of India. In common Hindu usage, the word dharamshala refers to

2100-536: Is a Hindu festival based on the story of Swasthani . The vrata (fasting) is a tribute to the goddess through fasting, meditation and ritual bathing by women and men. It begins on the full moon of the Nepali month of Poush and ends on the full moon of the Nepali month of Magh . Men & women spend 30 days at the temple fasting, worshipping and meditating the god Madhav Narayan. It is believed anyone who perform this puja or fasting will have their wish granted. Outside

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2200-484: Is also mentioned in the story of Swasthani , where it is named as Lavanya desa where a Brahmin boy is subsequently made the king by marrying the princess Chandravati. The story mentions about Salinadi. Based on this story, a festival is celebrated annually. The oldest inscription found in Sankhu is dated 538 AD which is dated to the Licchavi Period . The inscription was written by the king Vamanadeva. The city

2300-850: Is an additional official language in Sikkim for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state. The official weekly publication Sikkim Herald has a Newar Edition. The Information & Public Relations Department also broadcasts news bulletin in Newar. Nepal Bhasa is included as elective mother tongue subject in schools by Curriculum Development Committee. Tribhuvan University offers Bachelors, Masters, Mphil and PhD degree in Nepal Bhasa. Expatriates can study Nepal Bhasa at Bishwa Bhasa Campus in Kathmandu. Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Kirtipur Municipality are teaching Nepal Bhasa as

2400-457: Is considered to be the first woman to publish literature in Nepal as her poems are the earliest dated literature in Nepal authored by a woman. An example of the language used during this period is provided by the following lines from a poem written by Briddhi Lakshmi . dukha hāṅā hāṅā parabata jina lhvaneṅa maphuta, madata vipatiyā udhāra I can no longer bear the mountain of grief; there

2500-653: Is during this period that the earliest dated document written entirely in Newar was written, a palm-leaf manuscript preserved in Uku Bāhā, a Buddhist monastery in Lalitpur , which dates from 1114. Following is a line from the document which mostly deals with business transaction. bivu mikhā tivu maduguna chu sāta duguna valhe replace for what is lost, with a remaining object or gift rightly sold out, give some clothes. The first inscription written entirely in Newar set up by

2600-517: Is important for Bajrayogini festival. All kinds of ritual processions including the chariot of Bajrayogini enter through this gate. 4. Mahadyo Dhwakha or Si Dhwakha : Dead bodies from Sankhu are taken out to funeral through this gate. 5. Naari Dhwakha  : During the Shalinadi festival, the Holy god Madhav Narayan along with the devotees are taken in and out of the town through this gate. ‘Naari’

2700-404: Is known as main jatra (Nepal Bhasa:मु: जात्रा) when goddesses are taken around Sankhu within four gates. The day to bring the goddess into Sankhu is called 'to be brought down' (Nepal Bhasa:क्वाहाँ बिज्या) and the day to take goddess is called 'to be taken up' (Nepal Bhasa:थाहाँ बिज्या). On Mu Bijya the festival is celebrated with a feast. Next day, secret rice offering is made to ghosts. Thenafter

2800-663: Is no salvation for the grieved Newar began to be sidelined after the Gorkha conquest of Nepal and the ouster of the Malla dynasty by the Shah dynasty in the late 18th century. Since then, its history has been one of constant suppression and struggle against official disapproval. Following the advent of the Shahs, the Gorkhali language became the court language, and Newar was replaced as

2900-593: Is one of the oldest in Nepal, dating back to at least 600 years ago. From the start of the Rana dynasty in the 1840s until democratisation , Newar suffered from official suppression. From 1952 to 1991, the percentage of Newar speakers in the Kathmandu Valley dropped from 75% to 44% and today Newar culture and language are under threat. The language has been listed as " Definitely endangered " by UNESCO . On 6 May 2024, Newar, along with Tamang and Nepali

3000-630: Is outstretched. In the upper temple is the loom of the Nepali Princess Bhrikuti, spouse of the Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo . In both the upper and lower temples, Bajrayogini is flanked Baghini and Singhini, the Tiger and Lion-headed Yoginis. In the same upper room in the upper temple is a solid bronze standing Buddha and a standing Lokeshvara . Below this shrine room is a small room containing self-arisen (Swayambhu) stupa in stone. On

3100-399: Is that the correct native pronunciation is with the sh sound ( /ʃ/ ). Therefore, the spelling variant that is most common and most concordant with standards of transcription and native pronunciation is 'Dharamshala'. The official Indian English spelling is 'Dharamshala'. It is both written and pronounced as Dharmaśālā in Nepali. Sometimes a dharmaśālā is built at religious pilgrimages for

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3200-577: Is the local name for Shalinadi river. Mt. Manichuda (2403m), a holy mountain, lies in the North of the Sankhu. A lake also named Manichuda lies near the mountain. The temple of Vajrayogini (Bajrayogini, Khadgayogini), one of main identity of Sankhu, lies on the on middle of this hill. Locally, in newari language, the goddess are known as 'Mhasukhwamaju' (Nepal Bhasa:म्हासुख्वा माजु) means yellow faced Mistress and 'Hyaunkhwaamaju' (Nepal Bhasa:ह्याउंख्वा माजु) means red faced Misstress . The temple enshrines

3300-460: Is written), the name of the town has been transcribed into English (and other languages using Romanic scripts ) variously as Dharamshala , Dharamsala and, less frequently, Dharmshala and Dharmsala . These four permutations result from two variables: the transcription of the word धर्म ( dharma )—particularly the second syllable (र्म)—and that of the third syllable (शा). A strict transliteration of धर्म as written would be 'dharma' [ˈdʱərma] . In

3400-519: The granthis assisted after the introduction of the Adi Granth in the early 17th century. Pathis (reciters) assisted with the recitation of the sacred hymns, known as paath . Rababis , Ragis , and Kirtanis were responsible for performing and teaching Sikh music as a means of worship. Preachers and missionaries, knowledgeable in Sikh theology, were also employed for spreading the religion to

3500-432: The 2015 earthquakes without damage. During the past century many dharmashalas have been converted into shops, restaurants and other private spaces. Sikhs believe that Guru Nanak was ordained directly by God to construct dharamsals (places of worship; meaning ‘abode of righteousness’), as per the B.40 Janamsakhi : Go, Nanak [answered God]. Your Panth will flourish. The salutation of your followers shall be: 'In

3600-569: The Indian subcontinent and in Afghanistan as a means of expressing their devotion to the faith. Udasis were commanded by Guru Hargobind and his successors to found dharamsals in the distant reaches of the subcontinent far from the nucleus of Sikh centrality and rejuvenate the abandoned, dilapidated, or struggling dharamsals which had been founded by Guru Nanak and his followers in faraway places, which struggled due to their extreme distance from

3700-651: The Kasthamandap in Kathmandu and the Chyasilin Mandap in Bhaktapur. Chyasilin Mandap was built in the eighteenth century, but completely destroyed during the 1934 earthquake . Architects Götz Hagmüller and Niels Gutschow rebuilt it, using old paintings and early twentieth century photographs as a reference. With the help of locals who had survived the 1934 earthquake , they managed to locate eight of

3800-552: The Lahori dharamsal be converted into a mosque . When Aurangzeb sent out a judgement that temples of kafirs ('infidels') be demolished in 1669, Sikh dharamsals were not spared. Heretical Sikh sects and displeased descendants of the Sikh gurus who were passed over for the Guruship, often forcibly took possession of dharamsals in their area and exiled the legitimate Sikh gurus and their congregation from them. Some examples are

3900-624: The Licchavi period (approximately 400–750) contains frequent use of Sino-Tibetan words especially for proper nouns. Almost 80 percent of the names of places, taxes and merchandise used in the inscriptions are Tibeto-Burman in origin. It suggests that Newar existed as a vernacular language since at least the Lichhavi Dynasty . According to the Gopal Raj Vamshavali , a 14th century Newar language history book, before

4000-532: The Licchavis of Vaishali conquered Nepal , it was ruled by the Kirata and the language they spoke, which is referred by historians such as Shrestha as Kiranti, is believed to be the old form of the Newar language. For instance, in an inscription from 594 located in present day Bhaktapur , the area is referred as khopṛiṅa which closely resmbles the classical and modern Newar name for the city , khopa. It

4100-598: The Newar people , the indigenous inhabitants of Nepal Mandala , which consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal . The language is known officialy in Nepal as Nepal Bhasa, a name that has been historically used for the language. The term " Newari " is also used to refer to the language, although the Indic -i suffix is considered inappropriate by some Newar speakers. The language served as

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4200-510: The Pracalit script and another stone inscription set up by Pratap Malla in 1652 uses the term nevārabhāṣā ("newar language") to refer to the language. In the 1920s, the language known as Khas Kura, Gorkhali or Parbatiya was renamed to Nepali . Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled "Shreeman Gambhir" was changed to Nepali in 1951. Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee),

4300-439: The 14th century, Newar was given the status of national language by Jayasthiti Malla . Since then, most of royal decrees, official proclamations and public notices set up by the monarchs appeared in Newar. Jayasthiti Malla himself commissioned many works in Newar like the Gopal Raj Vamshavali , a manuscript about the history of Nepal dating to 1389. From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of stone inscriptions in

4400-867: The Kathmandu Valley , where they are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites, are in Newar. The period from 1428 to 1769 is considered a Golden Age for Newar Literature . Many monarchs of the Malla dynasty themselves started composing hymns and dramas in Newar. Noted royal writers include Mahindra Malla , Siddhi Narsingh Malla , and Ranajit Malla . Still, there are numerous works of literature from this period with anonymous authors. Some non royal authors include Keshav Udās, Brisabhānanda and Biladātāsingha. Some notable women who wrote literature in Newar during this period include, Jagatakeshari from Banepa , Briddhi Lakshmi (queen consort of Bhaktapur ), Riddhi Lakshmi (mother of Bhupalendra Malla ), Jaya Lakshmi (queen consort of Yoga Narendra Malla ). Among them, Riddhi Lakshmi

4500-399: The Kathmandu Valley leading to the indigenous Newars becoming a minority. During the period 1952 to 1991, the percentage of the valley population speaking Newar dropped from 74.95% to 43.93%. The Nepal Bhasa movement arose as an effort to save the language. Newars have been fighting to save their language in the face of opposition from the government and hostile neighbours from the time of

4600-575: The Linguist Glover, Newar and Chepang language must have diverged around 2200 BC. It is estimated that Newar shares 28% of its vocabulary with Chepang. At the same time, a very large and significant proportion of Newari vocabulary is Indo-European in origin, by one estimate more than 50%, indicating an influence of at least 1,600 years from Indo-European languages, first from Sanskrit, Maithili, Persian, and Urdu and today from Hindi, Nepali and English. The Sanskrit language stone inscriptions of

4700-551: The Masands and Sangatias for their personal needs and harshly reprobates those heads who do so. However, local heads who had no profession to rely upon were allowed to use the non-monetary offerings for their personal needs and survival. Weddings , funerals , births , and initiation ceremonies of the local congregation were held in the dharamsal. During the Sikh festivals of Vaisakhi , Diwali , Maghi , Holi , and Gurparabs , Sikhs were requested to come together publicly at

4800-486: The Pashtun belt region comprising modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Sangatias and Masands who were unable to attend the meeting with the Sikh guru at his durbar would present their collections and offerings in the form of a hundi (bill of exchange). At centres directly under the supervision of a Sikh guru, the Guru was assisted in their responsibilities by a special group of Sikhs known as Hazoori Sikhs. Furthermore,

4900-543: The Queen with an annual word of NPR 4000. In Rana period, a Darbare was appointed who acted as the town chief and looked after local administration. The system was abolished in 1951 with transition to democratic system. In Panchyat period, Sankhu had three village Panchayat as the local units. In 1990, the local units were renamed as village development committees. In 2011, the Nepal government changed it into Nagarpalika. The town used to have eight gates, at each entrances of

5000-569: The US, the UK, Australia, and Japan. Newar was Nepal Mandala 's (then only known as Nepal) administrative language from the 14th to the late 18th century. The continued official use of Newari into the Shah dynasty is shown by the 1775 treaty with Tibet , which was written in the language, but it was gradually replaced in official use by Gorkhali. From the early 20th century until democratization , Newar suffered from official suppression. During this period,

5100-411: The area of Sankhu beyond the gates. The existing five gates are: 1. Bhau Dhwakha (Bride Gate) - This is the main entry gate of Sankhu. In local tradition, this gate is used whenever new bride is introduced to the town. 2. Sangal Dhwakha or Mhyamachaa Dhwakha (Daughter Gate) - It is the gate from which to bid farewell to a daughter who is married off. 3. Dhunlla Dhwakha or Dya Dhwakha - This gate

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5200-472: The area they belonged to. Local Sikhs performed individual worship in their homes and communal worship at the dharamsals. Worship was performed at specific times ( nitnem ) and centred around the Adi Granth at the dharamsal. In the morning, the Japji Sahib prayer was performed at the dharamsal during the morning hours. Sodar , Aarti and Sohila prayers were performed in the evening hours at

5300-560: The central Sikh authority located mainly in Punjab. Guru Tegh Bahadur founded new dharamsal centres during his missionary tours of the Malwa region of Punjab and in northeastern India . Dharamsals were also established on trade routes utilized by Sikh Khatri merchants, especially upon the routes between Chitagong -to- Kabul plus Agra -to- Burhampur . The dharamsals were simple constructions and modest buildings, usually just consisting of

5400-508: The central Sikh authority, where they were responsible for bringing it to. The Masands from various parishes would congregate with the Sikh guru at his durbar (court) on the occasion of Vaisakhi and present the funds and offerings of the dharamsals under their management to him. They managed distant congregations at a regional and provincial level, such as their finances and inns, and conducted missionary activities. They were assisted in their duties by gumashitas (deputies), which they had

5500-429: The central dharamsal and present their gifts and offerings to the Sikh guru. Those who were unable to make the trip to the central dharamsal would celebrate at their local dharamsal on these occasions. Women were not excluded from entry into the dharamsal but rather it was encouraged. They were not secluded from men nor were they allowed to observe purdah or veiling of their faces. Many figures showed opposition to

5600-528: The correct native pronunciation, 'Dharam sh ala' [dʱərəmˈʃaːlaː] or 'Dharm sh ala' [dʱərmˈʃaːlaː] . Nonetheless, the alternate spelling 'Dharamsala' continues to be used in some cases despite its inaccuracy, and all four spelling permutations can be found in the English language materials of the local and state governments, in publications, and on the Internet. Regardless of spelling variations, however, it

5700-471: The day, but also for overnight stays. One example of such a building is Singha Sattal . Mandapas are square, freestanding buildings, much like patis, but they are open on all sides. The simplest mandapa is a platform with a roof, which rests on sixteen wooden pillars. Two of such mandapas can be found on either side of the entrance stairs of Manga Hiti in Patan. Mandapas can also have multiple storeys, like

5800-488: The dharamsal by the early Sikhs. Interfaith dialogues were also held within dharamsals. In the courtyard of the dharamsal, diwans (religious assemblies) and jor melas (religious festivals) would be undertaken. The assemblies in the courtyard were often utilized to discuess topics related to theology, warfare, government, and so-on. Sikh Panchayats ran their courts in the courtyard and passed judgements from there. The main dharamsals located at localities founded by

5900-449: The difficulty about the placement of Newar to the inability of scholars to connect it with the migration patterns of the Tibeto-Burman speakers. Since Newar separated from rest of the family very early in history, it is difficult or at least arbitrary to reconstruct the basic stratum that contributed to present day Newar speech. He underscored the point that the language evolved from mixed racial/linguistic influences that do not lend easily to

6000-413: The fast spread of Sikhism throughout the Punjab. Some dharamsals contained a hospital ward where the sick and injured could receive treatment. Other dharamsals incorporated carpentry workshops to construct beds and other needed furniture. The dharamsals often contained a school where one could learn Gurmukhi , Sikh music , and interpretation of Sikh scriptures . The dharamsals were known or named after

6100-470: The general public. Scribes were needed for the preparation of handwritten manuscripts of the Sikh scriptures and for scribing messages in the form of hukamnamas , which were sent from the central Sikh authority of the Guru's dharamsal to local Sikh congregations and dharamsals. The role of preparing langar and its distribution was assigned to the most "senior" and "resourceful" Sikh of the congregation. In

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6200-594: The hill behind there is a courtyard in the centre of which is a basin containing the “Water of the Kalpa” which never dries up. In the building immediately to the left of the stairs, there is also an eternal fire or “Fire of the Kalpa”. Further up, on top of the hill, is the Mani-linga. The Swasthani temple lies in the bank of Salinadi. A month-long worship to the God Madhav Narayan is done in Sankhu which

6300-546: The institute of dharamsal, such as Karoria and Goinda Marwaha ( chaudhry of Goindwal), the former due to Mughal administrative subjugation and the latter due to financial greed. Noorudin, a Mughal official, opposed the construction of the Tarn Taran dharamsal and seized its construction materials. Mughal emperor Jahangir viewed the dharamsals as being dukan-e-batil (meaning "mart [or shop] of falsehood") and actively tried ceasing their activities. Shah Jahan ordered that

6400-485: The langar kitchen to ensure smooth functioning. Sangatia (also spelt as Sangtias ) were head leaders from the local Sikh congregation ( sangat ) who arose as local leaders based upon personal piety and merit. Anyone could arise to become a Sangatia as there was no established priestly or clergy-class in Sikhism, as long as they were well-learnt and dedicated enough to the religion. Most dharamsals ceased being headed by

6500-419: The language of administration. However, Newar continued to remain in official use for a time as shown by the 1775 treaty with Tibet which was written in it. A few of the new rulers cultivated the language. Kings Prithvi Narayan Shah , Rana Bahadur and Rajendra Bikram Shah composed poetry and wrote plays in it. Newar suffered heavily under the repressive policy of the Rana dynasty (1846–1951 AD) when

6600-665: The language, can be found in the manuscripts of a commentary to the Nāradasaṃhitā , dated 1380, and a commentary to the Amarkośa , dated 1386. Some inscriptions from the Malla Dynasty refer to the language as deśabhāṣā ( Pracalit Script : 𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 ‎ , lit.   ' language of the country ' ) and svadeśabhāṣā ( Pracalit Script : 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 ‎, lit.   ' language of one's own country ' ). Similarly, Father Cassiano da Macerata,

6700-467: The late 17th century, the position of Diwan arose which assisted the Guru with the management of finances as a dedicated office within the central dharamsal. Some other duties and responsibilities of the lay visitors and parishioner were: Dharamsals were not patronized by the Mughal state or local government authorities but rather all finances needed for their successful operation were collected from

6800-515: The life of a householder. They were not allowed to claim divine status for themselves. At centres directly under the supervision of a Sikh guru, the Guru was responsible for organizing kirtan sessions and recitation of Gurbani , leading prayers at specified times, such as in the morning and evening , receiving visitors, performing katha (religious discourse explaining the tenets, practices, and intrinsicness of Sikhism and exposition of its scriptures), and held dialogues. He also coordinated

6900-420: The local Sikh congregation in the form of the dasvandh tithing and kar-bhent , a special campaign for voluntary offerings made by devotees to the Guru for the needs of the local and central dharamsals. The dharamsals did not rely on the central Sikh authority for funds and were independent units who raised their own funds from amongst their local congregation. Gifts and monetary donations were retained within

7000-413: The local congregation. A chulia was a donation on behalf of a name of a deceased individual based upon a promise. Local Sikhs provided food resources to the dharamsal, such as in the form of grains and produce, to help with the functioning of the langar. When the finances and gifts were given to the central Sikh dharamsal of the Sikh guru, a hundi (bill of exchange) was recorded. Funds were used for

7100-469: The main sacred representations of this site, Ugra-tara manifesting as Ekazati , which are said to give very powerful blessings, particularly the image in the upper temple. The image in the lower temple is red in colour with one face and four arms, two of which hold a skull-cup (kapala) and knife at her heart, and the remaining two hold a sword and an utpala (blue) lotus. In the upper temple is an identical image of Ugra-tara in bell metal, in which her left leg

7200-462: The modern spoken Hindi of the region, however, there is a common metathesis in which the vowel and consonant sounds in the second syllable of certain words (including धर्म) are transposed, which changes 'dharma' to 'dharam' (pronounced somewhere between [ˈdʱərəm] and [ˈdʱərm] , depending on the speaker). Thus, if the goal of the transcription is phonetic accord with modern spoken Hindi, then 'dharam' and 'dharm' are both legitimate options. Regarding

7300-472: The name Nepal Bhasa instead of Newari. However, the Central Bureau of Statistics has not been doing so. A colloquial term is Newa Bhaay ( Devanāgarī : नेवा: भाय्, IAST : Nevāḥ Bhāy) is also used. Newar is spoken by over a million people in Nepal according to the 2001 census. With an increase in emigration, various bodies and societies of Newar-speaking people have emerged in countries such as

7400-553: The name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. I shall bless your Panth. Inculcate devotion towards Me and strengthen men's obedience to their dharma. As the Vaisnavas have their temple, the yogis their asan, and the Muslims their mosque, so your followers shall have their dharamsala. Three things you must inculcate in your Panth: repeating the divine Name, giving charity, and regular bathing. Keep yourself unspotted while yet remaining

7500-631: The name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. The salutation of the Vaisnava Panth is: 'In the name of Rama and Krisna'. The salutation of the Sanyasi Panth is: 'In the name of Narayan I bow before you'. The Yogi's salutation is: 'Hail to the primal One'. The Muslims' cry is: 'In the name of the One God peace be with you'. You are Nanak and your Panth will flourish. Your followers shall be called Nanak-panthis and their salutation will be: 'In

7600-557: The new-found Kartarpur after settling there. Other important dharamsals were located in Khadur , Goindwal , Ramdaspur , Tarn Taran , Kartarpur (Doaba) and Sri Hargobindpur , all of whom had been directly founded upon the instruction of a Sikh guru. When the Manji system and the later Masand systems of preachers and dioceses was set-up, they were directed to found a dharamsal in their dedicated area of missionary work. Passionate early Sikhs would found dharamsals at various places across

7700-410: The official language of Nepal during the Malla dynasty since the 14th century till the end of dynasty in 1769 during which the language was referred as "Nepal Bhasa", a term which literally means "Nepalese Language". However, the language is not the same as Nepali , an Indo-Aryan language and the current official language of Nepal , which only got the name Nepali in the 1930s. Literature in Newar

7800-402: The original pillars and some other fragments of the old building. Dr. Walther Mann, an expert on earthquake proof architecture, created an internal framework of steel and concrete. Craftsmen from Bhaktapur and Patan recreated all the other parts. The work was completed in 1990. Thanks to the controversial choice to use contemporary technology to strengthen the structure, Chyasilin Mandap survived

7900-513: The other languages in the branch. The date indicates an approximate time when the language diverged. ɞ Van Driem labelled this branch as "Parakiranti" and included it together with Kiranti branch to form Maha Kiranti group. However, he would later drop this hypothesis. ʌ All languages within this branch have extensive Indo-Aryan vocabulary. It is hypothesised that either ancient IndoAryan admixture happened before Newar-Thangmi-Baram split or that Thangmi-Baram borrowed through Newari. According to

8000-457: The power to appoint. The gumashitas helped manage the group of dharamsals in a province or region, especially ones located in small towns, under the purview of a masand head. Some Masands grew in prominence and influence to such a level that even regions falling out of their assigned region were controlled by them, such as in the case of the Masands of Patna, Burhanpur and Kabul managing the dharamsals located in northeast India , south India , and

8100-435: The propagation of Sikhism, constructions and renovations of dharamsals, running of the communal kitchen and lodge, and payment for the mewra messengers who would deliver hukamnama messages, often requiring travelling great distances to do so. After the militarization of the Sikh community, the funds were used for purchasing military resources. Bhai Gurdas strictly laid out that funds were not allowed to be misappropriated by

8200-424: The regime attempted to wipe it out. In 1906, legal documents written in Newar were declared unenforceable, and any evidence in the language was declared null and void. The rulers forbade literature in Newar, and writers were sent to jail. In 1944, Buddhist monks who wrote in the language were expelled from the country. Moreover, hostility towards the language from neighbours grew following massive migration into

8300-552: The replacement of the 'la' sound with a 'ra' sound, a common practice in historical documents from Nepal. Historically, the term "Newar" itself was rarely used, only finding use in the travelogue of some of the Capuchin missionaries who visited Nepal during the Malla dynasty . Only two sources from the Malla dynasty use the term "Newar" to refer to the language or its script; the multilingual stone inscription of Pratap Malla uses " nevāra ākhara " ("newar alphabet") to refer to

8400-503: The repressive Rana regime till today. The movement arose against the suppression of the language that began with the rise of the Shah dynasty in 1768 AD, and intensified during the Rana regime (1846–1951) and Panchayat system (1960–1990). Dharamshala (type of building)#Nepalese dharmashalas Dharamshala ( Devanagari : धर्मशाला; ITRANS : Dharmashaalaa; IAST : Dharmaśālā) is

8500-479: The royal family also dates from this period; a stone inscription from Bajrayogini Temple of Rudra Malla from 1127 ( NS 293). The Newar language of the Medieval era (879 to 1769 CE) is referred as Classical Newar . It is further classified into Early Classical Newar, used from 879 to 1482, when the period of three kingdom started and Late Classical Newar, from 1482 to 1769, when the Malla dynasty ended . In

8600-535: The side of the road, often near a source of water. In Patan fourteen patis house parts of the chariot used for the Rato Machindranath Jatra . Preparations for the festival begin with the construction of a 60-foot tall chariot at Pulchok at the western end of the city. Sattals have one or two extra, usually closed, storeys on top of a pati-like structure. The ground floor is mostly open on three sides. Sattals are resting places, not just for

8700-481: The statues are brought back to the temple. The earthquake of 2015 destroyed or damaged 750 (out of 960) houses. Many buildings that had survived a 1934 quake did not survive in 2015. Most of the building were traditional brick masonry building with Newari Architecture Padmasambhava of Kathmandu made a pilgrimage to Sankhu where he met Shakyadevi and took her to Yangleshö . Vairotsana , leaving Tibet after his teachings were slandered, stopped in Nepal and offered

8800-611: The temple, the riverbank of the Sali Nadi is thought to be the site where Goddess Parvati bathed during her month of meditations dedicated to Swasthani. The festival of Vajrayogini occurs in Chaitra Sukla Astami (late March or early April). A nine days tradition jatra of Mhasukhwamaju and other Vaghini (Bagini), Singhini and a stupa shaped Buddha starts on the day of full moon ( purnima ) and continues for nine days. The festival starts with announcement by performing

8900-580: The third syllable, the Devanagari श corresponds to the English sh sound, [ ʃ ] . Thus शाला is transcribed in English as 'shala'. Therefore, the most accurate phonetic transcription of the Hindi धर्मशाला into Roman script for common (non-technical) English usage is either 'Dharamshala' or, less commonly, 'Dharmshala', both of which render the sh ( /ʃ/ ) sound of श in English as 'sh' to convey

9000-498: The time of Guru Nanak, Sikh places of worship were known as dharamsals where kirtan was conducted by the early Sikh congregation. The worship centres were built as a place where Sikhs could gather to hear the guru give spiritual discourse and sing religious hymns in the praise of Waheguru . The institution of Gurdwara would evolve out of Dharamsals. Guru Nanak would arrange early Sikh followers into various sangat congregations or parishes and instructed them to erect

9100-645: The time of Sankardeva. During medieval period, Sankhu was a princely state of Bhaktapur. Sakhu is mentioned in Gopalaraja Vamsavali as the place where in 1242AD war was fought and Echimis were defeated. There is mention about Sankhu in 1334AD as the place where a person named Snkhu Mulmi stole ornaments of Brahmins. During this period it is believed that Sankhu was one of the strong fortress of Nepal. King Svarna Malla (1504–19) divided Sankhu into two parts and gave one half to his brother. During 1520–30, King Surya Malla captured Sankhu and stayed there for

9200-400: The time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4333 living in 928 individual households. Sankhu lies between river Salinakhu (also Salinadi) in east and Asakhu in the west. It is believed that the name Sakwa has two parts- Samdesh (Meaning Tibet) and Kvay (Meaning Below), in total it means a town below Tibet. According to the legend of Manisaila Mahavadana , the Sankhu valley

9300-517: The town. These gates became dilapidated and disappeared, but few were reconstructed namely the Bhau Dhwaha, Mhyamachaa Dhwakha, Dhunlla Dhwakha, Mahadyo Dhwakha and Naari Dhwakha. These gates used to have a paati (resthouse), Dhunge dhara (Water Spout; Nepali: dhunge=stone, dhara=tap or spout) and ponds next to them but only a few still exist now. The gates defined the boundary of the town in ancient times but current administrative maps extends

9400-1161: The use of the language for business and literary purposes was declared illegal, and Newar authors were fined or imprisoned. The Language Commission of Nepal recommended Bagmati Province to provide Nepal Bhasa (Newar) the status of official language, alongside Tamang . The commission also recommends Nepal Bhasa (Newar) for official status in specific areas and purposes in Province No. 1 and Gandaki Province . At local levels, Nepal Bhasa (Newar) has official status in Kathmandu Metropolitan City , Lalitpur Metropolitan City and Kirtipur Municipality Chandragiri Municipality , Shankharapur Municipality, Tarkeshwor Municipality of Kathmandu district; Banepa Municipality , Dhulikhel Municipality of Kavre district; Godavari Municipality of Lalitpur district; and Bhaktapur Municipality , Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of Bhaktapur district have recognized Nepal Bhasa in some ways. Similarly, Bhimeshor Municipality has recognized and made policy-level decisions for Dolakha Nepal Bhasa. Newar

9500-417: Was a lake. Godessess Bajrayogini cleaved the mountain to drain the water, similar to the one done by Manjushri for Kathmandu Valley. Bajrayogini then instructed the priest Jogdev and the first King Sankhadev to build the town of Sankhu in the shape of a conch shell. Swayambhu Purana also mentions about Saketu, however there is weak evidence that Sankhu is same as the one mentioned in this document. Sankhu

9600-450: Was a trade route to Tibet. In 1746, he attacked Sankhu with the help from Ranajit Malla , the king of Bhaktapur. But the plan failed. It is believed that the people of Saknku were loyal to Mallas. A note from Colonel Kirkapatrick from 1793 mentions about the town of Sakhu as a place of great magnitude in the past but does not at present above a thousands families . The Gorkhali kings turned Sankhu into Jagir to reward its functionaries by

9700-468: Was built on a trade route form Kathmandu to Kuti , Shigatse and Lhasa in Tibet. Before Malla Dynasty in Nepal, Sankhu is believed to be a separate kingdom because of the presence of the historical Durbar square ( Layaku ), but this is still debated. It is mentioned that king Sankaradeva's grandson Manadeva went to a bihar in Sankhu after killing his father. This indicates that Sankhu existed during

9800-410: Was declared as the official language of Bagmati Province . Similarly, Newar is given official status in several city governments of Nepal including Kathmandu . The official and historical name of the language, Nepal Bhasa , which literally means Nepal Language , originates from Nepal . Historically, Nepal was only used to refer to the Kathmandu Valley and its surroundings, where the language

9900-435: Was installed at dharamsals after its codeification and introduction in 1604. The dharamsals likely did not contain intricate and ornate furniture, fittings, and other decorative accessories, unlike modern-day gurdwaras. Dharamsals incorporated a body of water for public bathing due to the importance placed upon isnan (customary bathing in the morning ) in Sikhism. Wherever natural sources of water were not readily available,

10000-467: Was native to. A larger region surrounding the valley is known as Nepal Mandala . Therefore, the language spoken in Nepal Mandala became known as Nepal Bhasa. The name "Nepal Bhasa" is ubiquitous in sources from the Malla dynasty to refer to the language. The earliest occurrences of the name Nepālabhāṣā ( Devanāgarī : नेपालभाषा) or Nepālavāc ( Devanāgarī : नेपालवाच) used to refer to

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