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49-868: The 15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was popularly known as the Norwegian Regiment or the Scandinavian Regiment , due to its composition of mostly Norwegian American , Swedish American , and Danish American immigrants. The 15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was originally formed by Col. Hans Christian Heg at Camp Randall , near Madison, Wisconsin . The majority of its members were Norwegian immigrants with

98-638: A body had to be accepted as units into the Volunteer Army. Shortly after the declaration of war , the President called for and promptly received 125,000 volunteers. Another call for 75,000 volunteers was soon filled. The organization of the Volunteer Army took place through mobilization of existing units of the organized state militias . Since the Constitution prohibits calling up the militia for purposes other than repelling invasions, executing

147-510: A number of volunteer vacancies were filled with these early graduates. Later volunteer officer vacancies were filled by promotions from volunteer non-commissioned officers. In the two colored regiments, company-grade officer positions were filled by black volunteer officers, but field-grade officers were white. In the Regular Army, the colored regiments did not have any black officers. Over 120,000 regular and volunteer soldiers served in

196-573: A period of one year. The decision to organize a volunteer battalion instead of a regular cavalry regiment, emanated from the prevalent attitudes of the ruling Democratic Party toward the United States Army. The Regular Army was seen as a stronghold of aristocratic West Pointers in contrast with the virtuous citizen soldiers of the militia. At the beginning of the Florida War or Second Seminole War , Congress in 1836 authorized

245-600: A regular army large enough to take care of all overseas operations, but Congress only authorized a regular army of 65,000 soldiers. For the duration of the Philippine–American War, the regulars were to be supplemented by 35,000 volunteers recruited at large and organized directly by the federal government. Recruitment stations for the new federal volunteer force were set up in all Volunteer Army demobilization camps, and by September 1899 twelve volunteer infantry regiments and one volunteer cavalry regiment were organized in

294-668: A sufficient number of companies had been formed into regiments. Companies from different states were never trained together before active operations. In 1818, during the First Seminole War , General Edmund P. Gaines authorized Colonel David Brearley of the 7th U.S. Infantry to receive into the service of the United States Indians of the Creek Nation , to muster, inspect and provision them, and to order them to march to Fort Scott . Colonel Brearley met

343-467: A total of 32 regiments "for the duration". By the end of May 1847, when the American army under Winfield Scott stood at Puebla, Mexico during its advance from Vera Cruz , the enlistment of the one-year volunteers in his army expired and seven volunteer regiments of 3,700 soldiers departed for home. The army had to halt and wait two months for fresh troops from the states. For the entire duration of

392-574: A total of 336 fatalities. On September 20, 1863 Colonel Hans Christian Heg died of wounds he received in action in the Battle of Chickamauga on September 19, 1863. United States Volunteers Until the enactment of the Militia Act of 1903 , the land forces of the United States were divided into three separate and distinctive organizations: The term Volunteers was first used in

441-490: The Act of February 24, 1807 and the Act of March 30, 1808 , empowering the president to require the several states to organize forces of militia, including volunteer forces. An act of January 12, 1812, authorized the President to raise up to six companies of rangers, either volunteers or men enlisted for a one-year period, whenever he had evidence of actual or threatened invasion of any Indian tribes. In July an additional company

490-549: The Act of March 2, 1799 , which authorized the president to accept 28 volunteer regiments to be employed in the same manners as the militia; the volunteer field officers to be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States . During the troubles with Spain in 1803, the president was, by the Act of March 3, 1803 , authorized to require the several states to organize forces of militia, including corps of volunteers. Trouble with Great Britain led to

539-601: The Act of May 28, 1789 , during the Northwest Indian War , which authorized the President of the United States to accept companies of volunteers who offered themselves for service. This and further enactments allowed the president to organize the companies into legions, regiments or battalions, and to appoint company grade and field officers . Volunteer forces are next mentioned during the Quasi-War , when

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588-655: The Mobile and Appalachicola rivers . At the time of the Black Hawk War , United States Army lacked cavalry due to downsizing of the army after the War of 1812 . The opening of the Santa Fe Trail led to demands for military escorts of the annual trading caravans across the prairies. In 1829 four infantry companies from Fort Leavenworth were ordered to protect that year's caravan. This expedition demonstrated

637-558: The Regular Army and the Volunteer Army of the United States. In August 1898, the strength of the Regular Army was 56,362 men; and of the Volunteer Army, 216,256 men. The legal authorization for the volunteer army raised for the Spanish-American War ceased with the end of hostilities between Spain and United States, and it had to be disbanded; by November 1899 all volunteers were released. The Adjutant General wanted

686-524: The Rough Riders ), and 10 regiments of United States volunteer infantry of men immune to tropical diseases . The aforementioned act provided that the organized and active land forces of the United States would consist of the Army of the United States and of the militia of the several states when called into the service of the United States. In time of war, this army contained two branches designated as

735-687: The Royal Air Force . An RAF air commodore , however, is considered to be an air officer . A number of other armed forces in the Commonwealth , including Australia and New Zealand, also follow this pattern. This officer group in the United States Armed Forces has two different names depending on the branch. In the Army , Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force the rank group is called field grade and consists of Major , Lieutenant Colonel , and Colonel . In

784-559: The Russian Imperial Army and Navy until 1917. The British Army and Royal Marines use the terms "officers of field rank" or "field officers" to refer to the ranks of major , lieutenant colonel , colonel and brigadier . The term "senior officer" is used for the ranks of lieutenant commander , commander , captain and commodore in the Royal Navy , and squadron leader , wing commander and group captain in

833-499: The 2,200,000 Union soldiers who fought in the war, about 2% were draftees and another 6% were substitutes paid by conscripts. The Act To provide for temporarily increasing the military establishment of the United States in time of war, and for other purposes of April 22, 1898, provided for a presidential call for two-year volunteers, with quotas apportioned among the States according to population, and that militia units volunteering as

882-632: The Creek Nation at the Creek Agency and finding that nearly the whole force of the Nation was willing to serve began organizing them. The whole force was to be designed a regiment, with 18 companies, later 28 companies officered according to the regulations of the United States Army. The principal war chief, William McIntosh , to be full colonel; the two chiefs George Lovett and Noble Kennard to be majors. On February 24, 1818, 1,547 warriors entered

931-988: The Creek Nation under the sanction of the commanding general. Andrew Jackson authorized the raising of volunteers from Tennessee and Kentucky, and 1,286 men were mustered and organized as two mounted rifle regiments. The staff and field consisted of one assistant adjutant general, one assistant inspector general, one assistant deputy quartermaster general, one judge advocate, one chaplain, two colonels, four lieutenant colonels, four majors, four adjutants, one forage master, one assistant forage master, two surgeons, four surgeon's mates, four quartermasters and eight non-commissioned staff. The companies had 20 captains, 20 first lieutenants, 20 third lieutenants, 11 third lieutenants and 17 cornets. These troops served from January 31 to June 25, 1818. Two companies of volunteer rangers of 145 men under Captains Boyle and Gist were also mustered into United States service by order of General Jackson. They were to be employed on search-and-destroy patrols between

980-595: The Philippines during the Philippine–American War . No more than 1,000 soldiers were killed in action or died of wounds , an additional 3,000 soldiers died of disease, and 3,000 were wounded but survived their wounds. Field officer A senior officer is an officer of a more senior grade in military or other uniformed services. In military organisations, the term may refer to any officer above junior officer rank, but usually specifically refers to

1029-477: The Philippines from Volunteer Army soldiers mustered out on the islands. Twelve additional volunteer regiments, of which two were colored , were raised in the contiguous United States. Commanding officers of the new volunteer regiments were to be Regular Army officers, but the rest of the officer corps came from the volunteers and were distributed among the several states according to population. West Point class of 1899 graduated four months earlier than scheduled and

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1078-459: The President called on the governors of the loyal states to enlist 300,000 volunteers for three years. Two weeks later, changing the previous policy of only allowing long-term volunteer enlistments, the Congress permitted enlistment of 100,000 volunteers for nine months. In August 1862, the President ordered a draft of 300,000 militia. If a state failed to fulfil its quota of volunteers according to

1127-444: The President to accept 10,000 volunteers. The militia of Florida Territory and of adjacent states had then already been called out. Congress prescribed that the volunteers should serve either as infantry or cavalry for a period of six or twelve months, furnishing their own clothes, and their own horses if serving in the cavalry. Arms and equipment would be provided by the federal government. Officers were to be appointed according to

1176-487: The President's prerogatives; all officers were to be appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. The states raised 2 regiments, 2 squadrons and 9 troops of volunteer cavalry; 1 regiment, 17 batteries of volunteer artillery, and 119 regiments and 13 battalions of volunteer infantry. The federal government raised 3 regiments of United States volunteer engineers, 3 regiments of United States volunteer cavalry (among them

1225-402: The United States Army, and received the same emoluments. In addition, non-commissioned officers and men were to receive in money the cost of clothing themselves. Losses of horses and equipment furnished at their own expense were to be compensated. The president would organize the volunteer force into battalions, regiments, brigades and divisions as the case may be. Through the act of July 6, 1812,

1274-548: The United States Army. They would also be furnished with the same camp equipage as the regular army. Officers and men of cavalry would be paid 40 cents per day for use and risk of private horses. When the number of men in volunteers unit fell below effective strength, new volunteer organizations were raised to take their place. Many of the volunteer units were engaged for such short periods that their services were inefficient and expensive. The daily allowance of 40 cents—a significant sum—for horses made cavalry very costly. In addition

1323-489: The army, this grade is referred to as field-grade officers , field officers or officers of field rank . Historically, a regiment or battalion 's field officers made up its command element. In the Canadian Armed Forces , the term "senior officer" ( French : officier supérieur ) is used in all three services. It includes the army and air force ranks of major , lieutenant-colonel , and colonel , and

1372-625: The easy discipline of the volunteers won out in comparison with the Regular Army's five-year enlistment and strict discipline. Thirty regiments of one-year volunteers were mustered, but in November 1846 it was obvious that their enlistment would expire before the end of the war. The President issued a call for volunteers to serve for the duration of the war and at the end of 1847, 22 regiments and 5 battalions of infantry, 1 regiment and 5 battalions of mounted troops and 3 companies of artillery had been organized. Several regiments were mustered later, making

1421-442: The enlisted men would receive compensation, plus 40 cents per day for the risk of the horses furnished. The volunteers would be organized in companies, battalions or regiments before volunteering; the officers appointed according to the laws of the several states that offered volunteers. The president was authorized to organize the volunteers into brigades and divisions if required, and appoint the staff, field and general officers among

1470-408: The federal government when called into actual service. The cavalry were to provide their own horses. The commissioned officers were to be appointed according to the laws of the several states. The volunteer units were to be called into service within two years from being accepted, and were then to serve for a 12-month period. While in actual service they were entitled to the same rules and regulations as

1519-556: The government had to pay for horses that died for lack of forage. About half of the volunteers serving in Florida were cavalry. About 10,000 regulars and up to 30,000 short-term volunteers served in the Second Seminole War. The Mexican War brought the replacement of the militia system—"the great bulwark of the national defense"—with the volunteer system, a major shift in United States national military policy. The bulk of

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1568-519: The inferiority of foot soldiers against mounted Comanches . At the end of 1831, Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri put forward a bill authorizing President Jackson to organize a mounted ranger unit of volunteers for frontier defense. The outbreak of the Black Hawk War meant that the bill was promptly passed by both houses of the Congress . 600 mounted rangers were to be enlisted, for

1617-490: The laws of states or territories in which the volunteer units were raised, although if already organized military units tendered their volunteer service they would be officered by the same officers as before volunteering. Rules for pay and other emoluments of the volunteers in federal service provided that volunteers, and militia in federal service, would receive the same monthly pay, rations, clothing or money in lieu of clothing, forage, and travel allowance as offices and men of

1666-516: The laws of the United States, or suppressing rebellions, each militiaman had to volunteer individually. A number of militiamen were not willing to volunteer and were released. About a quarter of those willing failed the physical examination; therefore only about 30 men in each company were both willing and fit. Since the federal government required a strength of 77 effectives in a company for it to be mustered into federal service, another 47 men on average had to be recruited from men who were not members of

1715-435: The middle-ranking group of commissioned officers above junior officer ranks but below flag , general or air rank . In most countries, this includes the ranks of lieutenant commander / major / squadron leader , commander / lieutenant colonel / wing commander and naval captain / colonel / group captain , or their equivalents. In some countries, it also includes brigadiers and commodores . Sometimes, particularly in

1764-542: The naval ranks of lieutenant-commander , commander , and captain . In the French Armed Forces , senior officers are called officiers supérieurs . They include the army and air force ranks of commandant , lieutenant-colonel and colonel , and the naval ranks of capitaine de corvette , capitaine de frégate and capitaine de vaisseau . In the German Bundeswehr , officers of

1813-429: The organized militia. The appointment of all regimental and company officers were vested in the governors of the states in which the regiments were raised; except the President, who was authorized to raise a special force of 3,000 men with special qualifications and to appoint its officers. Later the organization of a volunteer brigade of engineers and a force of 10,000 soldiers immune to tropical diseases were added to

1862-417: The president to raise 50,000 volunteers for a term of one year or the duration of the war. The volunteers would serve either as cavalry, artillery, infantry or riflemen, furnish their own clothing and, for the cavalry, their own horses and horse equipment , but be armed by the government. They would serve under the articles of war , and receive all the emoluments of the Regular Army, except clothing, for which

1911-402: The previous call, a special draft would take place from the militia. It paved the way for the introduction of conscription . However, the draft was not employed as a method of conscripting soldiers, who would have no choice in their assignment, but to encourage the recruitment of volunteers, who could select the outfit of their choice. Hence, the vast majority of Union troops were volunteers; of

1960-575: The rank of Major , Oberstleutnant and Oberst in the Heer (army) and Luftwaffe (air force), and Korvettenkapitän , Fregattenkapitän and Kapitän zur See in the German Navy are traditionally known as Stabsoffiziere (English: staff officers ). Shtabofitser ( Russian : Штаб-офицер ), derived from the German stabsoffizier , was the designation of the following officers of

2009-400: The rebellion and called for 42,034 volunteers to serve for three years. On July 22, 1861, Congress authorized the President to accept 500,000 volunteers serving for periods of six months to three years. Three days later another 500,000 volunteers for three years were sanctioned. Early in 1862, Congress prohibited the acceptance of volunteers for periods less than three years. In early July 1862,

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2058-780: The rest being mainly Swedish and Danish immigrants. The regiment was organized at Madison, Wisconsin , and mustered into federal service January 31, 1862. The regiment was mustered out of service by company between December 1, 1864, and February 13, 1865. The 15th Wisconsin Volunteer Regiment was a participant in a number of major battles conducted by the Union Army during the Civil War. The 15th Wisconsin suffered eight officers and 86 enlisted men who were killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another one officer and 241 enlisted men who died of disease, for

2107-437: The right to appoint commissioned officers of the volunteers was given to the president with the advice and consent of the senate. An exact count of the number of soldiers enlisted in the volunteer forces under the above act was never made; the most generally accepted figures are 3,049 volunteer rangers and 10,110 other federal volunteers. The act of February 6, 1812, was not successful; field officers were not appointed until

2156-792: The service of the United States and served until the beginning of May, the same year. Including Chief Onir Haujo and 75 warriors mustered into service on December 8, 1817, the whole Creek volunteer force 1,613 men. William McIntosh held the rank of brigadier general. George Lovett, Noble Kennard, Samuel Hawkins and - Blue war majors. On April 18, by order of General Jackson Lovett and Kennard were promoted to full colonels, and Hawkins and Blue to lieutenant colonels. Two chiefs, John Bernard and - Mattey, who had served as captains, were promoted to majors. The staff further consisted of 1 assistant adjutant general and 4 assistant commissaries of purchase. The companies had 28 captains, 29 first lieutenants and 28 second lieutenants. These latter officers were appointed by

2205-401: The several states. The states closest to Mexico were asked to immediately provide 20,000 one-year volunteers, other states to have 25,000 ready for later call, with about one-third of the volunteer units to be cavalry. The state quotas were easily filled. Volunteer units were much more easily filled than the increase in the Regular Army also authorized by Congress. The short-term enlistment and

2254-655: The soldiers in the war of 1812 came from the militia; for the Mexican War, the United States mobilized 116,000 soldiers, of whom 42,000 served in the Regular Army, 13,000 in the Militia and 61,000 in the Volunteers. Of the volunteers, only about 30,000 served in Mexico. The declaration of war with Mexico, May 13, 1846, was followed by large military appropriations, an increase in the regular army, and authorization for

2303-430: The state governors for political reasons or elected by the enlisted men of the company. The reverse was true for the Regular Army, where few of the field officers were trained at West Point and many were ineffective through old age or infirmity. After Fort Sumter in mid-April of 1861, President Lincoln called for 75,000 state militia to serve for three months. Soon he found that number of soldiers inadequate to suppress

2352-539: The war regulars and volunteers showed a marked degree of antipathy towards each other. At Matamoros in 1846, about two thousand "gentlemen" who had enlisted as private volunteers mutinied because they had to draw water and chop wood, something they expected the Regular Army to do for them. Regular officers did not serve in the volunteers. Although the volunteers had excellent field officers , they had very few competent company officers , most of whom had very little or no military experience. They were either commissioned by

2401-695: Was authorized, and in February 1813 ten additional companies. On February 6, 1812, the Congress enacted the Volunteer Military Corps Act , which provided for the raising of a force up to 50,000 soldiers for a period of 12 months. This force was directly under Federal government control, not state militia . The act of February 6, specified that the president was authorized to accept into federal service any volunteer company or companies of infantry, cavalry and artillery. They were to be clothed at their own expense but armed and equipped by

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