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36-435: The parish was first referred in the chronicles of Gaspar Frutuoso : Monte Alverne later identified that this area was associated with Nossa Senhora da Purificação , in the place of Espírito Santo. In the area of Malbusca, during the early settlement of the region, the colonists collected the fungus Roccella tinctoria which was exported to Flanders to produce woad , in an artisanal and risky process: The parish borders

72-593: A different approach on Portuguese issues. Taxes raised affected mainly the Portuguese merchants (Carmo Reis 1987). The Portuguese nobility began to lose its importance at the Spanish Cortes , and government posts in Portugal were occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a royal province, and Portuguese nobles lost all of their power. This situation culminated in a revolution by

108-498: A pastoral style, about the history of two friends that are separated and forced to live far from home. Some biographers have cited this as a deliberate autobiography of Frutuoso and his university friend, the Micalense medic, Gaspar Gonçalves. Gaspar Frutuoso apparently attempted to publish his work, going so far as to rework and edit his manuscript (the original has many edits in his hand). For reasons that are never clear, although

144-560: A viceroy in Lisbon. Important matters, however, were referred to Madrid, where they came before the Council of Portugal. In the kingdom of Portugal, the polisynodial system is reinforced: Nevertheless, the political conjuncture needed urgent reactions, and in this context a system of meetings appeared for specific issues, as the Junta for the reform of the Council of Portugal (1606–1607, 1610),

180-458: Is normally cited in settlement history of the islands of the Azores. Gaspar Frutuoso was born in 1522, on the island of São Miguel , son of Frutuoso Dias, a merchant and rural property-owner, and his wife Isabel Fernandes. Little is known of his childhood, apart from references to him working his father's lands during this period. The first trustworthy record about Frutuoso was his admission to

216-490: The Atlantic and Indian Oceans . The large area of Bahia and its city, the strategically important Salvador, was recovered quickly by a powerful Iberian military expedition in 1625. This laid the foundations for the recovery of remaining Dutch controlled areas. The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and Portuguese expeditions. On

252-479: The Atlantic Ocean to the south and east, and it is the largest parish by area covering an expanse of hills, mounts and vegetation-rich escarpments. It is the third most populated in the municipality of Vila do Porto, but its rural communities are very dispersed. Until recently most communities were limited to dirt-road paths and trails to connect them. It is now served by the regional road network, circling

288-735: The Atlantic slave trade undermined Portugal's near monopoly on the lucrative oceanic spice and slave trades. This sent the Portuguese spice trade into a long decline. To a lesser extent, the diversion of wealth from Portugal by the Habsburg monarchy to help support the Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War also created strains within the union, although Portugal did benefit from Spanish military power in helping to retain Brazil and in disrupting Dutch trade. These events, and those that occurred at

324-685: The Council of Trent , where he obtained a theology baccalaureate. During his time in Salamanca he became friends with Father Miguel Torres, a member of the Society of Jesus , which would later serve him as he was promoting charitable activities in the Azores. He briefly returned to the Azores between 1558 and 1560, where he became parish priest in Santa Cruz , in the municipality of Lagoa (records written by him during this period date his time in

360-624: The Iberian Union , a dynastic union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal. The dynasty's kings were Philip I , Philip II and Philip III . The history of Portugal from the 1580 succession crisis to the House of Braganza monarchs was a period of transition. At its beginning, under the House of Aviz , the Portuguese Empire spice trade was near its height. It continued to enjoy widespread influence after Vasco da Gama reached

396-569: The Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada since 1966. Philippine Dynasty The Philippine dynasty ( Portuguese : dinastia filipina ), also known as the House of Habsburg in Portugal , was the third royal house of Portugal. It was named after the three Habsburg Spanish kings, all named Philip ( Spanish : Felipe ; Portuguese: Filipe , pronounced [fɨˈlipɨ] ), who ruled Portugal between 1581 and 1640 under

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432-486: The Renaissance . The author is an encyclopedic, literary and artistic observer of the natural phenomenons, preoccupied with experimental alchemy and speculative on aspects of geology, biology, mineralogy and petrology . His detailed descriptions are so detailed that they were published into separate volumes which cover: The fifth volume is an elaborate poem, from the perspective of a fictional character, writing in

468-540: The University of Salamanca (in 1548) where he later obtained an Arts certification. At the age of 31 (in 1554), he was ordained during a visit to São Miguel; his records from 1554 to 1555 show him registered as presbitero bachiller . He continued his studies in Salamanca under the noted theologian Domingo de Soto , the royal confessor of King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles I of Spain) and envoy to

504-541: The 20 May 1565, he was nominated to be the vicar and orator at the parochial Church of Nossa Senhora da Estrela ( Our Lady of the Star ), in the municipality of Ribeira Grande , a position he held for the next 26 years (until his death). During this time, he was dedicated to the parish, as well as charitable works he contributed towards on and off-island, but still had time writing his 16 manuscripts that included Saudades da Terra , and Saudades do Ceu . Ever mindful of

540-757: The Council of War was created to organize all the operations. Next, the king created the Junta of the Frontiers, to take care of the fortresses near the border, the hypothetical defense of Lisbon , and the garrisons and sea ports. In December 1641, a tenancy was created to assure upgrades on all fortresses that would be paid with regional taxes. John IV also organized the army, established the Military Laws of King Sebastian, and developed intense diplomatic activity focused on restoring good relations with England. After gaining several decisive victories, John quickly tried to make peace. His demand that Philip recognize

576-632: The Councils took place in the royal palace, and they did not count on the presence of the king habitually. In this polisynodial system stood out for its importance, the Consejo de Estado (Council of State). Relating to the particular government of the kingdom of Portugal itself. During the union of the kingdom of Portugal to the Spanish monarchy, the Spanish Habsburgs on the whole respected

612-729: The East Indies by sailing around Africa in 1497–1498. Vasco da Gama's achievement completed the exploratory efforts inaugurated by Henry the Navigator , and opened an oceanic route for the profitable spice trade into Europe that bypassed the Middle East . Throughout the 17th century, the increasing predations and beleaguering of Portuguese trading posts in the East by the Dutch, English and French, and their rapidly growing intrusion into

648-516: The Junta for the classification of the debts to the treasury (since 1627) or the Juntas for the organization of the navies of succor of Brazil (since 1637)... The union of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and Spain's enemies became Portugal's. England had been an ally of Portugal since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386. War between Spain and England led to a deterioration of

684-537: The Spanish occupation of the island (during the Iberian Union ) may have influenced his decision, he never published the work. The manuscript, along with documents from his library, were sent to the Jesuit College in Ponta Delgada and preserved until 1760 (when the Society of Jesus was expelled from Portugal). The manuscript fell into the hands of people who restricted access to the document, until it

720-672: The author, of the history and geography of the Atlantic territories of the Kingdom of Portugal, as well as the Canary Islands (lands at one time attributed to Portugal). It is a referential work for the understanding of the islands of Macaronesia at the end of the 16th Century. The work is not limited to geography and history, but also covers daily life, customs and traditions, genealogy , the origins of place names, flora and fauna , and affirms Frutuoso's humanist nature, typical of

756-519: The border. The most significant battles being the Battle of Montijo on May 26, 1644, the Battle of the Lines of Elvas (1659), the Battle of Ameixial (1663), the Battle of Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and the Battle of Montes Claros (1665); the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles. Several decisions made by John IV to strengthen his forces made these victories possible. On December 11, 1640,

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792-623: The end of the House of Aviz and the period of the Iberian Union, led Portugal to a state of dependency on its colonies, first India and then Brazil . Due to complexity in the management of government affairs, the Spanish Monarch established auxiliary bodies called Councils ( Consejos ), dedicated to providing advice toward resolution of problems. The Councils needed a permanent seat, and so King Philip II of Spain established in 1562

828-563: The entire island of Ceylon, they were able to keep the coastal regions of Ceylon under their control for a considerable time. Brazil was partially conquered by both France and the Seventeen Provinces . In the 17th century, taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, many Portuguese territories in Brazil were occupied by the Dutch who gained access to the sugarcane plantations . John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen

864-486: The island, and most rural communities have paved roadways. Recreational Forest Reserve of Fontinhas The parish is made up of several scattered communities, that include: Almas, Azenha de Baixo, Azenha de Cima, Boavista, Cardal, Calheta, Cruz, Feteirinha, Fonte do Jordão, Glória, Lapa de Baixo, Lapa de Cima, Loural, Maia, Malbusca, Meio Moio, Panasco, Piedade, Santo António, Santo Espírito and Terra do Raposo. Gaspar Frutuoso Gaspar Frutuoso ( c. 1522 – 1591)

900-491: The nobility and high bourgeoisie on December 1, 1640, 60 years after the crowning of Philip I. The plot was planned by Antão Vaz de Almada , Miguel de Almeida and João Pinto Ribeiro . They, together with several associates, killed Secretary of State Miguel de Vasconcelos and imprisoned the king's cousin, the Duchess of Mantua , who had governed Portugal in his name. The moment was well chosen, as Philip's troops were at

936-595: The other hand, the Iberian Union opened to both countries a worldwide span of control, as Portugal dominated the African and Asian coasts that surrounded the Indian Ocean , and Spain the Pacific Ocean and both sides of Central and South America , while both shared the Atlantic Ocean space. When Philip II of Portugal (Philip III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by Philip III (and IV of Spain) who had

972-613: The parish). In 1560, he decided to return to Salamanca in order to complete a Doctorate in Theology, but began working with Bishop Julião de Alva in Bragança , where he remained until 1563. It is unclear when, and from where, he attained his Doctorate, but he began to use this title from 1565, also when his name began appearing on the University of Évora 's registry (an institution of the Society of Jesus), after 1569. By decree on

1008-660: The permanent capital in Madrid, seat of the Royal Court and of the administrative staff. During a brief period (1601–1606), the whole administrative staff held court in Valladolid . Administrative correspondence originated from different Councils and was delivered by each Council Secretary to Madrid for the attention of the Crown. The king would later assemble the secretaries to request the Council's opinion. The meetings of

1044-441: The pledges made at Thomar in 1581 to allow considerable Portuguese autonomy and to respected the territories of its empire. Public offices were reserved for Portuguese subjects at home and overseas. The king was represented at Lisbon sometimes by a governor and sometimes by a viceroy. So, Spain left the administration of Portugal and its empire largely to the Portuguese themselves, under general supervision from Madrid channeled through

1080-703: The politics of the time, during the period of the Philippine Dynasty , he was: In 1566, during the French assault on Funchal , he collected funds and wheat for the people of Madeira . He died on 24 August 1591 and was buried in the Church of Nossa Senhora da Estrela, in Ribeira Grande. Saudades da Terra , literally Nostalgic-longing for the Land , is a six-volume tome that contains observations by

1116-522: The relations with Portugal's oldest ally, and the loss of Hormuz . English help provided by Elizabeth I of England in a rebellion against the kings assured the survival of the alliance. War with the Dutch led to invasions of many countries in Asia , including Ceylon (today's Sri Lanka ), and commercial interests in Japan , Africa ( Mina ), and South America . Even though the Portuguese were unable to capture

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1152-645: The time fighting the Thirty Years' War and also facing a revolution in Catalonia . The support of the people became apparent almost immediately and soon John, 8th Duke of Braganza , was acclaimed King of Portugal throughout the country as John IV. By December 2, 1640, John had already sent a letter to the Municipal Chamber of Évora as sovereign of the country. The subsequent Portuguese Restoration War against Philip III ( Portuguese : Guerra da Restauração ) consisted mainly of small skirmishes near

1188-582: The west coast of Africa. After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640, Portugal would reestablish its authority over the lost territories of the Portuguese Empire . The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long-lasting and troublesome for Portugal. The Seventeen Provinces captured a large portion of the Brazilian coast including Bahia (and its capital Salvador ), Pernambuco (and its capital Recife ), Paraíba , Rio Grande do Norte , Ceará , and Sergipe , while Dutch privateers sacked Portuguese ships in both

1224-458: Was a Portuguese priest, historian and humanist from the island of São Miguel , in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores . His major contribution to Portuguese history was his detailed descriptions of the history and geography of the Azores, Madeira , Canary Islands and references to Cape Verde , which he published in his six-part tome Saudades da Terra , as well as Saudades do Céu . He

1260-555: Was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1637 by the Dutch West India Company . He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January 1637. By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from Sergipe on the south to São Luís de Maranhão in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of Elmina Castle , Saint Thomas, and Luanda , Angola, on

1296-659: Was donated to the General Committee of Ponta Delgada , and incorporated into the holdings of the Public Library and Archive (where it now resides). The work was finally published in 1873, with thirty notes by Álvaro Rodrigues de Azevedo, and a prologue by the Dicionário Universal de Português Ilustrado ( Illustrated Universal Dictionary of Portugal ), written by Fernandes Costa. Many partial editions of Saudades da Terra have been re-published by

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