Bhai Gurdas Singh ( fl. 18th century), also known as Bhai Gurdas II, was a Sikh during the time of Guru Gobind Singh . He is most known for writing a Vaar (folk ballad). He was one of the traditionally-ascribed 52 poets of the Kavi Darbar of Guru Gobind Singh, being one of the three most renowned and famous of the group.
72-412: The Sarbloh Granth or Sarabloh Granth ( Punjabi : ਸਰਬਲੋਹ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ , sarabalōha grantha , literally 'Scripture of Pure Iron'), also called Manglacharan Puran or Sri Manglacharan Ji , is a voluminous scripture, composed of more than 6,500 poetic stanzas. It is traditionally attributed as being the work of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh guru. Scholars, on the other hand, attribute the work to after
144-576: A descendant of Prakrit. Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to the Nath Yogi -era from 9th to 14th century. The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa , though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore. Writing in 1317–1318, Amir Khusrau referred to
216-589: A liberal approach. Through Persian, Punjabi also absorbed many Arabic-derived words like dukān , ġazal and more, as well as Turkic words like qēncī , sōġāt , etc. After the fall of the Sikh empire , Urdu was made the official language of Punjab under the British (in Pakistani Punjab , it is still the primary official language) and influenced the language as well. In the second millennium , Punjabi
288-524: A previous incarnation of Guru Gobind Singh known as rishi Dusht Daman . It is further believed that Banda Singh Bahadur heard the last verses of the work. It is claimed that the Sanskrit sutras the Sarbloh Granth is based on is still kept in a private familial collection. Very little can be ascertained regarding the authorship, compilation, or nature of the contents within the scripture. There
360-568: A short-hymn by Guru Gobind Singh. "The Khalsa is exactly like me, I ever abide in the Khalsa ;: The Khalsa is my body and soul, The Khalsa is the life of my life" In this composition, the Guru states that only by the Khalsa keeping its distinct identity can it be successful with his blessing but this blessing would be revoked if the Khalsa loses its unique identity, psyche, and separation from
432-614: A wealthy or royal Sikh should take up the cause of printing the scripture. The mass-printing of the scripture was finally printed undertaken by Santa Singh of the Budha Dal. Printing of the Sarbloh Granth is carried out by the Chatar Singh Jiwan Singh printing house based in Amritsar for distribution to Nihang-operated gurdwaras . The standard, printed edition contains 1216 pages. A full translation to English of
504-706: A word will be pronounced, and vice versa. Tone is often reduced or rarely deleted when words are said with emphasis or on their own as a form of more exact identification. Sequences with the consonant h have some additional gimmicks: The consonant h on its own is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially. However, certain dialects which exert stronger tone, particularly more northern Punjabi varieties and Dogri , pronounce h as very faint (thus tonal) in all cases. E.g. hatth > àtth . The Jhangvi and Shahpuri dialects of Punjabi (as they transition into Saraiki ) show comparatively less realisation of tone than other Punjabi varieties, and do not induce
576-470: Is 862 pages in-length. At the end of the five chapters is an appendment containing information on Vishnu's incarnations. The first chapter contains praise and invocations to various devis (goddesses). The second chapter covers Vishnu as an incarnation of the supreme God. Chapter five, which is also the longest chapter, concludes that the various gods and goddesses mentioned formerly are incarnations of Sarabloh (literally meaning "all-iron"), which itself
648-455: Is a high degree of controversy among various scholars on the issue of the authorship of the Granth. The following are some of the view points of prominent figures: One narrative claims that the scripture is the result of the writings of the tenth Guru being combined, after his passing in 1708, by his followers. According to Harnam Das Udasi, a Sikh scholar who prepared an annotated edition of
720-482: Is a tendency with speakers to insert /ɪ̯/ between adjacent "a"-vowels as a separator. This usually changes to /ʊ̯/ if either vowel is nasalised. Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone. The three retroflex consonants /ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/ do not occur initially, and the nasals [ŋ, ɲ] most commonly occur as allophones of /n/ in clusters with velars and palatals (there are few exceptions). The well-established phoneme /ʃ/ may be realised allophonically as
792-436: Is always written as نگ . Like Hindustani , the diphthongs /əɪ/ and /əʊ/ have mostly disappeared, but are still retained in some dialects. Phonotactically , long vowels /aː, iː, uː/ are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts /ə, ɪ, ʊ/ rather than separate phonemes. Hence, diphthongs like ai and au get monophthongised into /eː/ and /oː/, and āi and āu into /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ respectively. The phoneme /j/
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#1732771921653864-436: Is an incarnation of Mahakal , a term used by Guru Gobind Singh to refer to the all-mighty divine being. The first chapter, or Pahila Adhiya ( Gurmukhi : ਪਹਿਲਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ , romanized: Pahilā adhayāya , lit. 'First chapter'), contains praises toward Maha Maya and Maha Kala . The Indic demi-gods ( devte ) lose a battle to demons, and request the devi, Chandi, to assist them. Chandi then defeats
936-408: Is commonly appended at the end of Varan Bhai Gurdas as a 41st Vaar on-top of the traditional forty authored by Gurdas Bhalla . According to Louis E. Fenech and Vir Singh , the 41st Vaar would have been written in the mid-1780s as per internal evidence. After the death of his master, Guru Gobind Singh, in 1708, it is said Gurdas Singh traveled to Sindh , where he did missionary work spreading
1008-570: Is identical to the Urdu alphabet , however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿlīq characters to represent Punjabi phonology , not already found in the Urdu alphabet . In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic , just like Urdu does. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan ,
1080-474: Is largely revered by the Nihang sect of Sikhs with many non-Nihang Sikhs rejecting it as an authentic work of the tenth guru, especially amongst Sikh academics. According to Gurmukh Singh, the authenticity of the work is rejected on the grounds of its writing style and mastery of poetry not matching up with Guru Gobind Singh's Dasam Granth work. Also, the text makes mention of a work composed in 1719, much after
1152-553: Is my special form. I reside in the Khalsa. Khalsa is God’s own legion. The Khalsa is manifest due to the Supreme-Soul’s own wish. The work is primarily in Braj with influences of other languages as well, making it challenging for readers to comprehend. There is only one complete commentary and exegesis of this granth available, as it is still in research and remains little studied by academic circles so-far. The existing commentary
1224-442: Is no difference between the Khalsa and the Guru. The text states that the Khalsa was not created by the Guru out of any rage but rather it was created as the image of the Guru, for balancing reasons, and for the pleasure of the divine. Furthermore, the concept of " Khalsa Raj " ('Khalsa-rule') is presented in the text. Furthermore, the text presents a concise history of the ten human gurus of Sikhism. The Sarbloh Granth narrates that
1296-717: Is the annihilation of demons and evil by an incarnation of the divine known as 'Mahakal' or 'Shiva', he links this theme to a similar one that is presented in the Bachittar Natak Granth , which is part of the Dasam Granth collection of texts. The scripture discusses the Sikh concept of the Khalsa in-depth and in-detail. The text iterates that the Khalsa Panth is the form of Guru Gobind Singh himself and there
1368-755: Is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 88.9 million native speakers according to the 2023 Pakistani census , and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, according to the 2011 census . It is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora , particularly in Canada , the United Kingdom , the United States , Australia , and the Gulf states . In Pakistan, Punjabi
1440-452: Is very fluid in Punjabi. /j/ is only truly pronounced word-initially (even then it often becomes /d͡ʒ/), where it is otherwise /ɪ/ or /i/. Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes lexical tones . Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle). The transcriptions and tone annotations in
1512-629: Is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry of Pakistan, which is mainly produced in Lahore . The Standard Punjabi used in India and Pakistan have slight differences. In India, it discludes many of the dialect-specific features of Majhi. In Pakistan, the standard is closer to the Majhi spoken in the urban parts of Lahore. "Eastern Punjabi" refers to the varieties of Punjabi spoken in Pakistani Punjab (specifically Northern Punjabi), most of Indian Punjab ,
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#17327719216531584-709: Is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet , based on the Perso-Arabic script ; in India, it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet , based on the Indic scripts . Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone . The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi ) has been derived from the word Panj-āb , Persian for 'Five Waters', referring to
1656-648: The Av- of Avon . The historical Punjab region , now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries . One of the five, the Beas River , is a tributary of another, the Sutlej . Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa ( Sanskrit : अपभ्रंश , 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech') From 600 BC, Sanskrit developed as
1728-453: The 5Ks are mentioned in the text, however Jaswant Singh Neki states only three of them are mentioned. According to Hazura Singh in his commentary on the scripture, the Khalsa is the liberated form of Nirankar ( Prāpati Niraṅkarī sivrūp mahānaṅ ), not of the Indic deity Shiva , as some Sanatanist revivalists interpret. Khalsa Mahima is present in this granth. The Khalsa Mahima is
1800-465: The Hazara region , most of Azad Kashmir and small parts of Indian Punjab such as Fazilka . These include groups of dialects like Saraiki , Pahari-Pothwari , Hindko and the extinct Inku ; common dialects like Jhangvi , Shahpuri , Dhanni and Thali which are usually grouped under the term Jatki Punjabi; and the mixed variety of Punjabi and Sindhi called Khetrani . Depending on context,
1872-758: The Majha region of the Punjab. In India , Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhī script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from English , one of India's two primary official languages at the Union -level. In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhī script, which in literary standards,
1944-847: The Vaisakhi event which occurred in Anandpur on 13 April 1699, when the Guru formalized the Khalsa order. He later recounted his account of that day in a Vaar , named the Vaar Sri Bhagaut Ji Ki Patshahi Dasvin Ki , amidst hostilities from Hindus and Muslims alike. In a manuscript of the Vaar kept in the collection of the Sikh Reference Library, the work is known under the titled Vaar Bhai Gurdas Ji Ki . The entire work comprises twenty-eight pauris (Indic term for stanzas ), with twenty of
2016-619: The guruship was passed by Guru Gobind Singh not only on the Guru Granth Sahib, but also the Guru Khalsa Panth. It also goes over the purpose, duties, and responsibilities of the Khalsa Panth , describing the Khalsa as an "army of God". The scripture further states the qualities that members of the Khalsa must possess, such as high moral standards, fervently spiritual, and heroic. According to Trilochan Singh, all of
2088-413: The h consonant itself and any voiced consonants appended with [h] (Gurmukhi: ੍ਹ "perī̃ hāhā" , Shahmukhi: ھ "dō-caśmī hē" ); usually ṛh , mh , nh , rh and lh . The five tonal plosives also become voiceless word-initially. E.g. ghar > kàr "house", ḍhōl > ṭṑl "drum" etc. Tonogenesis in Punjabi forfeits the sound of [h] for tone. Thus, the more [h] is realised, the less "tonal"
2160-503: The voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ] in learned clusters with retroflexes. Due to its foreign origin, it is often also realised as [s] , in e.g. shalwār /salᵊ.ʋaːɾᵊ/ . The phonemic status of the consonants /f, z, x, ɣ, q/ varies with familiarity with Hindustani norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs /f, pʰ/ , /z, d͡ʒ/ , /x, kʰ/ , /ɣ, g/ , and /q, k/ systematically distinguished in educated speech, /q/ being
2232-779: The 1981 and 2017 censuses respectively, speakers of the Western Punjabi 's Saraiki and Hindko varieties were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease. Pothwari speakers however are included in the total numbers for Punjabi. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab , and has the status of an additional official language in Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Amritsar , Ludhiana , Chandigarh , Jalandhar , Ambala , Patiala , Bathinda , Hoshiarpur , Firozpur and Delhi . In
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2304-475: The 19th century from the Medieval Punjabi stage. Modern Punjabi has two main varieties, Western Punjabi and Eastern Punjabi , which have many dialects and forms, altogether spoken by over 150 million people. The Majhi dialect , which is transitional between the two main varieties, has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in
2376-684: The 2011 census of India, 31.14 million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like Bagri and Bhateali to arrive at the figure of 33.12 million. Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada. There were 670,000 native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021, 300,000 in
2448-714: The Guru's death, being authored by an unknown poet. The work is mostly revered by the Nihang sect. As per the traditions of the Nihang Sikhs, the Sarbloh Granth was written at the Sarbloh Bunga (now called the Langar Sahib) at Takht Abachal Nagar, Hazur Sahib in Nanded, India. They believe the work derives from Sanskrit sutras that were preserved by a group of sadhus , with these sutras ultimately originating from
2520-404: The Indic demons. The demons and Brijnad are then "immersed in bliss" after attainting darshan (auspicious sight) of Sarbloh Avtar, with Brijnad praising Sarbloh Avtar. Sarbloh Avtar then takes on a terrifying form and annihilates all of the demons, including Brijnad in a final battle. After the conclusion of the fifth chapter, there is another section narrating incarnations of Vishnu. A list of
2592-509: The Sarbloh Granth was produced within the courtly setting of Anandpur in the late 17th-century (specifically the 1690's) by various courtly poets (most of whose names are not known). "In my view, the Dasam Granth and Sri Sarab Loh Granth are markers of the aura of royalty that the Sikhs attempted to create at Anandpur. The poets gathered there drew upon a shared reservoir of themes, literary forms, metaphors and images to create their songs. With
2664-523: The Sarbloh Granth with a 1698 CE (1755 VS ) colophon as follows: The 2021 Singhu border incident involved the desecration of a manuscript of the Sarbloh Granth, which angered a group of Nihangs who killed the perpetrator of the sacrilege. The Sarabloh Granth is a separate religious text from the Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth , and no hymn or composition of this granth is used in daily Sikh liturgy or Amrit Sanchar . Nihang Sikhs hold
2736-556: The Sarbloh Granth. The scripture promotes the idea that the Waheguru mantar ( mantra ) is the only one capable of shedding haumai (ego) if chanted. The work contains stories related to Indian mythology , specifically the battles between gods and goddesses against demonic forces of evil . The plot of the book is very similar to the Chandi Charitar stories found within the Dasam Granth. Some Indic deities mentioned in
2808-463: The United Kingdom in 2011, 280,000 in the United States and smaller numbers in other countries. Standard Punjabi (sometimes referred to as Majhi) is the standard form of Punjabi used commonly in education and news broadcasting , and is based on the Majhi dialect . Such as the variety used on Google Translate , Standard Punjabi is also often used in official online services that employ Punjabi. It
2880-570: The United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant. It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants ( gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh ) lost their aspiration. In Punjabi, tone is induced by the loss of [h] in tonal consonants. Tonal consonants are any voiced aspirates /ʱ/ and the voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/ . These include the five voiced aspirated plosives bh , dh , ḍh , jh and gh (which are represented by their own letters in Gurmukhi),
2952-515: The avatars of Vishnu discussed in this part includes the following: The scripture deals largely on the art of warfare from a Sikh perspective. Within the scripture is contained the Das grāhī-Das tiāgī (ten virtues to hold – ten vices to renounce) for the Khalsa, as narrated by Guru Gobind Singh. All the names employed by Guru Gobind Singh in the Jaap Sahib to describe the divine find mention in
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3024-422: The composition are Lakshmi , Bhavani , Durga, Jvala, Kali (Kalika), Chandi, Hari, Gopal, Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, and Indra. Indic demons, such as Bhiminad and Viryanad, are also involved in the text's story-line. The text also narrates the story of an incarnation of the divine known as 'Sarab Loh' ("all-steel") who defeats the king of the demons, Brijnad. According to Gurinder Singh Mann , the scripture's main theme
3096-417: The death of the Guru. W. H. McLeod dates the work to the late 18th century and believes it was authored by an unknown poet and was mistakenly attributed to the tenth Guru. Gurinder Singh Mann claims to have come across a manuscript of the scripture that dates to the late 17th-century, specifically the year 1698. Additionally, Harnam Das Udasi claims to have encountered a manuscript of the scripture that bears
3168-421: The demoniacal army and their leader, Bhimnad. In the second chapter, or Duja Adhiya ( Gurmukhi : ਦੂਜਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ , romanized: Dūjā adhayāya , lit. 'Second chapter'), the wife of the defeated Bhimnad commits sati . Bhimnad's brother, Brijnad, prepares for revenge by starting another war against the demi-gods. The deity Indra writes letters to all the demi-gods asking for their help in
3240-585: The devoicing of the main five tonal consonants ( bh , dh , ḍh , jh , gh ). The Gurmukhi script which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time. Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including Burushaski , Gujari , Hindko , Kalami , Shina , and Torwali , though these (besides Hindko) seem to be independent of Punjabi. Bhai Gurdas Singh He
3312-466: The eleventh-most widely spoken in India , and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries. Approximate distribution of native Punjabi speakers (inc. Lahndic dialects ) (assuming a rounded total of 157 million) worldwide. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan , being the native language of 88.9 million people, or approximately 37% of the country's population. Beginning with
3384-597: The emergence of Sikh power, some poets who were resident in the broader region moved to Anandpur. A cursory look at their compositions shows the structural changes that had to be made to adjust these works to the needs of the new situation. The statements at the closing of the two longest compositions, the Krishan Avatar and Ram Avatar, carry thundering assertions of the futility of, worshipping Krishan and Ram. I can only explain them as addenda having been required to make these texts presentable at Anandpur." The scripture
3456-485: The entire Sarbloh Granth has not been done. Translations of select verses can be found on Manglacharan.com . Punjabi language Europe North America Oceania Punjabi , sometimes spelled Panjabi , is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India . It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 150 million native speakers. Punjabi
3528-488: The examples below are based on those provided in Punjabi University, Patiala 's Punjabi-English Dictionary . Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone. There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.) However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in
3600-418: The far-north of Rajasthan and on the northwestern border of Haryana . It includes the dialects of Majhi , Malwai , Doabi , Puadhi and the extinct Lubanki . Sometimes, Dogri and Kangri are grouped into this category. "Western Punjabi" or "Lahnda" ( لہندا , lit. ' western ' ) is the name given to the diverse group of Punjabi varieties spoken in the majority of Pakistani Punjab ,
3672-537: The fifth chapter, or Panjva Adhiya ( Gurmukhi : ਪੰਜਵਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ , romanized: Pajavā adhayāya , lit. 'Fifth chapter'), the aftermath of the demi-gods losing to the demons results in the demi-gods appealing to Akal Purakh for divine help. Thus, Akal Purakh incarnates as Sarbloh Avtar ("all-iron incarnation"). The demi-god Ganesha is appointed as Sarbloh Avtar's ambassador to Brijnad. However, Brijnad does not listen to Ganesha and wages another war. The demi-gods team-up with Sarbloh Avtar against
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#17327719216533744-623: The five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River . The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of South Asia and was a translation of the Sanskrit name, Panchanada , which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca ( पञ्च ), Greek pénte ( πέντε ), and Lithuanian Penki , all of which meaning 'five'; āb is cognate with Sanskrit áp ( अप् ) and with
3816-411: The fourth chapter, or Cautha Adhiya ( Gurmukhi : ਚੌਥਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ , romanized: Cauthā adhayāya , lit. 'Fourth chapter'), a great battle is being waged. Vishnu gives amrit (ambrosial nectar) to the demi-gods, reinvigorating them. Indra captures the demons, yet Brijnad gains the upper-hand and attains victory in the battle, with Indra being captured by the demonic force. In
3888-540: The language spoken by locals around the area of Lahore as Lahauri . The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Medieval Punjabi'. The Arabic and Modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent . Since then, many Persian words have been incorporated into Punjabi (such as zamīn , śahir etc.) and are used with
3960-793: The last containing an account of the Guru's martyrdom in Delhi. The finishing stanzas eulogize the Khalsa. The work was composed in "Hindized Punjabi". In his Vaar , he states: The Guru has remembered upon the Kalka and prepare the Amrit of Khanda. Drinking which, this life becomes of fruition. In his Vaar , he furthermore stresses the importance of the remembrance and chanting of Akāl ( Gurmukhi : ਅਕਾਲ , romanized: Akāla , lit. 'without time', fig. 'immortal') for Sikhs: Everyone automatically speaks of Guru Gobind Singh Ji who has made them to chant Akaal, Akaal. This work
4032-574: The latter three arise natively. Later, the letters ਜ਼ / ز , ਸ਼ / ش and ਫ਼ / ف began being used in English borrowings, with ਸ਼ / ش also used in Sanskrit borrowings . Punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Sindhi , Haryanvi , Pashto and Hindustani . Note: In more formal contexts, hypercorrect Sanskritized versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ pradhān for ਪਰਧਾਨ pardhān and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ parivār for ਪਰਵਾਰ parvār ) may be used. Modern Punjabi emerged in
4104-602: The most rarely pronounced. The retroflex lateral is most commonly analysed as an approximant as opposed to a flap . Some speakers soften the voiceless aspirates /t͡ʃʰ, pʰ, kʰ/ into fricatives /ɕ, f, x/ respectively. In rare cases, the /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ phonemes in Shahmukhi may be represented with letters from Sindhi . The /ɲ/ phoneme, which is more common than /ŋ/, is written as نی or نج depending on its phonetic preservation, e.g. نیاݨا /ɲaːɳaː/ (preserved ñ ) as opposed to کنج /kiɲd͡ʒ/ (assimilated into nj ). /ŋ/
4176-425: The pauris praising Guru Gobind Singh and singling out unique aspects of the tenth guru. A common theme emphasized throughout the work is how Guru Gobind Singh transformed the sangat (congregation) of Sikhs into the Khalsa. The comparison is made to the Guru's sword and Kalika , the Indic deity. Reference is made to the predecessor gurus Har Rai , Har Krishan (both on pauri 22) and Tegh Bahadur (pauri 23), with
4248-481: The reign of later Sikh polities . According to Kamalroop Singh, there are a number of early manuscripts of the Sarbloh Granth dating to the late 17th and 18th centuries. Kamaroop Singh believes the manuscriptural evidence points to the year 1698 in Anandpur Sahib as when the majority of the work of the Sarbloh Granth was commenced, being finalized in 1708 at Hazur Sahib. Kamalroop Singh lists manuscripts of
4320-476: The rest of humanity. A translation of the verses is as follows: Ātam ras jo jānahī so hai Khālsā dev. Prabh mai mo mai tās mai raṅchak nāhin bhev. Khālsā mero rūp hai khās. Khālse meṅ hau karo niwās. Khālsā Akāl Purakh kī Phauj. Pragaṭio Khālsā Paramātam ki mauj. Khalsa is the one who experience the bliss of the Super-Soul. There is no difference between God, me (Guru Gobind Singh) and him. The Khalsa
4392-581: The same date for its year of compilation (1698), while he was examining twenty-four extant manuscripts of the text as part of his research activities to produce an annotated edition of the scripture. In these two early manuscripts of the scripture, the first contains the Bachittar Natak Granth on folios 1 to 350 and then continues with the text of the Sarbloh Granth-proper for the remainder of the folios (folios 351 to 702). For
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#17327719216534464-442: The scripture in reverence, as they attribute its authorship to Guru Gobind Singh. Nihang Sikhs place the Sarbloh Granth on the left-side of the Guru Granth Sahib (with the Dasam Granth being placed on the right-side) in their public worship arrangement. Sarbloh Granth is separated into 5 chapters known as adhiyas . The scripture itself is 1665 pages in-length total and comprises three volumes. A printed version released by Santa Singh
4536-469: The scripture, the text was authored by Guru Gobind Singh. However, Harnam Das Udasi claims that Guru Gobind Singh accepted the work of some poets to form parts of the scripture, just like how Guru Arjan accepted the works written by Bhagats , Bhatts , and Sufi fakirs when he compiled the Adi Granth. However, other analysts date the text to the late 18th-century. Gurinder Singh Mann argues that
4608-431: The second early manuscript, it only contains the text of the Sarbloh Granth-proper and there is no inclusion of external texts, unlike the other manuscript. However, the second manuscript's pagination begins with folio 351 and ends with folio 747. All together, three early manuscripts of the scripture bear their year 1698. However, it can be argued that these manuscripts were a later copy of an original from 1698 and this date
4680-465: The standard literary and administrative language and Prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: प्राकृत , prākṛta ) collectively. Paishachi Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Apabhraṃśa ,
4752-539: The terms Eastern and Western Punjabi can simply refer to all the Punjabi varieties spoken in India and Pakistan respectively, whether or not they are linguistically Eastern/Western. While a vowel length distinction between short and long vowels exists, reflected in modern Gurmukhi orthographical conventions, it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between centralised vowels /ɪ ə ʊ/ and peripheral vowels /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ in terms of phonetic significance. The peripheral vowels have nasal analogues . There
4824-452: The upcoming war. In the third chapter, or Tija Adhiya ( Gurmukhi : ਤੀਜਾ ਅਧਯਾਯ , romanized: Tījā adhayāya , lit. 'Third chapter'), the demons are winning against the demi-gods, thus Vishnu sends Narada to serve as their representative to Brijnad. However, Brijnad would not negotiate and hostilities resumed. In the beginning of the unsuing battle, eleven armies of Brijnad that were on-foot were destroyed. In
4896-514: Was lexically influenced by Portuguese (words like almārī ), Greek (words like dām ), Japanese (words like rikśā ), Chinese (words like cāh , līcī , lukāṭh ) and English (words like jajj , apīl , māsṭar ), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. In fact, the sounds / z / (ਜ਼ / ز ژ ذ ض ظ ), / ɣ / (ਗ਼ / غ ), / q / (ਕ਼ / ق ), / ʃ / (ਸ਼ / ش ), / x / (ਖ਼ / خ ) and / f / (ਫ਼ / ف ) are all borrowed from Persian, but in some instances
4968-402: Was copied as well from the original in all three later copies by their respective scribes. Many early manuscripts of the scripture contain an inscription by Gurdas Singh which goes as: " Sambat satra sai bhae barakh satvanja jan. Gurdas Singh puran kio sri mukh granth parmanh. " An inscription sourced from this scripture can be found in the seal of Banda Singh Bahadur and on coins minted during
5040-401: Was published by Santa Singh of the Budha Dal, an organization of Nihangs. Another commentary of the work by Giani Naurang Singh is also extant. An annotated edition ( ṭīkā ; commentary) of the Sarbloh Granth was produced by Harnam Das Udasi in the late 1980's under the title Sri Sarab Loh Granth Sahib Ji , however its circulation has been restricted. In 1925, an exegesis of the Sarbloh Granth
5112-417: Was the brother of Alam Singh Nachna . He served as one of the many poets in the durbar (court) of Guru Gobind Singh. According to Louis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod , he was a Sindhi poet who lived in the early part of the 18th century. In praise of Guru Gobind Singh, he exclaimed in his writing: "Lo, a man is born amongst men, Chivalrous, Unfathomable, Singular and Unique" He was an eyewitness to
5184-451: Was written by Akali Hazura Singh, then head-granthi of Takht Hazur Sahib (with its foreword written by Akali Kaur Singh). Jathedar Joginder Singh 'Muni' wrote a description of the traditional exegesis ( kathā ) of the Sarbloh Granth at Hazur Sahib in his work Hazūrī Maryādā Prabodh . In 1925, Akali Kaur Singh wrote that there were only around ten manuscripts of the Sarbloh Granth scattered in private collections across India. He urged that
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