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98-590: The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the north-western corner of Comancheria , the territory of the Comanche . Realizing the value, they demanded compensation for granting passage to the trail. American traders envisioned them as another market. Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico, making it more dependent on the American trade. They raided to gain a steady supply of horses to sell. By

196-580: A humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) bordering on a humid continental climate ( Dfa ), although under United States isotherms of 32 °F (0 °C) the station is firmly continental. The monthly weather averages listed below are taken from National Weather Service 1981–2010 normals recorded at Rosecrans Airport. Because of the airport's location near the Missouri River and at a low elevation, official overnight lows during wintertime especially are often several degrees colder than at other places within

294-865: A back-to-school ad that went viral on the Internet due to its poor quality. Developed in 2005, the Shoppes at North Village is concentrated along North Belt Highway between approximately Cook and County Line roads. This serves as a regional shopping destination. Other shopping districts include Belt Center, Hy-Vee Shopping Center, Hillcrest Plaza, East Ridge Village, and Woodlawn Shopping Center. St. Joseph's trade area encompasses parts of northeast Kansas, northwest Missouri, southeast Nebraska, and southwest Iowa. The St. Joseph School District operates three public high schools, four public middle schools and 16 public elementary schools in St. Joseph. There are three private grade schools,

392-842: A census population of 102,979. This population figure is questionable, as civic leaders were known to have tried to raise the numbers for that census. At the time, Saint Joseph was home to one of the largest wholesale companies in the Midwest, the Nave & McCord Mercantile Company , as well as the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad , and the C.D. Smith & Company. C.D. Smith later became C.D. Smith Healthcare. Prior to 1954 and desegregation, Bartlett High School served St. Joseph's African American students. It became Horace Mann Elementary with desegregation. St. Joseph's African American community leaders and Nathaniel C. Bruce were involved in and supported

490-659: A commission to intercept Mexican caravans along the Santa Fe Trail, similar to that received by Warfield the year prior. After disbanding the volunteers under his command, Warfield located and joined the 190-man, Texas "Battalion of Invincibles", under the command of Snively. New Mexico Governor Manuel Armijo led Mexican troops out of Santa Fe to protect incoming caravans. But, after the Invincibles destroyed much of an advance party led by Captain Ventura Lovato,

588-410: A female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 34.8% consisted of individuals and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.5 and the average family size was 3.2. 23.1% of the population was under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

686-524: A household in the city was $ 32,663, and the median income for a family was $ 40,995. Males had a median income of $ 31,300 versus $ 21,592 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,445. About 9.1% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.5% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over. During the 1900 census, efforts by local officials, business leaders, and other city boosters to show rapid growth led to double-counting. The actual population in 1900

784-485: A male householder with no wife present, and 37.8% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.01. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18; 11.7% between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% from 25 to 44; 24.9% from 45 to 64; and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age in

882-486: A media corporation, is headquartered in Saint Joseph. They have interests in numerous television, radio, and newspaper markets throughout the midwestern and western United States. Due to its proximity to Kansas City, stations from that market serve as default affiliate of MyNetworkTV ( KSMO-TV /Kansas City) and default member station of PBS ( KCPT /Kansas City) due to the lack of stations of either network licensed to

980-754: A peace conference in San Antonio in March 1840 set off a series of bloody reprisals and battles. Hundreds of Comanches descended upon and destroyed the towns of Victoria and Linnville in 1840. Although the Texans demonstrated they could defeat the Comanche at the Battle of Plum Creek , military campaigns emptied their treasury in what became the Texas–Indian Wars , and Texas became more accommodating. In 1844,

1078-413: A private high school and a private K–12 Christian school. Two new elementary schools (Oak Grove and Carden Park) have been constructed, and both opened by the 2014–15 academic year. In addition, there is an active home education community that serves the city and surrounding areas. In higher education , St. Joseph is the home of a regional public university as well as a public university outreach center,

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1176-555: A public technical school and a private technical school. St. Joseph has a four-branch public library system. The system is overseen by the Library Board which consists of nine members appointed by the mayor, with city council approval, for three-year terms. The Downtown Library , located in downtown St. Joseph, houses the administrative offices for the library system. Carnegie Library and Washington Park Library are neighborhood branches that serve communities in

1274-545: A small band of men in the proximate vicinity of St. Louis, giving McDaniel the rank of a Texas captain. After Warfield headed toward the Rockies with a companion, McDaniel led a robbery in April 1843 (in present-day Rice County, Kansas ) of a lightly defended Santa Fe Trail trading caravan. This resulted in the murder of its leader Antonio José Chávez, the son of a former governor of New Mexico, Francisco Xavier Chávez . Warfield

1372-659: Is at the center of the Kansas City Animal Health Corridor, which extends from Manhattan, Kansas, to Columbia, Missouri. With this advantageous location, St. Joseph is home to several animal health pharmaceutical, animal nutrition, and associated research facilities. Other agricultural products including herbicides for crop production are produced in St. Joseph. TransitAmerica Services , a subsidiary of Herzog, provides conductors and other railway technical positions for transit rail systems nationwide. Herzog Contracting, parent company to Transit America,

1470-621: Is based in the city and provides construction services, rail equipment, rail testing, and signaling services to freight and transit systems throughout North America and the Caribbean. Shown here are some of the largest employers in St. Joseph. Other privately held manufacturing companies are also top employers but they do not publicly disclose employment numbers. Saint Joseph has the third-largest manufacturing economy in Missouri, after Saint Louis and Kansas City. In June 2019, total employment in

1568-540: Is believed to be closer to 75,000–80,000. The above, however, is a revisionist surmise based only local rumor and lore. The complexity and legal jeopardy for those trying to add 30,000+/- to the Census count makes the claim highly dubious. More likely, Saint Joseph did in fact lose those people to, among other places, a growing Kansas City. The story may have been invented to make the loss feel less painful due to Saint Joseph's extraordinary strategic blunder in not supporting

1666-672: Is included on the National Register. Mountain Route towards Colorado Mountain Route Cimarron Route thru Kansas towards Oklahoma Mountain Route Cimarron Route Joint route Comancheria The Comancheria or Comanchería ( Comanche : Nʉmʉnʉʉ Sookobitʉ , 'Comanche land') was a region of New Mexico, west Texas and nearby areas occupied by the Comanche before

1764-527: Is the home of the 139th Airlift Wing of the Missouri Air National Guard , and does not have commercial service. The nearest commercial airport is Kansas City International Airport , which is approximately 35 miles (56 km) to the south. Intercity bus service to the city is provided by Jefferson Lines . The city is served by two Interstate highways, one proposed interstate, and four US Routes: In addition, four state routes serve

1862-540: The American Civil War . The main east–west downtown streets were named for Robidoux's eight children: Faraon, Jules, Francois (Francis), Felix, Edmond, Charles, Sylvanie, and Messanie. The street between Sylvanie and Messanie was named for his second wife, Angelique. St. Joseph, or "St. Joe", as it was called by many, was a "Jumping-Off Point" for those migrants headed to the Oregon Territory in

1960-639: The American Southwest , leading to the construction of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway . As the name suggests, the intended eastern terminus was to be Atchison, Kansas . In Kansas, the AT&;SF roadbed roughly paralleled the Santa Fe Trail west of Topeka as it expanded between 1868 and 1874. When a railroad bridge was built across the Missouri River to connect eastern markets to

2058-666: The Americans , Mexicans , and Indians through thievery, tribute, and kidnappings. Although powered by violence, the Comanche empire was primarily an economic construction, rooted in an extensive commercial network that facilitated long-distance trade. Dealing with subordinate Indians, the Comanche spread their language and culture across the region. By the early 1830s, the Comanche began to run out of resources in Comancheria. At this time, they had been conducting raids deep into Mexico and would take what they got back to Comancheria. In

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2156-1065: The Cimarron River and the upper Arkansas River east of the Rocky Mountains . Comanchería was bordered along the west by the Mescalero Ridge and the Pecos River , continuing north along the edge of the Spanish settlements in Santa Fe de Nuevo México . It also included West Texas , the Llano Estacado , the Texas Panhandle , the Edwards Plateau (including the Texas Hill Country ), Eastern New Mexico , western Oklahoma including

2254-524: The Comanche nor the Apache of the southern high plains tolerated trespassers. In 1825, Congress voted for federal protection for the Santa Fe Trail, even though much of it lay in the Mexican territory. Lack of food and water also made the trail very risky. Weather conditions, like huge lightning storms, gave the travelers even more difficulty. If a storm developed, there was often no place to take shelter and

2352-638: The Comancheros (Pueblo and New Mexico traders) acted as intermediaries. The Ciboleros also competed against the Comanche in the context of bison hunting. The Comanche language became the Lingua franca of the Southern Plains. Saint Joseph, Missouri St. Joseph is a city in Andrew and Buchanan counties and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States. Located on

2450-531: The Kansas City, Missouri , city limits and approximately 125 miles (201 km) south of Omaha, Nebraska . The city was named after the town's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . St. Joseph is home to Missouri Western State University . In the nineteenth century, it was the death place of American outlaw Jesse James . It was also the starting point of the Pony Express serving

2548-567: The Kiowa and Kiowa-Apache , along with the Comanche. In the northwest of the Comancheria lived the opposing Ute and Shoshone , to the northeast settled the enemy and powerful Osage and in the north the also antagonistic Pawnee . In addition, in and adjacent to the Comancheria settled the allied Wichita , Tawakoni , Waco , and Hasinai . In the east lived the Caddo and later the Cherokee . In

2646-542: The Missouri River , it is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2020 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 72,473, making it the 8th most populous city in the state, and the 3rd most populous in Northwest Missouri. St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of

2744-640: The National Register of Historic Places are Robidoux Row , buildings owned by the founder and used for his family trading and mercantile business; the Patee House, now serving as a museum displaying St. Joseph's history, and the Missouri Theatre , an ornate movie palace. The Walnut Park Farm Historic District near St. Joseph was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. St. Joseph's population peaked in 1900, with

2842-468: The National Register of Historic Places . In Missouri, this includes the 85th and Manchester "Three Trails" Trail Segment , Arrow Rock Ferry Landing , Santa Fe Trail – Grand Pass Trail Segments , and Santa Fe Trail – Saline County Trail Segments . The longest clearly identifiable section of the trail, Santa Fe Trail Remains , near Dodge City, Kansas , is listed as a National Historic Landmark . In Colorado, Santa Fe Trail Mountain Route – Bent's New Fort

2940-609: The Oklahoma Panhandle and the Wichita Mountains , southeastern Colorado and southwestern Kansas . Before the Comanche expanded out of present-day Wyoming in the early 18th century, the lands that became known as Comancheria were home to a multitude of tribes—most notably the Apaches . Much of the region had previously been known as Apacheria . Some historians have begun to consider Comancheria, at

3038-609: The Pony Express Museum hosts visitors in the former stables of the company. St. Joseph is identified by the slogan, "Where the Pony Express started and Jesse James ended." The town's main hotel was Patee House . In the post-Civil War years, when the economy was down, the hotel was used for a time by the Patee Female College. It was occupied by the St. Joseph Female College up to 1880. In 1874

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3136-674: The Raton Pass into New Mexico. The other main branch, called the Cimarron Cutoff or Cimarron Crossing or Middle Crossing cut southwest across the Cimarron Desert (also known as the Waterscrape or La Jornada ) to the valley of the Cimarron River near the town of Ulysses and Elkhart then continued toward Boise City, Oklahoma , to Clayton, New Mexico , joining up with northern branch at Fort Union . This route

3234-529: The State Lunatic Asylum #2 was opened just East of St. Joseph. The asylum, originally built for 250 patients opened its doors with more than 300. The asylum was mostly self-sustaining with 3 large farms, power plant, fire department, metal shops, wood shops, dairy and more, all worked by the patients. Over the decades the asylum grew rapidly, reaching its peak of close to 3,000 patients by the 1940s. In 1968 occupational therapist George Glore with

3332-536: The Texas Revolution asserting independence from Mexico in 1836, the Comanche had to deal with the Republic of Texas . Texas's first President, Sam Houston , was knowledgeable about Indians and favored a policy of accommodation with the Comanche. Continued Comanche raids led to the election in 1838 of Mirabeau B. Lamar who favored a more aggressive approach. The massacre of 12 Comanche chiefs attending

3430-837: The lucrative overland fur trade in ports on the Pacific Coast. Santa Fe was near the northern terminus of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , which led overland between Mexico City to San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico . Cargo mule trains were run from Fort Bernard in Wyoming to the Santa Fe Trail at Fort Bent in Colorado . In 1825, the merchant Manuel Escudero of Chihuahua was commissioned by New Mexico governor Bartolome Baca to negotiate in Washington, D.C., for opening U.S. borders to traders from Mexico. Beginning in 1826, prominent aristocratic families of New Mexicans, such as

3528-630: The 1840s, trail traffic through the Arkansas Valley was so numerous that bison herds were cut off from important seasonal grazing land. This habitat disruption , on top of overhunting, contributed to the collapse of the species. Comanche power declined in the region when they lost their most important game. In 1846, during the Mexican–American War , the United States Army used the Santa Fe Trail to invade New Mexico. After

3626-546: The 1860s. Historian Pekka Hämäläinen has argued that the Comancheria formed an empire at its peak, and this view has been echoed by other non-Comanche historians. The area was vaguely defined and shifted over time but generally was described as bordered to the south by the Balcones Fault , just north of San Antonio , Texas, continuing north along the Cross Timbers to encompass a northern area that included

3724-824: The 19th century after the Louisiana Purchase . Traders and settlers crossed the southwest of North America by the route connecting Independence, Missouri , with Santa Fe, New Mexico . Its major market in Missouri was St. Louis , with its port on the Mississippi River. In 1719, the French officer Claude Charles Du Tisne was tasked by French authorities to establish a route to trade with the Spanish colony of Santa Fe in New Mexico. This first expedition, which started in Kaskaskia, Illinois , failed, as it

3822-462: The Chávezes, Armijos, Pereas, and Oteros, entered into the commerce along the trail. By 1843, traders from New Mexico and Chihuahua had become the majority of traders involved in the traffic of goods over the Santa Fe Trail. In 1835, Mexico City had sent Albino Pérez to govern the department of New Mexico as Jefe Politico (political chief or governor) and as commanding military officer. In 1837,

3920-492: The Comanche dealt with rivals on their northern and eastern borders. In 1835, they met with a delegation of U.S. soldiers and eastern Indians in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma and concluded a peace agreement. The agreement permitted eastern Indians and the U.S. to hunt on Comanche lands and did not restrain the Comanche and their Kiowa and Wichita allies from making war on Mexico. With their eastern flank secured by

4018-472: The Dodge City cattle trail and Colorado coal mines, the railroad spurred the growth of Kansas City, Missouri . Building the railway westwards beyond the New Mexico border was delayed and placed the railroad under financial pressure. In response, they offered packaged "Shopping Excursion deals" to potential real estate buyers. The railroad began to discount such trips to visit its land offices and gave back

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4116-586: The French explorer Pierre Vial made another pioneering trip on the route in 1792, and French traders and trappers from St. Louis gained progressively a fur trading dominance from the Spanish in Santa Fe as well as with the Indian tribes living in this vast region. Other French traders and trappers made trips on the trail from St. Louis, such as Auguste Pierre Chouteau and Jules de Mun in 1815, who were arrested by Spanish authorities in Santa Fe. After Louisiana

4214-594: The Indians. In 1841, Governor Manuel Armijo was ordered by the Mexican central government to join a military campaign against the Comanche, but Armijo declined. "To declare war on the Comanches would bring complete ruin to the Department of New Mexico." In 1844, New Mexican officials learned of but did nothing to prevent a Comanche raid on Chihuahua. With their western flank secured by an unthreatening New Mexico,

4312-413: The North and South ends of the city. East Hills Library is the largest branch, located off Interstate 29 , which serves the greater St. Joseph area. Downtown Library and Carnegie Library were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and 1990 respectively. St. Joseph also has a branch of the Rolling Hills Consolidated Library. This library was founded in 1961 with its headquarters in

4410-402: The Patee House and still has the visible bullet hole from the fatal shot. It is now operated as the Jesse James Home Museum . The Heaton-Bowman-Smith Funeral Home maintains a small museum about Jesse James. Their predecessors conducted his funeral. St. Joseph was the second city in the US to install electric streetcars; regular service was initiated on July 4, 1888. Among properties listed on

4508-451: The Republic of Texas and its president Mirabeau B. Lamar . Their intention was to persuade the people of Santa Fe and New Mexico to relinquish control over the territory under dispute with Mexico, and over associated Santa Fe Trail commerce. Knowing about recent political disturbances there, they hoped for a welcome by the rebellious faction in New Mexico. What was known as the Texan Santa Fe Expedition encountered many difficulties. The party

4606-423: The St. Joseph Metropolitan Area was 65,099 persons. St. Joseph is home to several retail areas, many of which are grouped along Belt Highway on the city's east side. East Hills Mall is located at North Belt Highway and Frederick Boulevard. The mall opened in 1965, was expanded in 1988, and was renovated in 2001 with a far more extensive renovation in 2008 and 2009. In 2014, the mall gained unexpected attention for

4704-412: The Texans and the Comanches came to an agreement which recognized Comanche lands and left Comancheria intact. The agreements with the United States and neighboring tribes, as well as the hiatus in the struggle with Texas, freed up the Comanche to make unrestrained war on the Mexican provinces south of the Rio Grande. The 1830s demonstrated that the Texans, the United States, and neighboring tribes all had

4802-462: The Trail soon dropped to merely local trade. After World War I the trail gradually became a paved automobile road. The eastern end of the trail was in the central Missouri town of Franklin on the north bank of the Missouri River . The route across Missouri first used by Becknell followed portions of the existing Osage Trace and the Medicine Trails. West of Franklin, the trail crossed the Missouri near Arrow Rock , after which it followed roughly

4900-410: The U.S. acquisition of the Southwest that ended the war, the trail was integral to the U.S. opening the region to economic development and settlement. It played a vital role in the westward expansion of the U.S. into these new lands. The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail . A highway route that roughly follows the trail's path, through

4998-434: The West. St. Joseph was founded on the Missouri River by Joseph Robidoux , a local fur trader of French Canadian descent. It was officially incorporated in 1843. In its early days, it was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town, serving as a last supply point and jumping-off point for travelers on the Missouri River toward the "Wild West" . It was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail until after

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5096-576: The ability to invade Comancheria and attack the Comanche homeland; Mexico, by contrast, was rich in horses and unable to counterattack due to distance and the fact that, after 1836, any Mexican military expedition against Comanches would have had to pass through Texas, a republic whose independence Mexico did not recognize. In attacking Mexico, the Comanche seemed motivated by opportunity, economics and revenge – their animosity toward non-Comanches sharpened by decades of war and reprisals. Thus, their raids on Mexico became increasingly bloody and destructive. To

5194-446: The basement of the Washington Park Library. The library currently occupies over 23,000 square feet of space off of the Belt Highway. The space is used for the library itself, its administration offices, a used book store, and "The Upper Story", a large rentable meeting room. The St. Joseph Transit is publicly owned and provides bus service. Rosecrans Memorial Airport is a joint municipal/military owned airport for general aviation. It

5292-399: The city was 35.6 years. The gender makeup of the city was 49.8% male and 50.2% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 73,990 people, 29,026 households, and 18,460 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,687.7 people per square mile (651.6 people/km ). There were 31,752 housing units at an average density of 724.2 per square mile (279.6/km ). The racial makeup of

5390-433: The city was 87.8% White , 6.0% Black, 0.5% Native American , 0.9% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 2.0% from other races , and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7% of the population. There were 29,727 households, of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had

5488-553: The city was 91.9% White, 5.0% Black, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.7% from other races , and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population. There were 29,026 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were single-family households. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who

5586-451: The city. Snowfall is not recorded at the St. Joseph weather station although surrounding reporting stations typically receive 12-20 inches of snowfall annually. The 2020 United States census counted 72,473 people, 29,008 households, and 16,841 families in St. Joseph. The population density was 1,645.6 per square mile (635.4/km ). There were 33,760 housing units at an average density of 766.6 per square mile (296.0/km ). The racial makeup

5684-417: The city: Numerous parks, golf courses, sports complexes, skate parks, a water park, a riverwalk along the Missouri River, and a small conservation area can be found throughout St. Joseph proper. The city is also nationally known for its 26-mile (42 km) parkway system , which is accompanied by an urban trail system. Two of the city's largest parks are Krug Park and Hyde Park; these respectively anchor

5782-403: The entire length of Kansas , the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico, has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway . The Santa Fe Trail was a transportation route opened by the Indigenous people of North America as well as European trappers and traders in the second half of the 18th century. It was later used extensively by people from the United States in

5880-448: The establishment of Bartlett Agricultural and Industrial School in Dalton, Missouri . It was modeled after Tuskegee Institute and Hampton Institute . Saint Joseph is located on the Missouri/ Kansas border in northwestern Missouri, also close to Nebraska; Iowa is another 70 miles farther north. The nearest major metropolitan area to St. Joseph is the Kansas City Metropolitan Area , which begins approximately 30 miles (48 km) to

5978-412: The forces of Rio Abajo (the lower Rio Grande, or southern New Mexico) led by Manuel Armijo . The Republic of Texas competed with Mexico in claiming Santa Fe, as part of the territory north and east of the Rio Grande which both nations claimed following Texas's secession from Mexico in 1836. In 1841, a small military and trading expedition departed from Austin, Texas , for Santa Fe. They represented

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6076-441: The forces of Rio Arriba (the upper Rio Grande , i.e., northern New Mexico) rebelled against Pérez's enforcement of the recent Mexican constitution, new revenue laws taxing Santa Fe commerce and entertainment, and the large grants of New Mexico land to wealthy Mexicans. New Mexicans appreciated the relative freedoms of a frontier, remote from Mexico City. The rebels defeated and executed governor Albino Perez, but were later ousted by

6174-400: The former Surgical and Outpatient Center of the hospital, 7-days a week from 10AM-5PM. Outlaw Jesse James lived here under the alias "Mr. Howard". The song, " Jesse James ", includes the lines, "...that dirty little coward that shot Mr. Howard has laid poor Jesse in his grave." On April 3, 1882, James was killed at his home, originally located at 1318 Lafayette. It has been relocated next to

6272-399: The governments in the Mexican provinces of New Mexico and Chihuahua and returning half of the spoils to the Republic of Texas . Houston agreed, provided the operation be conducted under the strictest secrecy. He commissioned Warfield as a colonel, who attempted to raise volunteers in Texas, St. Louis, Missouri; and the southern Rockies for a Warfield Expedition. He recruited John McDaniel and

6370-573: The governor retreated. Following this battle, many Americans resigned and Snively's force was reduced to little over 100 men. Snively planned to plunder Mexican merchant caravans on territory claimed by Texas, in retaliation for recent Texian executions and Mexican invasions, but his battalion was quickly arrested and disarmed by the US troops escorting the caravans. After disarming these men, Captain Philip St. George Cooke allowed them to return to Texas. In 1863, while railroad legislation underwent continual revisions, entrepreneurs grew more interested in

6468-399: The help of his patients, recreated several historic treatment devices for Mental Health Awareness Month. This was the start of the Glore Psychiatric Museum . Now the largest museum of its kind in the world, the Glore shows the history mental health treatment and still houses the original exhibits created by George Glore and his patients. You can visit the Glore Psychiatric Museum , housed in

6566-418: The late 1840s; causing their population to plunge from 20,000 to just a few thousand by the 1870s. The Comanche resolved most of the challenges facing them in the 1830s with adroit diplomacy. Their strategy was flexible. With New Mexico, a Mexican province to their west, they enjoyed friendly trading relations. New Mexico was more of an asset than a threat to the Comanches, and the New Mexicans avoided war with

6664-453: The livestock could get spooked. Rattlesnakes often posed a threat, and many people died due to snakebites. The caravan size increased later on to prevent Indian raids. The travelers also harnessed more oxen instead of mules—primarily for the greater hauling power of oxen but also because they were less valued by Indians and thus less risk of being raided. Segments of this trail in Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma , and New Mexico are listed on

6762-404: The market. ABC affiliate KQTV had long been the only major commercial station in St. Joseph, but in June 2012, the locally based News-Press & Gazette Company signed on KNPN-LD as a Fox affiliate, KBJO-LD as a CW+ affiliate, and KNPG-LD as a Telemundo affiliate. This in turn was followed by the conversions of KBJO-LD to NBC affiliate KNPG-LD in November 2016 (retaining the CW+ as

6860-402: The mid 1830s, the Comanche formed a colony in Mexico called the Bolson colony. Conditions in this colony were similar to how they were in Comancheria when it was winter in the north. Eventually, there was a drought, and Comancheria and the Bolson colony struggled. Along with this, the Comanche empire collapsed after their villages were repeatedly decimated by epidemics of smallpox and cholera in

6958-442: The mid-1800s. Such cities, including Independence , and St. Joseph, were where pioneers would stay and purchase supplies before they headed out in wagon trains across the Great Plains. The town was a very lively place. Between April 3, 1860, and late October 1861, St. Joseph was one of the two endpoints of the Pony Express , which operated for a short period over the land then inaccessible by rail, to provide fast mail service. Today

7056-500: The murder of Chávez, Warfield began limited military hostilities in the region using recruits from the southern Rockies. He made an unprovoked attack on Mexican troops outside Mora, New Mexico , leaving five dead. Warfield lost his horses after an encounter in Wagon Mound , where the Mexican forces had made chase. After Warfield's men reached Bent's Fort on foot, they disbanded. In February 1843, Colonel Jacob Snively had received

7154-479: The opportunity to hold free land used wagon trains to follow various emigrant trails that branched off to points west. The political philosophy of manifest destiny , the idea that the U.S. should extend from one coast to another, dominated national political discussions. The trail connected interior port cities along the Mississippi and Missouri and their wagon train outfitters to western destinations. The trail

7252-817: The parkway and urban trail on the north and south. A dog park has been added to the parkway system near Corby Pond. There are many buildings that were built early on in the city's history, one of which being the Missouri Theater . St. Joseph currently ranks 201st largest designated market area out of 210 media markets in the United States (as ranked by Nielsen Media Research ); the market covers six counties in northwestern Missouri ( Holt , Worth , Nodaway , Andrew , DeKalb and Buchanan ) and Doniphan County in northeastern Kansas. The St. Joseph area has three low-power and two full-power television stations, and ten radio stations. News-Press & Gazette,

7350-515: The peak of its power, as an empire . This concept was based on ideas developed by Pekka Hämäläinen who argues that from the 1750s to the 1850s, the Comanches were the dominant group in the Southwest and developed a form of imperialism . Confronted with Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. outposts on their periphery in New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, and Mexico, they worked to increase their own safety, prosperity and power. According to Hämäläinen, disease

7448-487: The railroad bridge crossing the Missouri River, losing the opportunity to Kansas City. St. Joseph has a vibrant and diversified local economy. The local area supports a large food processing industry. Bio-fuels, meat and grains processing, candies, and various other products well known throughout North America are made in Saint Joseph. With this specific industry come other associated packaging and food processing equipment suppliers that employ many more persons. Saint Joseph

7546-462: The route of present-day U.S. Route 24 . It passed north of Marshall , through Lexington to Fort Osage , then to Independence . Independence was also one of the historic "jumping off points" for the Oregon and California Trails . West of Independence, it roughly followed the route of U.S. Route 56 from near the town of Olathe to the western border of Kansas. It enters Colorado, cutting across

7644-545: The south. The nearest major airport is Kansas City International Airport , which is approximately 35 miles (56 km) to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 44.77 square miles (115.95 km ), of which 43.99 square miles (113.93 km ) is land and 0.78 square miles (2.02 km ) is water. Under the Köppen climate classification , St. Joseph has

7742-526: The southeast corner of the state before entering New Mexico. The section of the trail between Independence and Olathe was also used by immigrants on the California and Oregon Trails, which branched off to the northwest near Gardner, Kansas . From Olathe, the trail passed through the towns of Baldwin City , Burlingame , and Council Grove , then swung west of McPherson to the town of Lyons . West of Lyons

7840-746: The southeast settled the erstwhile allies, but after the expulsion of the Apaches of the Plains, rival Tonkawa . In the north, the Southern Cheyenne Arapaho , forced the Comanche to acknowledge the Arkansas River as their northern border. Moreover, the Comanche undertook extensive commercial enterprises to the Pueblo in New Mexico and to the Spanish settlements around San Antonio. In this trade of guns, horses, captives and other goods

7938-423: The ticket price as part of the purchase price if a sale was concluded. The railroad's sale of its land granted by congress fostered growth of new towns and businesses along its route, which generated railway traffic and revenues. With this financial base, the railway extended west, gradually adding new connections through rougher west country along the western Trail. With the development of rail transport, traffic on

8036-667: The trail followed both sides of the river upstream to Dodge City and Garden City . West of Garden City in southwestern Kansas the trail splits into two branches. One of the branches, called the Mountain Route or the Upper Crossing continues up the Arkansas River to the confluence with the Purgatoire River near La Junta continuing along the Purgatoire River to Trinidad , then south through

8134-462: The trail followed nearly the route of present-day Highway 56 to Great Bend . Ruts in the earth made from the trail are still visible in several locations (Ralph's Ruts are visible in aerial photos at ( 38°21′35″N 98°25′20″W  /  38.35959264°N 98.42225502°W  / 38.35959264; -98.42225502 ). At Great Bend, the trail encountered the Arkansas River . Branches of

8232-563: The treaty with the U.S., the Comanches next concluded a peace agreement in 1840 with the southern Cheyenne and Arapaho pressing on them from the north. It was highly favorable to the Cheyenne and Arapaho. They were permitted to reside and hunt on the buffalo and horse-rich Comanche lands and, in addition, the affluent Comanches gave them gifts, including as many as six horses to every Cheyenne and Arapaho man. The Comanche welcome to these two tribes, their southern bands numbering perhaps 4,000,

8330-435: The west, southwest and southeast of the Comancheria stretched the vast territories of the various hostile Apache groups, partially overlapping and forming a kind of no man's land, which was heavily contested between the two peoples. Moreover, the Comanche had to pass through the dangerous Apacheria on their way down to Mexico for raiding and recross it with plunder. The Oklahoma and Texas panhandles were inhabited by their allies,

8428-506: Was $ 30,229 (+/- $ 1,494). Approximately, 12.0% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 23.9% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those ages 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 76,780 people, 29,727 households, and 18,492 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,745.4 inhabitants per square mile (673.9/km ). There were 33,189 housing units at an average density of 754.5 per square mile (291.3/km ). The racial makeup of

8526-479: Was 37.6 years. For every 100 females, the population had 101.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 100.3 males. The 2016–2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $ 48,716 (with a margin of error of +/- $ 2,421) and the median family income was $ 60,272 (+/- $ 2,679). Males had a median income of $ 34,486 (+/- $ 1,611) versus $ 25,623 (+/- $ 1,474) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old

8624-450: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.98. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males. The median income for

8722-444: Was 80.76% (58,529) white , 6.03% (4,367) black or African-American , 0.57% (414) Native American or Alaska Native , 1.43% (1,039) Asian , 0.6% (437) Pacific Islander , 2.63% (1,905) from other races , and 7.98% (5,782) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 7.1% (5,367) of the population. Of the 29,008 households, 25.4% had children under the age of 18; 40.1% were married couples living together; 31.1% had

8820-542: Was and is continental: very hot and dry summers, coupled with long and bitterly cold winters. Fresh water was scarce, and the high steppe-like plains are nearly treeless. Water flows in the Pecos, Arkansas, Cimarron, and Canadian rivers that drain the region vary by 90 or more percent in their flows during an average year. Also on this trail, unlike the Oregon Trail , there was a serious danger of Indian attacks, for neither

8918-458: Was both an acknowledgment that they were formidable rivals and also that the Comanche were short on men and resources to maintain their control over Comancheria. South and southeast of Comancheria were the fast-growing Anglo-American communities in the Mexican territory of Texas. In the 1820s and 1830s most Comanche raids were in the southern parts of Texas and affected the largely Hispanic population around San Antonio, Laredo and Goliad . After

9016-451: Was captured by governor Armijo's Mexican army under less than honest negotiations. They were subjected to harsh and austere treatment during a tortuous forced march to Mexico City, where they were tried, convicted and imprisoned for their insurgent activities. In 1842, Colonel William A. Christy wrote Sam Houston , president of Texas, requesting support for an overthrow scheme by Charles Warfield dependent on armed forces. He proposed deposing

9114-558: Was generally very hazardous because it had very little water. In fact, the Cimarron River was one of the only sources of water along this branch of the trail. From Watrous, the reunited branches continued southward to Santa Fe. Part of this route has been designated a National Scenic Byway . Travelers faced many hardships along the Santa Fe Trail. The trail was a challenging 900 miles (1,400 km) of dangerous plains, hot deserts, and steep and rocky mountains. The natural weather

9212-422: Was reportedly unaware of the crime. McDaniel and one accomplice were tried, convicted and executed. Other participating suspects arrested by the U.S. were convicted and imprisoned. The newspapers reported that Americans and Mexicans were outraged by the crime. Local merchants and citizens at the U.S. end of the Santa Fe Trail demanded justice and a return to the stable commerce which their economy depended on. After

9310-484: Was sold to the United States in 1803 (Louisiana Purchase), Americans improved and publicized the Santa Fe Trail beginning in 1822, in order to take advantage of new trade opportunities with Mexico which had just won independence from Spain in the Mexican War of Independence . Manufactured goods were hauled from Missouri to Santa Fe, which was then in the northern Mexican state of Nuevo Mexico . Settlers seeking

9408-510: Was stopped by Indian tribes in Kansas. Then, at the time of the Louisiana regime, under French and then Spanish sovereignty, the French traders Pierre Antoine and Paul Mallet made a first trip in 1739 and 1740, starting also from Kaskaskia, Illinois , reaching Santa Fe and returning. They made other expeditions in 1741 and 1750, which faced various challenges from Indians and Spaniards. Then,

9506-477: Was the single most dangerous threat to Native Americans. The Comanche managed to avoid disease, which gave them an upper hand over the Apaches and other tribes in this area. Along with this, the Comanche were able to exchange goods with Europeans. The main thing exchanged for that gave them power was horses. Horses gave the Comanches more military power, and allowed them to hunt more buffalo . The Comanches used this military power to obtain more supplies and labor from

9604-454: Was used to carry products from the central plains to the trail head towns St. Joseph and Independence, Missouri . In the 1820s–1830s, it was also sporadically important in the reverse trade, used by traders to transport foods and supplies to the fur trappers and mountain men opening the remote Northwest, especially in the interior Northwest: Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and Montana. A mule trail (trapper's trails) led to points north to supply

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