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56-517: The Sasun Resistance by the Armenian militia against the Ottoman Empire may refer to: Sasun Resistance (1894) Sasun Resistance (1904) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sasun Resistance . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

112-465: A century beginning from failed attempts of Selim III (1789) to a period of Ottoman military reforms (1826–1858) and finally Abdulhamid II. Abdulhamid II, as early as 1880 sought, and two years later secured, German assistance, which culminated in the appointment of Lt. Col. Kohler. However. Although the consensus that Abdulhamid favored the modernization of the Ottoman army and the professionalization of

168-505: A few handful of fedayees in most of the confrontations between them and Kurdish irregulars or Turkish soldiers, even according to foreign accounts. Moreover, many of the fedayees were the same and reappeared in various places and battles. One should also note that many Armenian irregular fighters died defending regions of Western Armenia during the Armenian genocide . Military of the Ottoman Empire The military of

224-475: A force of Crusaders, and later Başkent and Chaldoran against the Aq Qoyunlu and Safavids. Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure and the founding and main army established by Mehmed II , during his reorganization of the state and the military efforts. This is the major reorganization following Orhan I which organized a standing army paid by salary rather than booty or fiefs. This army

280-578: A half-million kilograms of food per day. The Ottoman forces fared better than the Russians, but the expenses crippled both national treasuries. Supplies on both sides came using fixed prices, taxes, and confiscation. Sultan Selim III in 1789 to 1807 set up the " Nizam-i Cedid " [new order] army to replace the inefficient and outmoded imperial army. The old system depended on Janissaries , who had largely lost their military effectiveness. Selim closely followed Western military forms. It would be expensive for

336-586: A new army, so a new treasury ['Irad-i Cedid'] was established . The result was the Porte now had an efficient, European-trained army equipped with modern weapons. However it had fewer than 10,000 soldiers in an era when Western armies were ten to fifty times larger. Furthermore, the Sultan was upsetting the well-established traditional political powers. As a result, it was rarely used, apart from its use against Napoleon's expeditionary force at Gaza and Rosetta. The new army

392-526: A new system dates before 1826. Sultan Selim III formed the Nizam-ı Cedid army (Nizam-ı Cedid meaning New Order) in the late 18th century and early 19th century. This was the first serious attempt to transform the Ottoman military forces into a modern army. However, the Nizam-ı Cedid was short lived, dissolving after the abdication of Selim III in 1807. Sultan Mahmud II, Selim III's successor and nephew, who

448-421: A standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The infantry were called yayas and the cavalry was known as müsellem s. The force was made up by foreign mercenaries for the most part, and only a few Turks were content to accept salaries in place of timars. Foreign mercenaries were not required to convert to Islam as long as they obeyed their Ottoman commanders. The Ottomans began using guns in

504-588: Is accepted as the establishment. The organisation is sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Air Force. According to Edward J. Erickson, the very term Ottoman Air Force is a gross exaggeration and the term Osmanlı Hava Kuvvetleri (Ottoman Air Force) unfortunately is often repeated in contemporary Turkish sources. The fleet size reached its greatest in December 1916, when the Ottoman aviation squadrons had 90 airplanes. The Aviation Squadrons were reorganized as

560-520: Is known as Auspicious Incident . By the reign of Mahmud the second, the elite janissaries had become corrupt and always stood in the way of modernization efforts meaning they were more of a liability than an asset. By the siege of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans had large enough cannons to batter the walls of the city, to the surprise of the defenders. The Dardanelles Gun was designed and cast in bronze in 1464 by Munir Ali. The Dardanelles Gun

616-544: The Bosphorus and started a naval science course that laid the foundation stone for the later Turkish Naval Academy . He could only achieve limited success, however. Unfortunately it was almost impossible for him to divert soldiers from the regular army into the new units. The new ships and guns that made it into service were too few to have much of an influence on the Ottoman army and de Tott returned home. When they had requested French help in 1795, young Napoleon Bonaparte

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672-598: The Hamidian Massacres , Sasun Resistance (1894) , Zeitun Rebellion (1895–1896) , Defense of Van , and Khanasor Expedition . They were the leaders and members of the Armenian national movement . These bands sabotaged telegraph lines and raided army supplies. They also committed assassinations and counter-attacks on Muslim villages. They helped Armenians defend themselves during village purges by Ottoman officials. They were supported by Armenians and quickly gained fame, support and trust by them. Their activities in

728-787: The Iranian Constitutional Revolution that commenced during the same period, upon agreement of the ARF leaders. The Armenian term fedayi ultimately derives from the Arabic word fedayeen : فدائيون fidā'īyūn , literally meaning "those who sacrifice". Armenian fedayis' main goal was to defend Armenian villagers from persecution and at the same time, disrupt the Ottoman Empire's activities in Armenian populated regions. Armenian volunteers fought during

784-585: The Ottoman military band , performed by the Janissary since the 16th century. The main theme of this period is reforming the Janissaries . The Janissary corps were originally made up of enslaved young Christian boys, generally from the western Balkans, who were forced to convert to Islam and were educated in military matters under the Ottoman Empire. During the 15th and 16th Centuries they became known as

840-732: The Royal Naval Academy . After the demise of the Ottoman Empire the school renamed itself as Naval Academy (Turkey) under the Republic of Turkey The system of ranks and insignia followed the patterns of the German Empire. The Ottoman War Medal , better known as the Gallipoli Star, was instituted by the Sultan Mehmed Reshad V on 1 March 1915 for gallantry in battle. The Iftikhar Sanayi Medal

896-496: The "General Inspectorate of Air Forces" ( Kuva-yı Havaiye Müfettiş-i Umumiliği ) on 29 July 1918. With the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the Ottoman military aviation effectively came to an end. At the time of the armistice, the Ottoman military aviation had around 100 pilots ; 17 land-based airplane companies (4 planes each); and 3 seaplane companies (4 planes each); totalling 80 aircraft. In 1389

952-427: The Armenian recruits were later turned into road laborers, out of which many were executed. The Genocide, committed during World War I by the Ottoman Empire, gave way to the return of the fedayis, who reorganised themselves once again inside the borders of the Ottoman Empire. In turn, tens of thousands of Armenians volunteered to be drafted in several different armies. These Armenian volunteer units were formed inside

1008-620: The Azabs were the bashi-bazouk (başıbozuk). These specialized in close combat and were sometimes mounted. Recruited from the homeless, vagrants and criminals, they became notorious for their undisciplined brutality. The Ottoman Military College in Istanbul was the Ottoman Empire's two-year military staff college, which aimed to educate staff officers for the Ottoman Army. Marshal Ahmed Fevzi Pasha together with Mehmed Namık Pasha formed

1064-495: The Ottoman Empire ( Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri ) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire . It was founded in 1299 and dissolved in 1922. The Military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the years between 1300 (Byzantine expedition) and 1453 ( Conquest of Constantinople ), the classical period covers the years between 1451 (second enthronement of Sultan Mehmed II ) and 1606 ( Peace of Zsitvatorok ),

1120-646: The Ottoman Empire dissipated after the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire , when the Committee of Union and Progress came into power and, for a time, granted the Empire's Armenian citizens the same rights as its Turkish and Kurdish citizens. Most fedayi groups then disbanded, their members returning to their families. Several fedayi and ARF key figures such as Aram Manukian , Hamo Ohanjanyan and Stepan Stepanian agreed upon joining

1176-429: The Ottoman army after the Ottoman government passed a new law to support the war effort that required all enabled adult males up to the age of 45 to either be recruited in the Ottoman army or to pay special fees (which would be used in the war effort) to be excluded from service. As a result of this law, most able-bodied men were removed from their homes, leaving only the women, children, and elderly by themselves. Most of

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1232-517: The Ottoman military, was appointed for the establishment of a course to provide education on plane geometry and navigation . The course, attended also by civilian captains of the merchant marine, took place on board a galleon anchored at Kasimpaşa in Istanbul and lasted three months. The temporary course turned into a continuous education on land with the establishment of "Naval Mathematical College" in February 1776. With growing numbers of cadets,

1288-461: The Ottomans introduced a system of military conscription. In times of need every town, quarter , and village had the duty to present a fully equipped conscript at the recruiting office. The new force of irregular infantrymen, called Azabs , was used in a number of different ways. They supported the supplies to the front-line, they dug roads and built bridges. On rare occasions they were used as cannon fodder to slow down an enemy advance. A branch of

1344-656: The Russian army to fight against the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Caucasus Front collapsed following the abdication of the Tsar . In 1917, the Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians asked the Armenian soldiers and officers scattered throughout Russian occupied regions to gradually be brought together. The plan was to mobilize Armenians on the Caucasian front. With that purpose in view, an Armenian Military Committee

1400-473: The Sipahi were treated differently primarily in that they got their income from the land that was given to them from the Sultan under the timariot system. Within these agricultural lands, the Sipahi were in charge of collecting the taxes which would serve as their salary. At the same time they were responsible for maintaining peace and order there. They were also expected to be able to serve in the military whenever

1456-485: The Sultan deemed their service necessary. In 1621, the Chinese Wu Pei Chih described Ottoman muskets that used a rack-and-pinion mechanism, which was not known to have been used in any European or Chinese firearms at the time. The Ottoman Empire made numerous efforts to recruit French experts for its modernization. The French officer and adventurer Claude-Alexandre de Bonneval (1675–1747) went in

1512-752: The Turkish armies, from the beginning of the Bolshevist withdrawal right up to the signing of an armistice." Boghos Nubar, as part of the Armenian Delegation, intended to expand the independent First Republic of Armenia. Thus, he might have elevated the number of Armenian fedayees who were able to fight in order to show that the Armenians are capable of defending an eventually large Ottoman-Armenian border. In reality, their numbers at that time were much lower, considering that there were no more than

1568-547: The academy in 1834 as the Mekteb-i Harbiye (Ottoman Turkish: lit. "War School"), and the first class of officers graduated in 1841. This foundation occurred in the context of military reforms within the Ottoman Empire, which recognized the need for more educated officers to modernize its army. The need for a new military order was part of the reforms of Sultan Mahmud II ( r.  1808–1839 ), continued by his son Sultan Abdulmejid I ( r.  1839–1861 ). After

1624-431: The college building at the naval shipyard was extended. On 22 October 1784 the college, renamed the "Imperial Naval Engineering School" ( Ottoman Turkish : Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyûn ), started its three-year education courses in the new building. From 1795 on, the training was divided into navigation and cartography for officers of the deck , and naval architecture and shipbuilding for naval engineers . In 1838

1680-531: The command of Armenia within the Ottoman Empire. They fought in numerous successful battles such as the Battle of Kara Killisse , the Battle of Bash Abaran and the Battle of Sardarapat , as fedayees merged with the Armenian army (Yerevan centered) under the General Tovmas Nazarbekian . The total number of guerrillas in these irregular bands was 40,000–50,000, according to Boghos Nubar,

1736-469: The demise of the Ottoman Empire the school renamed itself as Turkish Military Academy under the Republic of Turkey The origin of the Naval Academy goes back to 1773, when Sultan Mustafa III 's Grand Vizier and Admiral Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha founded a naval school under the name of "Naval Engineering at Golden Horn Naval Shipyard". François Baron de Tott , a French officer and advisor to

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1792-497: The fedayis helped the local Armenians resist the Turkish army until April 1918, but eventually were forced to evacuate and withdraw to Persia . To consider emergency measures, the Western Armenian Administration sponsored a conference which adopted plans to form a 20,000-man militia under Andranik in December 1917. Civilian commissioner Dr. Hakob Zavriev promoted Andranik to Major General and he took

1848-411: The late 14th century. Following that, other troop types began to appear, such as the regular musketeers ( Piyade Topçu , literally "foot artillery"); regular cavalry armed with firearms ( Süvari Topçu Neferi , literally "mounted artillery soldier"), similar to the later European reiter or carabinier ; and bombardiers ( Humbaracı ), consisting of grenadiers who threw explosives called khımbara and

1904-425: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasun_Resistance&oldid=933112661 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Armenian militia Some of the key Fedayi figures also participated in

1960-494: The manufacturing and handling of firearms ." But it was their use of artillery shocked their adversaries and impelled the other two Islamic Gunpowder Empires to accelerate their weapons program. The Ottomans had artillery at least by the reign of Bayezid I and used them in the sieges of Constantinople in 1399 and 1402. They finally proved their worth as siege engines in the successful siege of Salonica in 1430. The Ottoman military's regularized use of firearms proceeded ahead of

2016-725: The most efficient and effective military unit in Europe. By 1570 born Muslims were accepted into the Janissaries corps and by the 17th century most would be born Muslims. According to Jason Goodwin in the 17th and 18th centuries most Janissaries were Muslim Albanians. Aside from the Janissary infantry, there was also the Sipahi Cavalry. They were, however, different from the Janissaries in that they had both military and administrative duties. The Janissaries were tied strictly to being able to perform military duties at any time, however

2072-455: The naval school moved into its new building in Kasımpaşa. With the beginning (1839) of the reformation efforts , the school was renamed "Naval School" ( Ottoman Turkish : Mekteb-i Bahriye ) and continued to operate in Kasımpaşa for 12 years. Then it was relocated in 1850 to Heybeliada for the last time. During the Second Constitutional Era , an upgraded education system was adapted in 1909 from

2128-484: The officer corps was fairly general, it seems that he neglected the military during the last fifteen years of his reign, and he also cut down the military budget. The formation of Ottoman Modern Army was a slow process with ups and downs. The Ottoman Navy , also known as the Ottoman Fleet , was established in the early 14th century after the empire first expanded to reach the sea in 1323 by capturing Karamürsel ,

2184-454: The ongoing Iranian Constitutional Revolution in neighboring Qajar Persia . They established that the movement was one that had political, ideological and economic components and was thus aimed at establishing law and order, human rights and the interests of all working people. They also felt that it would work for the benefit and interest of Armenian-Iranians . The final vote was 25 votes in favour and one absentia. Some fedayi groups joined

2240-456: The pace of their European counterparts. The Janissaries had initially been an infantry bodyguard using bows and arrows. By the time of Sultan Mehmed II , they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world." The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing armies. The combination of artillery and Janissary firepower proved decisive at Varna in 1444 against

2296-715: The president of the Armenian National Delegation in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, who wrote: In the Caucasus, where, without mentioning the 150,000 Armenians in the Imperial Russian Army , more than 40,000 of their volunteers helped to liberate part of the Armenian vilayets, and where, under the command of their leaders, Antranik and Nazerbekoff, they alone, among the peoples of the Caucasus, offered resistance to

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2352-496: The reformation period covers the years between 1606 and 1826 ( Vaka-i Hayriye ), the modernisation period covers the years between 1826 and 1858 and decline period covers the years between 1861 (enthronement of Sultan Abdülaziz ) and 1918 ( Armistice of Mudros ). The Ottoman army is the forerunner of the Turkish Armed Forces . The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a steppe-nomadic cavalry force. This

2408-454: The service of Sultan Mahmud I , converted to Islam , and endeavoured to modernize the Ottoman army , creating cannon foundries, powder and musket factories and a military engineering school. Another officer François Baron de Tott was involved in the reform efforts for the Ottoman military . He succeeded in having a new foundry built to make howitzers , and was instrumental in the creation of mobile artillery units. He built fortifications on

2464-654: The site of the first Ottoman naval shipyard and the nucleus of the future Navy. During its long existence, it was involved in many conflicts and signed a number of maritime treaties. At its height, the Navy extended to the Indian Ocean , sending an expedition to Indonesia in 1565. For much of its history, the Navy was led by the position of the Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral; literally "Captain Pasha"). This position

2520-473: The soldiers who served the artillery with maintenance and powder supplies. The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires , followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India . By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery . The adoption of the gunpowder weapons by the Ottomans was so rapid that they "preceded both their European and Middle Eastern adversaries in establishing centralized and permanent troops specialized in

2576-541: The soldiers' lives predictable, thus creating a more manageable military for the Pasha. The main theme of this period is organizing and training the newly formed units. The change of French system to German system occurred as the German military mission was most effective during the period. The military units formed were used in the Balkan Wars and World War I . The shift from Classical Army (1451–1606) took more than

2632-436: The way the military was both conducted by the leadership and also perceived by the rest of society. New military law codes resulted in isolation, extreme surveillance, and severe punishments to enforce obedience. The Pasha's goal was to create a high regard for the law and strict obedience stemming from sincere want. This shift from direct control by bodily punishment to indirect control through strict law enforcement aimed to make

2688-444: Was a great reformer, disbanded the Janissaries in 1826 with so-called known as "Vaka-ı Hayriye" (the auspicious incident). The Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye was established, as a contemporary modern army. Egypt, as part of the empire, also underwent drastic military changes during Muhammad Ali Pasha 's reign. The two largest military reforms were the effective practices of indoctrination and surveillance, which dramatically changed

2744-725: Was abolished in 1867, when it was replaced by the Minister of the Navy ( Turkish : Bahriye Nazırı ) and a number of Fleet Commanders ( Turkish : Donanma Komutanları ). After the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Navy's tradition was continued under the Turkish Naval Forces of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. The Ottoman Aviation Squadrons were military aviation units of the Ottoman Army and Navy . The history of Ottoman military aviation dates back to June 1909 or July 1911 depending if active duty assignment

2800-401: Was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. These horsemen became an irregular force of raiders used as shock troops , armed with weapons like bows and spears. They were given fiefs called timars in the conquered lands, and were later called timariots . In addition they acquired wealth during campaigns. Orhan organized

2856-558: Was dissolved by reactionary elements with the overthrow of Selim in 1807, but it became the model of the new Ottoman Army created later in the 19th century. The main theme of this period is disbanding the Janissary, which happened in 1826, and changing the military culture. The major event is "Vaka-ı Hayriye" translated as Auspicious Incident . The military units formed were used in the Crimean War , Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , and Greco-Turkish War (1897) . The failed efforts of

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2912-781: Was formed with General Bagradouni as its president. That year, the Armenian National Congress created the Armenian National Council , which established the First Republic of Armenia . These Armenian conscripts and volunteers from the Russian Army later established the core of the armed forces of the First Republic of Armenia . Armenian refugees from the Ottoman Empire were flooding the newly formed Armenian state. Further southeast, in Van ,

2968-569: Was later used in the production of firearms such as the musket from the 16th century. At the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Janissaries equipped with 2000 muskets "formed 8 consecutive rows and they fired their weapons row by row," in a "kneeling or standing position without the need for additional support or rest." The Chinese attempted to adopted the Ottoman kneeling position for firing. In 1598, Chinese writer Zhao Shizhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets. The marching band and military band both have their origins in

3024-676: Was scheduled to be sent to Constantinople to help organize Ottoman artillery. He did not go, for just days before he was to embark for the Near East he proved himself useful to the Directory by putting down a Parisian mob at 13 Vendémiaire and was kept in France. The supply of Ottoman forces operating in Moldavia and Wallachia was a major challenge that required well organized logistics. An army of 60,000 soldiers and 40,000 horses required

3080-528: Was still present for duty more than 340 years later in 1807, when a Royal Navy force appeared and commenced the Dardanelles Operation . Turkish forces loaded the ancient relics with propellant and projectiles , then fired them at the British ships. The British squadron suffered 28 casualties from this bombardment. The musket first appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465. Damascus steel

3136-431: Was the force during rise of the Ottoman Empire . The organization was twofold, central (Kapu Kulu) and peripheral (Eyalet). The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this Army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what

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