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46-669: Thracian tribe based close to the Greek city of Abdera. Sapaeans , Sapaei or Sapaioi ( Ancient Greek , "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera . One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans . They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until its incorporation by the Roman Empire as a province. [REDACTED] Approximate location of

92-543: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in

138-477: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and

184-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in

230-540: A murder investigation into Cotys’ death. Tiberius put Rhescuporis II on trial in the Roman Senate and invited Tryphaena to attend the trial. During the trial Tryphaena accused Rhescuporis II of killing her husband and forcing him to exile himself from his own kingdom. Tiberius found Rhescuporis II guilty and sent him to live in exile in Alexandria , Egypt . On his way to Egypt, Rhescuporis II tried to escape and

276-498: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment

322-515: A priestess in the cult of late Roman Empress Livia Drusilla. From 38 until her death, Tryphaena lived as a private citizen in Cyzicus. In Caligula's reign, she became the benefactor of Cyzicus and enjoyed Caligula's patronage. Tryphaena was a prominent citizen in Cyzicus. Tryphaena was heavy influenced by Livia's lifestyle. Tryphaena's behavior provided an example to elite women in Anatolia , which

368-608: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek . There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek

414-630: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c.  300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as

460-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and

506-570: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of

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552-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected

598-666: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to

644-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in

690-556: Is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c.  1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c.  1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c.  800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c.  500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been

736-759: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect

782-1825: The Roman Empire Pythodoris II (Queen), co-ruler of Rhoemetalces III Family tree of Sapaean kings of Thrace [ edit ] Rhoemetalces SAPAEAN KINGS Cotys I (Sapaean) Mark Antony ∞ Antonia Hybrida Rhescuporis I (Sapaean) Rascus Antonia ∞ Pythodoros of Tralles Cotys II (Sapaean) Pythodorida of Pontus ∞ Polemon I of Pontus Rhoemetalces I ∞ Pythodoris I (woman) ∞ Cotys VII ASTAEAN KINGS Rhescuporis II (Sapaean) Antonia Tryphaena Cotys III (Sapaean) Rhoemetalces III 38-46 Rhoemetalces II 19-38 Gepaepyris ∞ Tiberius Julius Aspurgus king of Vosporus Cotys IX king of Lesser Armenia Pythodoris II References [ edit ] ^ Pausanias's Description Of Greece V4: Commentary On Books VI-VIII by James G. Frazer,2006, page 132: "... 10. 6. led an army against . . . Abrupolis, king of

828-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)

874-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):

920-465: The Achaean League." ^ Thracian Kings, University of Michigan See also [ edit ] List of Thracian tribes [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Thrace and Ancient Thracians . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sapaeans&oldid=1187017217 " Categories : Thracian tribes Ancient tribes in

966-495: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from

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1012-534: The Balkans Ancient Thrace Ancient Greece Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Commons link is locally defined Ancient Greek Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It

1058-750: The Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the IPA , the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme .) Ὅτι [hóti Hóti μὲν men mèn ὑμεῖς, hyːmêːs hūmeîs,   Antonia Tryphaena Tryphaena was the only known daughter and the youngest child of Roman client rulers Polemon Pythodoros and Pythodorida of Pontus . Her elder brothers were Zenon, also known as Artaxias III , who became Roman client king of Armenia and Polemon II of Pontus , who would succeed her mother and became

1104-643: The Sapaeans etc. The Sapaeans were a Thracian tribe in the neighbourhood of Abdera..." ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece,Achaia,7.10.1,"Perseus, the son of Philip, who was at peace with Rome in accordance with a treaty his father Philip had made, resolved to break the oaths, and leading an army against the Sapaeans and their king Abrupolis, allies of the Romans, made their country desolate. These Sapaeans Archilochus5 mentions in an iambic line.The Macedonians and Perseus were conquered because of this wrong done to

1150-412: The Sapaeans, and afterwards ten Roman senators were sent to arrange the affairs of Macedonia in the best interests of the Romans. When they came to Greece, Callicrates curried favour with them, no form of flattery, whether in word or in deed, being too gross for him to use. One member of the commission, a most dishonorable man, Callicrates so captivated that he actually persuaded him to attend the meeting of

1196-862: The Sapaioi Sapaean Kings of Thrace [ edit ] Main article: Thracian kings Cotys I son of Rhoemetalces c.  57 BC  – c.  48 BC Rhescuporis I son of Cotys I 48 BC-41 BC Cotys II son of Rhescuporis I 42 BC – 15 BC Thrace becomes a client state of Rome at 11 BC Rhoemetalces I son of Cotys II 15 BC – 12 AD Rhescuporis II son of Cotys II in western Thrace; 12–18 AD deposed Cotys III son of Rhoemetalces I in eastern Thrace 12–18 murdered Rhoemetalces II son of Cotys III and Tryphaena 18–26 Roman caretaker rules Rhoemetalces III part of Thrace 26-38 Antonia Tryphaena (Queen), co-ruler of Rhoemetalces II Rhoemetalces III son of Rhescuporis II 38–46 46 to

1242-470: The ancient Greek city of Cyzicus (now in modern Turkey ) which became second her residence, Tryphaena and her children have left a number of inscriptions in Cyzicus. Some of these inscriptions mention her and reveal her descent, for example: After the death of Augustus in 14 AD, Tryphaena ordered and commissioned at her expense the restoration of Cyzicus. The city's restoration included works completed on its harbours and canals. She did this as an offering to

1288-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has

1334-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in

1380-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West

1426-466: The court of their stepfather. Archelaus died in 17. After his death, her mother and Polemon II moved back to Pontus . Before 12 AD, Tryphaena married Thracian Prince Cotys III . Cotys was the son and heir of the Roman client rulers of Thrace, Rhoemetalces I and Pythodoris I. In 12 AD Rhoemetalces I died, at which point Tryphaena became queen of Thrace. Only two ancient sources make reference to her:

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1472-615: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of

1518-496: The historian Tacitus and Strabo the Geographer. Tacitus refers to her as Cotys’ widow and Strabo refers to her as the unnamed daughter of Polemon Pythodoros and the wife of Cotys. The Greek geographer Strabo was a friend to her mother. We also know of Tryphaena from numismatic evidence, inscriptions and buildings she ordered to be commissioned. On surviving coinage, her royal title is ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΗΣ (Queen Tryphaena). In

1564-561: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from

1610-476: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to

1656-542: The last Roman client ruler of Pontus . She was of Anatolian Greek and Roman heritage. Her paternal grandfather was Zenon, a prominent orator and aristocrat, who had been an ally to Mark Antony . Her maternal grandparents were the wealthy Greek friends of the late Roman Triumvir Pompey Pythodoros of Tralles , and Antonia . Through her maternal grandmother she was a direct descendant of Mark Antony and his second wife Antonia Hybrida Minor. Antony and Antonia were first paternal cousins. Her name reflects her descent from

1702-604: The memory of Augustus. Sometime after the Cyzicus’ restorations were completed, Rhescuporis II wanted to claim Cotys’ section of the Thracian Kingdom for himself to rule as one kingdom. Cotys refused to give in to the demands of his uncle. The political disagreement between Rhescuporis and Cotys led Cotys to be captured and killed by his paternal uncle. After the murder of Cotys in 18 AD, Tryphaena fled with her family to Cyzicus. In 19 AD Roman Emperor Tiberius opened

1748-508: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which

1794-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c.  1450 BC ) are in

1840-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies

1886-555: The triumvir. She was Antony's third great grandchild and his first great granddaughter. The only other female descendant of Antony's, who bears the name ‘Antonia’, is Claudia Antonia , a Roman princess and the first daughter of Roman Emperor Claudius . Her second name Tryphaena is a name of ancient Greek origin and this name was associated with the Greek Queens and Princesses of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt . Tryphaena

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1932-480: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,

1978-482: Was another great maternal aunt of Tryphaena's. Antonia Minor was a very influential woman and supervised her circle of various princes and princesses. Her circle assisted in the political preservation of the Roman Empire's borders and affairs of the client states. Tryphaena was appointed by Caligula in 38 AD to serve as a priestess in the cult of Julia Drusilla . In 42 AD, she was appointed by Claudius to serve as

2024-508: Was killed by Roman soldiers. Tiberius returned the whole Thracian Kingdom to Tryphaena, and appointed Tryphaena and Cotys’ first child Rhoemetalces II to rule with his mother. The son of Rhescuporis II, Rhoemetalces III , was spared by Tiberius and allowed him to return to Thrace. Tryphaena bore Cotys four known children: While Tryphaena's children were growing up they were part of the remarkable court of Antonia Minor in Rome . Antonia Minor

2070-588: Was later appreciated by other women in that region. Tryphaena's brother Polemon II married the Judean Princess Julia Berenice and through their marriage Polemon converted to Judaism and probably later became a Christian. Through the preachings of Paul the Apostle , Tryphaena may have converted to Christianity. In Christian literature, the Acts of Paul and Thecla set a Queen Tryphaena,

2116-696: Was not a blood relative of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Through Antony, her great maternal aunt was Roman Client Queen Cleopatra Selene II of Mauretania , through her she was a cousin to Roman client king Ptolemy of Mauretania . Through Antony she was also a distant cousin to Roman Emperors Caligula , Claudius and Nero and Roman Empresses Messalina , Agrippina the Younger and Claudia Octavia . Tryphaena's father died in 8 BC. Her mother married Roman Client King Archelaus of Cappadocia . Her family moved to Cappadocia and along with her brothers were raised in

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