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53-576: The Sanudo (sometimes spelled Sanuto ) were a Venetian noble family . The earliest known member was Marco Sanudo (1043–1096), but the family is sometimes said to descend from the older Candiano . The family went extinct in the 19th century. A branch ruled the Duchy of the Archipelago from 1204 until 1566. Other branches include: Family legend had it that the Sanudo were among the families who elected

106-477: A high birth rate among the nobility, combined with the mercantile (and merchant-entrepreneur) profession undertaken by a large part of this class, involved a broad aristocratic government with varied interests, in which the poor nobles were a minority. There were, however, numerous events of social mobility within the class, brought about by the rapid enrichments in trade with the East and by the new factories set up in

159-584: A position only upon joint approval on behalf of the Doge, the Minor Council , and the Council of Forty ( Quarantia ). After this bill was rejected, another bill was proposed, which required new entrants to be subject to approval on behalf of outgoing Councilmen. However, even this proposal was rejected. On 25 November 1289, Pietro Gradenigo , who was the leader of the aristocratic party, was elected Doge of

212-536: A relatively large wealth, while many others were constantly losing their position, often without even the money to decently live on. This made the Barnabotti an evident phenomenon of Venetian society, while a reflection began on how to change forms of government. In fact, a group, the oligarchs, consisting of the richest families, managed, even by corrupting the poorest nobles, to exclude the middle and poor who were not at their service. The Venetian government, through

265-576: The Avogadori and the leaders of the Quarantia . The toga became completely red for the senators and the ducal councilors . The whole was completed by the squat beret (a low cylindrical hat of black cloth) and the fur indicating the rank within the magistracy. It was an absolute obligation to wear the regalia during the exercise of one's office, in the councils and in the entire area of Saint Mark's Square . Alongside this political aspect, however,

318-577: The Commonwealth of Venice was formed, the Doge was assisted by a Council of Wise Men ( Consilium Sapientium ) elected by the people's assembly ( Concio ). Once it obtained sovereign power in 1172, the Council came to be known as Great Council . It originally functioned as an extension of the people's assembly, and its members were elected on a yearly basis, with the general election usually falling on

371-403: The Council of Ten and the state inquisitors , however, prevented reforms of any kind (also because these bodies were in the hands of the oligarchy that was taking over the state, to its exclusive advantage). Attempts at reform were tried, but never implemented, in particular during the reign of Francesco Loredan , when Angelo Querini in 1761 tried to restore power to the more collegial organs of

424-704: The Council of Ten , whose purpose was that of dealing with crimes against the constitution of the State. In 1315, the process of compiling lists of candidates was formalized thanks to the creation of the Golden Book ( Libro d'Oro ): namely, a demographic registry that included the names of all the eligible candidates aged 18 or above. The creation of the Golden Book was followed by the enactment of even stricter rules against up-starters ( homini novi ). The final lockout occurred in 1319. The election of new candidates

477-410: The Doge , had the same value during the voting of the councils. Everyone had, at least theoretically, the same chance of accessing any public office, up to becoming a Savio del Consiglio , Procurator of Saint Mark or the Doge. Reflection of this principle was the equal title of "Nobleman" ( Nobilis Vir, Nobilis Homo, Nobil Homo ) recognized to the patricians, without any distinction, throughout

530-731: The Donà , of the Grimani and of the Lando there is no information because they are only mentioned, while the Loredan are said to have originated from ancient Rome and were admitted to the Great Council under Doge Reniero Zeno (r. 1253–1268) or two centuries earlier, according to Jacopo Zabarella ; finally, the Mocenigo do not even appear. The Vendramin family can also be counted among

583-540: The Lagoon . During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the economic situation worsened, more and more after 1618, and the Venetian aristocracy was increasingly dependent on their properties in the mainland and in the colonies , as well as on public sinecures . In Europe the idea spread that trade and industry were unworthy of the aristocracy, an idea rejected by the Venetian aristocracy, but which nevertheless changed

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636-1010: The Medicis and the Gherardinis , (a not inconsiderable contribution, given that the nobility had been suffering from a serious demographic crisis for some time). Some of these families had already been making history in the Venetian hinterland for centuries, and their titles sometimes dated back to the Holy Roman Empire (such as the Brandolini, the Martinengo, the Piovene, the Spineda, the Valmarana ). Others were bourgeoisie families enriched through trade (Benzon di San Vidal, Lin, Zanardi). A particular category of patricians

689-741: The Rospigliosi , and the papal families of the Orsini and the Colonna . These very ancient families died out before the Great Council Lockout of 1297, but nevertheless played a leading role in the politics of the Republic. Given their historical distance, the information and knowledge about these families is very scarce and steeped in legend. The group of Old houses , whose members were called "longhi", has been well defined since

742-534: The first Doge in 697 AD. The New Houses were no less significant, as many became very prominent and important in the history of the Republic of Venice . The families were furthermore divided into several other "categories", including Ducal Houses ( Case ducali , whose members had become Doges), Newest Houses ( Case nuovissime ) raised to the patriciate in 1381, non-Venetian patrician families, and "Houses made for money" ( Case fatte per soldo , usually wealthy landowning or bourgeoisie families who contributed to

795-900: The history of Venice evidently wanted to be compared to that of the Church , founded on the Twelve Apostles and advocated by the Four Evangelists . Later, the Bragadin replaced the Belegno and the Salamon replaced the Ziani, following the two families' extinctions. This group includes numerous patrician families who were not part of the Old houses , but were nevertheless very significant, as some became very prominent and important in

848-576: The 1350s. In the so-called "pseudo-Giustinian" Chronicle, drawn up at that time, the group is distinguished from the already substantial corpus of patricians of twenty-four (or, better, twenty-five) families more powerful and constantly engaged in Venetian political life. In the Chronicle these patrician houses are divided into two further groups: the first includes the families Badoer, Baseggio, Contarini , Corner , Dandolo , Falier , Giustinian , Gradenigo- Dolfin , Morosini , Michiel, Polani and Sanudo;

901-495: The Council, members were required to either have been Councilors at least once in the past four years, or to be patrilinealy related to a former Councilor. In order to better time the entrance of new members, 40 young men would be selected each year by means of a lottery, and their names inscribed in the list of candidates. The 1297 Provision empowered the Council of the Forty, granting it the following rights and duties with regards to

954-569: The French and the Jacobins arrived, Pisani tried to legitimise himself as an opponent of the despotism of the state inquisitors, of which he had been a victim, but, recognized for what he was, namely an aristocrat who had tried to modernise the structures of the Republic of Venice, however still remaining within the nobility, and indeed strengthening its aristocratic character, the new rulers marginalised it. Serrata del Maggior Consiglio When

1007-573: The Patriciate, and they can be presumed to belong to undocumented or illegitimate branches of those families. Some time after the Serrata , the Patriciate was also conferred on those families of the mainland who had given military support to the Republic on various occasions. There are thirty-one families in all, but many never participated in Venetian politics, maintaining a merely honorific title. Having become almost inaccessible for centuries,

1060-461: The Republic they often represented the tip of the balance between the political factions of the council, influencing it through the trading of their votes to which they were often dedicated, usually selling them in the Orchard of Saint Mark. During the eighteenth century the Venetian political system underwent a sclerosis. The aristocracy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was very numerous;

1113-488: The Republic. After 6 years he submitted a new lockout provision drawing on drafts of the previous ones. On 6 March 1296 the proposal was rejected by a narrow majority. Finally, after new yearly elections (29 September 1296), the Council approved the bill on 28 February 1297 (that is, the last month of 1296, according to the Venetian Calendar ). The approved provision ruled that, in order to be eligible to be part of

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1166-530: The Republic. Whoever wore it carried within himself a portion of that sovereignty in which every patrician was a participant, together with the other members of his class. This made the Venetian patricians, in the noble hierarchy, of a rank equal to that of the Princes of the Blood (also given the equal possibility of rising to the royal rank of Doge). The importance of this social body was such that every aspect of

1219-751: The Surian (another branch). All but the Lion and the Surian appear to have attended the Council sometime before the Serrata. Then there were fifteen families descended from citizens who had distinguished themselves in the repression of the Tiepolo conspiracy in 1310, some of which include: Other families added in 1310 include the Addoldo, Agrinal, Buoninsegna, Caroso, Diente, Diesello, Ferro, Grisoni, Mengolo (another branch), Papaciza, Sesendillo (another branch), and

1272-402: The Venetian aristocracy, while in the late 1770s Giorgio Pisani and Carlo Contarini, through the formation of a sort of "noble party", attempted an overall reform. At the center of their proposals there was precisely the social and political recovery of the poorest parts of the Venetian nobility, done through the assignment of dowries to the young patricians, especially the poor ones, increase in

1325-470: The Venetian nobility had another peculiar character in their mercantile vocation. Contrary to the feudal nobility, in fact, the patriciate in Venice based its power not on the possession of land, but on the wealth of trade with the East as the basis of the entire economy . This stimulated this social class to a remarkable dynamism and resulted in incredible wealth. The patricians thus served themselves and

1378-512: The Venetian noble's life was carefully monitored and regulated by the State, which took care to carefully verify all family ties and deeds necessary to prove the registration of the nobles into the Golden Book ( Libro d'Oro ), the register of nobles strictly guarded in the Doge's Palace . There was also a Silver Book, which registered all those families that not only had the requisites of "civilization" and "honour", but could also show that they were of ancient Venetian origin; such families furnished

1431-571: The Vidor. At the turn of the fourteenth century, the War of Chioggia brought the Venetian economy to its knees. The Genoese fleet , deployed at the entrance to the Lagoon, had blocked all forms of commercial exchange and thus the revenue in terms of import duties. In 1379 the Venetian government decreed the granting of entry into the Patriciate to the thirty commoners who had contributed most in any way to

1484-808: The Zancani. To these were added in 1298 some Venetian families which, at the time of the Serrata , were in the East, notably in Constantinople : Other families added in 1298 include the Costantino, Donadi, Marcipian, Massoli, Ruzier, Stanieri, Tolonigo, and the Tonisto . The remainder came from Acre and were added in 1303. These include the Barison, Benedetti (another branch), Bondulmier (another branch), Lion, Marmora, Molin (the Molin d'Oro branch) and

1537-489: The admission of upstart candidates by the Council of Forty (requiring 20 votes instead of the former 12 needed for election). A second wave of limitations occurred in 1307. This led to another attempted coup (1310), on behalf of a faction led by Bajamonte Tiepolo . The conspiracy was averted by the Doge Pietro Gradenigo. As a reaction to the conspiracy, the government instituted a new special court—that is,

1590-533: The day of Saint Michael (29 September). Later, in 1207 the election system was changed; the Concio was required to elect three representatives (up to seven since 1230), who had the duty to nominate the Councillors. Over the years, the Great Council became the bone of contention between the people's party, which aimed to preserve the status quo , and the aristocratic party, which aimed to exclude up-starts from

1643-600: The ducal families who, despite having been aggregated only in 1381 after the War of Chioggia , managed to elect the doge Andrea Vendramin not even a century later. Some other families considered part of the Case nuove include: Families which can be added to these include the Albizzo, Basadonna, Coppo, dalle Boccole, da Lezze, d'Arduin, Fabriciacio, Galanti, Gambarin, Lanzuoli, Lombardo, Mazaman, Miegano, Mussolino, Navigroso, Sesendillo, Signolo, Viaro, Vielmo, Volpe, Zaguri, and

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1696-597: The election of the Great Council: The Provision also made explicit the conditions for its annulment: The Act was ratified in September 1298, and again in 1299. Its approval caused unrest among the people's party, which eventually led to Marin Bocconio 's 1300 attempted coup. The failure of his conspiracy triggered the approval of a new provision (22 March 1300), which raised the threshold for

1749-654: The first doge, Paolo Lucio Anafesto , in 697. Their founder was supposedly a certain Tommaso Candiano Sanudo, a Roman senator from Padua who, fleeing the raids of Attila the Hun , found refuge in the lagoon in 421. The family then settled in Eraclea , later moving to Malamocco and governing the populations present there as tribunes. Venetian nobility The Venetian patriciate ( Italian : Patriziato veneziano , Venetian : Patrisiato venesian )

1802-418: The government. On 5 October 1286, during the government of Doge Giovanni Dandolo , the aristocratic party presented a bill to reform the eligibility criteria for the Great Council, with the purpose of limiting its members to those who had already joined the Council or those whose paternal relatives held the position of Councilman. The proposal also required that candidates without family credentials could run for

1855-463: The large mass of families included after the Serrata, above all those New houses that during the fifteenth century would contend with the "longhi" for the ducal throne. It should also be noted that tradition defined twelve "apostolic" families ( Contarini , Tiepolo, Morosini , Michiel, Badoer , Sanudo, Gradenigo- Dolfin , Memmo, Falier , Dandolo , Polani and Barozzi ) and four other "evangelical" ones ( Giustinian , Corner , Bragadin and Bembo );

1908-522: The law of 1320 which precluded the inclusion of new families, this social body became the only one to have the privilege of sitting in the Great Council , the highest governing body of the city and the state. Privilege concretised with the right for each male member of noble families, starting from the age of majority , to participate in the sessions. Within the patriciate, all members enjoyed absolute political equality. Each vote, including that of

1961-504: The manpower for the State bureaucracy – and particularly, the chancellery within the Doge's Palace itself. Both books were kept in a chest in the Scrigno room of the Doge's Palace, inside a cupboard that also contained all the documents proving the legitimacy of claims to be inscribed therein. The robe of the nobles was the toga of black cloth with wide sleeves, lined in red for the Savi ,

2014-477: The mentality of the nobility. The wars against the Ottomans of the mid- and late-1600s decreased trade with the East for many years, as well as in the early 1700s, ruining other merchant families or those who had not been able to diversify their investments in land and real estate. Few families changed their economic status considerably and rapidly upward, allowing an increasingly small group of families to maintain

2067-711: The new Enlightenment ideas, such as opposition to internal espionage (which was very common in Venice), freedom of speech, defence and resumption of trade, etc. Precisely this attempt at a "noble reaction", not without populist maneuvers in favour of the Barnabotti, was crushed by the spies of the inquisitors, who, well informed, accused the two of having bought electoral votes from some Barnabottis, and also accused them of conspiring . They imprisoned Contarini in Cattaro (where he died, perhaps poisoned) and Pisani in Vicenza . When

2120-408: The nobility, so the families intermarried within themselves, and from a young age followed the cursus honorum of Venetian noblemen, training in the army , the naval fleet , the law, and the affairs of state. The basic foundation of belonging to the patriciate was the exclusive possession of political power. Starting from the Great Council Lockout ( Serrata del Maggior Consiglio ) of 1297 and

2173-399: The noble body resumed opening up to new families when, with the decline of Venetian power, the State began to "sell" the title (for 100,000 ducats ) to fill the public coffers, no longer supported by profitable trade with the East. Between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there were three openings to the aristocracy, with the aggregation of one hundred and thirty-four families such as

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2226-627: The politics of the Republic. These are fifteen families of more recent nobility than the "longhi" (their members were called, not surprisingly, "curti"), as underlined by the same "pseudo-Giustinian" Chronicle. From it we learn that only the Barbarigo , the Marcello and the Moro had contributed to the foundation of Rialto by giving tribunes; Foscari , Gritti, Malipiero, Priuli , Trevisan, Tron and Venier are recognized as of non-Venetian origin; of

2279-492: The salaries of the Forty and other Colleges, granting of donations for some prestigious political positions (previously free and then monopolised by rich nobles), setting a uniform for the nobles in order to distinguish them from the commoners , etc. In practice, they advocated for the creation of a "political" aristocracy and service, collectively capable of governing the city and the empire. Then there were some issues arising with

2332-422: The second includes the families Barozzi , Belegno (later Bragadin), Bembo , Gauli, Memmo, Querini, Soranzo, Tiepolo, Zane, Zeno , Ziani (later Salamon ) and Zorzi . The author of the paper justifies this situation by listing in detail the deeds performed by their ancestors in the foundation of Venice. Although imaginative, the information contained in the Chronicle served to distinguish an elitist nucleus from

2385-518: The state as captains of galleys , merchants, ambassadors, governors, public officials, and in every other form of civil and military organisation of the Republic. Being Venetian patricians was an honour for all of European nobility and it was common with princes and kings of other states to ask for and obtain the title of N.H., including, among others, the kings of France , the Savoy , the Mancinis ,

2438-568: The state during the War of Candia and the Morean War ). Although there were numerous noble houses across Venice's Mainland Dominions and the State of the Sea , the Republic was in fact ruled as an aristocratic oligarchy by about 20 to 30 families of Venice's urban nobility, who elected the Doge of Venice , held political and military offices, and directly participated in the daily governing of

2491-551: The state. They were predominantly merchants , with their main source of income being trade with the East and other entrepreneurial activities, on which they became incredibly wealthy. The most important families, who dominated the politics and the history of the state, included the Contarini , Cornaro , Dandolo , Giustinian , Loredan , Mocenigo , Morosini and the Venier families. Nobles were forbidden by law to marry outside of

2544-400: The title of a Venetian patrician was a great honour and many European kings and princes, as well as foreign noble families, are known to have asked for and obtained the prestigious title. The patrician houses, formally recorded in the Golden Book , were primarily divided into Old Houses ( Case vecchie ) and New Houses ( Case nuove ), with the former being noted for traditionally electing

2597-462: The war effort. Many flocked to it, some making their servants, their children or themselves available, some keeping a group of soldiers, some arming galleys, some simply giving money. After the conflict, on 4 September 1381 the Senate elected the winners from a shortlist of sixty-two candidates (for a total of fifty-eight families). It is difficult to establish on the basis of which criterion this choice

2650-399: Was constituted by the fallen nobles, called Barnabotti , who, having dissipated the family wealth, still maintained their right to vote in the Great Council. They were a class of impoverished nobility whose name is derived from the fact that the group met and lived in the zone of the Campo San Barnaba (the area, being distant from the city centre, attracted lower rents). Towards the end of

2703-444: Was made: many of the rejected had participated in the war effort with conspicuous offers, conversely there were those who were admitted with a very modest contribution. Evidently other factors weighed on them, including the marriage strategies that had allowed many non-nobles to create solid ties with the "old houses" of the aristocracy. In the list there are eleven candidates with the same surname to that of families already present in

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2756-439: Was one of the three social bodies into which the society of the Republic of Venice was divided, together with citizens and foreigners. Patrizio was the noble title of the members of the aristocracy ruling the city of Venice and the Republic. The title was abbreviated, in front of the name, by the initials N.H. ( Nobilis Homo or Nobiluomo ), together with the feminine variant N.D. ( Nobilis Domina ). Holding

2809-464: Was ultimately abolished and the status of Councillor became automatic for all male patricians aged 25 or above. An exception was made every year for 30 young patricians , randomly chosen on the day of Saint Barbara , who were allowed to join at the age of 20. Since then, the Great Council positions remained hereditary. Eventually, this led to the dismissal of the obsolete people's assembly ( Concio ) in 1423. According to Diego Puga and Daniel Trefler,

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