Tewa ( / ˈ t eɪ w ə / TAY -wə ) is a Tanoan language spoken by sevaral Pueblo nations in the Rio Grande valley in New Mexico north of Santa Fe , and in Arizona . It is also known as Tano, or Tée-wah (archaic). There is some disagreement among the Tewa people about whether or not Tewa should have a written form, as some Pueblo elders believe that their language should be preserved by oral tradition alone. Because of this, it was not until the 1960s that the language was written down for the first time. However, many Tewa speakers have decided that Tewa literacy is an important aspect in passing down the language and so orthographies have been created for this purpose.
31-624: Santa Clara Pueblo (in Tewa : Khaʼpʼoe Ówîngeh [xɑ̀ʔp’òː ʔówîŋgè]) "Singing Water Village", also known as "Village of Wild Roses" is a census-designated place (CDP) in Rio Arriba County , New Mexico , United States and a federally recognized tribe of Native American Pueblo people . The pueblo is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos , and the people are from the Tewa ethnic group of Native Americans who speak
62-549: A global coalition of organizations working to strengthen and preserve endangered languages is forming through the website. This group is known as the Alliance for Linguistic Diversity. This group partners with Google to run the Endangered Languages Project. ELP currently has two full-time staff, four part-time Language Revitalization Mentors, and four interns. The current ELP staff and interns are from
93-408: A number of well-known ceramic artists from Santa Clara. Four approaches are used in the decoration of the majority of Santa Clara Pueblo ceramics: painted designs, impressed patterns, incised designs, and resist-firing with incised or sgraffito designs. Tewa language The language has struggled to maintain a healthy speaker base; however, because of efforts to preserve the language starting in
124-770: A subject and a predicate. There are also many ways to say what would be translated as the same thing in English in Tewa. For example, there are three ways to say the sentence "The man and the woman are entering": sen-ná-dí man- EMPH - ASSOC kwiyó woman da-cu:de-ʔeʔe 3 : DU : STAT -enter:come sen-ná-dí kwiyó da-cu:de-ʔeʔe man-EMPH-ASSOC woman 3:DU:STAT-enter:come sen-ná-dí man- EMPH - ASSOC kwiyo-wá-dí woman- EMPH - ASSOC da-cu:de-ʔeʔe 3 : DU : STAT -enter:come sen-ná-dí kwiyo-wá-dí da-cu:de-ʔeʔe Endangered Languages Project The Endangered Languages Project ( ELP )
155-547: A wide range of experience and employment, including language research groups, universities, and Google . The active Governance Council has delegates from the United States , Canada , Australia , Estonia , Cameroon and the Netherlands . It is responsible for management of the website, oversight of outreach efforts and long-term planning for the project. In addition to the governing organizations listed above,
186-400: A word, sometimes be the addition of a word superfix. Within free roots, there are two additional types, isolated and non-isolated free roots. There is a very small number of isolated free roots, as these are roots that are neither combinable with other roots nor affixable. Non-isolated free roots are roots that are combinable with other roots and/or are affixable. A limited non-isolated free root
217-455: Is a worldwide collaboration between indigenous language organizations , linguists, institutions of higher education, and key industry partners to strengthen endangered languages . The foundation of the project is a website , which launched in June 2012. The ELP was launched in June 2012 with the intention of being a "comprehensive, up-to-date source of information on the endangered languages of
248-401: Is affixed with set marker /-n/, and class non-N, which does not have this affix. Class non-N is the larger of the two, containing almost all nouns in Tewa, which are, for the most part, mono- or di-syllabic. Class N nouns are mostly designations for age-sex differentiation, kinship terms, and forms which translate as pronouns. All known noun affixes are included in the chart below. /-n2/
279-770: Is appropriate for the ELCat are encouraged to submit information pertaining to the improvement or submission of a particular language entry. The organization's website also offers an interactive map to present the origin for these languages around the world. As of 2020, the ELP has catalogued over 3000 endangered languages in its ELCat covering 180 countries/territories throughout the world. Some of these languages include Nubi , Irish , Orok , Welsh , Swedish Sign Language , and Boruca . There are 360 endangered languages catalogued in Australia, alone. The ELP states that "over 40 percent of
310-597: Is defined as "severely endangered" in New Mexico by UNESCO. In the names "Pojoaque" and "Tesuque", the element spelled "que" (pronounced something like [ɡe] in Tewa, or /ki/ in English) is Tewa for "place". Tewa can be written with the Latin script ; this is occasionally used for such purposes as signs ( Be-pu-wa-ve ' Welcome ' , or sen-ge-de-ho ' Bye ' ). Because alphabet systems have been developed in
341-730: Is different from /-n/ because of the occurrence of /-n2/ with singular, dual, and plural situations involving the same root, which is never the case for /-n/. Class Z words are neither particles, verbs, or nouns. They are affixable with suffixes like /-á/, /-ân/, /-bo/, and /-ho'/, /-reʔ/, /-an/, /-we/, and /-ge/, but unlike nouns and verbs they do not occur with the specific affixes which delineate those classes (/wé:-/ or /pi-/ and /-ví/ respectively). These compromise words whose English equivalents involve time, location, manner, interrogation, etc. Tewa sentences follow subject-object-verb order, however there are simple sentences in Tewa such as " handiriho gi-c'u " (that's how we got in) which are simply
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#1732776354593372-643: Is located approximately 1.5 miles south of Española on NM 30. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km), all land. The 2010 census found that 1,018 people lived in the CDP, while 1,182 people in the United States reported being exclusively Santa Claran and 1,425 people reported being Santa Claran exclusively or in combination with another group. Tewa people lived in
403-439: Is one which can combine only with affixes, but not with other roots. A universal non-isolated free root is one which can combine both with other roots and affixes. Bound roots are defined as those roots which cannot be converted directly into a word. Tewa has 15 types of verbs, and a few example verbs and their conjugations are shown below. Verbs can be divided into two classes, S and A, standing for stative and active, based of
434-525: The Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat), developed by the linguistics departments at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and Eastern Michigan University . The catalogue's goal is to continuously improve. While the catalogue began with existing publications, the ELP sought out experts to fill in incomplete entries and correct any mistakes. Users that are knowledgeable about a specific language that
465-559: The Endangered Languages Project estimates a total of 1,500 speakers worldwide, with 1,200 of them in the New Mexico pueblos and 300 in the Arizona village of Hano. Of these speakers, few are fluent with the vast majority being semi-speakers, and only in a few places, like Hano, are children acquiring Tewa. The largest New Mexico pueblo, San Juan, there are only 30 fluent speakers left as of 2008. As of 2012, Tewa
496-595: The Rio Grande Tewa language . The pueblo is on the Rio Grande , between Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo) to the north and San Ildefonso Pueblo (P'ohwhóge Owingeh) to the south. Santa Clara Pueblo is famous for producing hand-crafted pottery , specifically blackware and redware with deep engravings. The pueblo is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Santa Clara Pueblo
527-616: The 1601 expansion of Oñate's colonial capital, a chapel was built there by 1617. Fray Alonso de Benavides established a mission in 1628. The mission was abandoned on the lead up to the Great Pueblo Revolt of 1680. This Pueblo joined forces with others nearby and fought against the Spanish Royal Government in 1680 in the revolt. The original and unoccupied chapel was destroyed. Two other chapel buildings would be constructed there. The current church replaced
558-440: The 1980s—both by native speakers and linguists—this problem is not as dire as it for some other indigenous languages. Tewa has a fairly large phoneme inventory with 45 distinct individual sounds. Twelve of these are vowels, which can be either long or short. Tewa, like other Tanoan languages, also makes use of tones, of which it has four. The 1980 census counted 1,298 speakers, almost all of whom are bilingual in English. Today,
589-552: The Pueblo area for millennia before they met Spanish conquistador Juan de Oñate and his exploration party on July 11, 1598. Pueblo archaeology shows that Ancestral Puebloans lived in the general region as far back as 1200 BC. First visited in 1541, a segment of Francisco Coronado 's expeditionary force met with the residents of the nearby Caypa Pueblo. After annexation of the region into the Spanish Kingdom, and as part of
620-565: The approximately 7,000 languages worldwide are in danger of becoming extinct." In 2018, members of the ELCat team published a book about the project, titled Cataloguing the World's Endangered Languages .> A select group of invited professionals make up the Governance Council and Advisory Committee that oversee the organization. The Governance Council currently has eleven members, including Lyle Campbell and Oliver Loode , with
651-456: The arts practiced at Santa Clara Pueblo, pottery is one of the most well-known. Traditionally, pottery was made primarily by girls and women, and while many potters today are women, there are many men who make pottery as well. Santa Clara Pueblo potters are known for their black polished and red polished pottery in a distinctive style, especially the use of incised work. "Knife-wing" or eagle feather designs are common on Santa Clara pottery There are
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#1732776354593682-518: The different pueblos, Tewa has a variety of orthographies rather than a single standardized alphabet. One of the main dialectical delineations of the Santa Clara dialect is the use of /j/ in words where only /y/ is heard in other pueblos, although some Santa Clara speakers use /y/ and /j/ sporadically. Another important dialectical difference aligns Santa Clara, Tesuque, and San Ildefonso Tewa against San Juan and Nambe Tewa. The former use /d/ in
713-524: The former in 1918. In 1782, a smallpox outbreak decimated the population. The eighth section of the Act of July 22, 1854, mandated a census of the newly acquired possessions of the US government. In review of the land's title, the pueblo presented a Spanish Royal decree dated October 15, 1713, that the title to land and various pueblos could be expected. Though lost, the decree on the title papers assured protection of
744-602: The languages most critically in need of conservation.” For example, the organization classifies the Canadian Métis language Michif as critically endangered due to the declining number of its fluent speakers. There were four founding partners who oversaw the website's development and launch: The goals of the ELP are to foster exchange of information related to at-risk languages and accelerate endangered language research and documentation, to support communities engaged in protecting or revitalizing their languages. Users of
775-451: The only consonants available are :, h, or nasals, and as such these have been specified in order to create maximum specificity, instead of just referring to these constructions with just the C for consonant. Tewa has three tones, high, low, and glide. Within two-syllable words, the only combinations found are high-high, low-low, low-high, and high-low. The use of stress in Tewa is still relatively unknown. In two-syllable nouns with
806-539: The pattern CVCV and the tone pattern high-high or low-low, there is heavier stress placed on the first syllable. Roots also tend to show heavier stress than affixes if each is the same syllable and tone type. A stronger stress is associated with a higher tone and greater vowel length. However, because of the complex use of tone, syllable type, and contour segments more research does need to be done. Tewa has what are called both "free" and "bound" roots. Free roots are defined as those roots which can be converted directly into
837-439: The pronomial prefixes which they contain. In general, S verbs deal with identity, quality, feeling, condition, position, and motion. Class A verbs are, in general, transitive verbs. All known verb affixes are included in the chart below, showing where the affixes fall in particular constructions of words. This affixes are used to delineate tense, subject, negation, and emphasis. Nouns are divided into two classes: class N, which
868-596: The pueblos' right to protection of their homelands from encroachment. The result of the title research led this Pueblo community to be of the first recognized by United States Congress. It is in the Española Public Schools district. The comprehensive public high school is Española Valley High School . There is a Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)-affiliated tribal elementary school, Kha'p'o Community School , in Santa Clara Pueblo. Among
899-579: The same environments where the latter use a nasal plus /d/. In two-syllable word bases, words that have a short /u/ in the initial syllable have a long /u/ in the Santa Clara dialect. In the Santa Clara dialect, where other pueblos have a high tone on this syllable, there will instead be a glide tone. The phonemes of Rio Grande Tewa are as follows: There are 9 types of syllables in Tewa: CV, CV:, CVN, CVh, CVʔ, CV', CVʔN, V, and VN. N here stands for nasal, and as seen, there are some constructions where
930-404: The website play an active role in putting their languages online by submitting information or samples in the form of text, audio, links or video files. Once uploaded to the website, users can tag their submissions by resource category to ensure they are easily searchable. Current resource categories include: Languages included on the website and the information displayed about them are provided by
961-482: The world" according to the director of the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat), Lyle Campbell , a professor of linguistics in the Mānoa College of Languages, Linguistics and Literature. He expressed that the "... Catalogue is needed to support documentation and revitalization of endangered languages, to inform the public and scholars, to aid members of groups whose languages are in peril, and to call attention to