146-646: Scelidosaurus ( / ˌ s ɛ l ɪ d oʊ ˈ s ɔːr ə s / ; with the intended meaning of "limb lizard", from Greek skelis / σκελίς meaning 'rib of beef' and sauros / σαυρος meaning 'lizard') is a genus of herbivorous armoured ornithischian dinosaur from the Jurassic of England . Scelidosaurus lived during the Early Jurassic Period , during the Sinemurian to Pliensbachian stages around 191 million years ago , at
292-399: A Scelidosaurus or an ornithischian. In 2000, David Martill et al. announced the preservation of soft tissue in a specimen referred to a cf. Scelidosaurus sp. (that is, material tentatively referred to the genus Scelidosaurus but not to any specific species). The fossil, with inventory number BRSMG CF2781, was in the early 1990s, in an already prepared state, discovered in the legacy of
438-433: A Scelidosaurus sp., and used to determine that the age of the strata was around 199.6-196.5 million years ago, at a time when it was still thought that Scelidosaurus harrisonii dated to the early Sinemurian. These scutes established a geographic tie-in between Arizona's Glen Canyon and Europe, where fossils of Scelidosaurus had previously been discovered. Later scientists have rejected the assignment to Scelidosaurus , as
584-543: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in
730-400: A common central rough extension, in life bearing a small upper beak. The nasal bone has on its upper outside a facet touching the inner side of the ascending branch of the premaxilla. The antorbital fenestra is present as a bean-shaped depression, its lower edge formed by a sharp ridge. The central parietal crest on the skull roof is formed by two parallel crests separated by a narrow trough on
876-994: A cranial capacity about 10 percent less than that of the male. However, later studies show that women's skulls are slightly thicker and thus men may be more susceptible to head injury than women. However, other studies shows that men's skulls are slightly thicker in certain areas. Some studies show that females are more susceptible to concussion than males. Men's skulls have also been shown to maintain density with age, which may aid in preventing head injury, while women's skull density slightly decreases with age. Male skulls can all have more prominent supraorbital ridges , glabella , and temporal lines . Female skulls generally have rounder orbits and narrower jaws. Male skulls on average have larger, broader palates , squarer orbits, larger mastoid processes , larger sinuses , and larger occipital condyles than those of females. Male mandibles typically have squarer chins and thicker, rougher muscle attachments than female mandibles. The cephalic index
1022-454: A different relationship amongst thyreophorans was found, with Stegosauria being the most basal group, and Scelidosaurus being most closely related to Ankylosauria. Stegosauria [REDACTED] Emausaurus Scelidosaurus [REDACTED] Fossil records of thyreophorans more basal than Scelidosaurus are sparse. The more "primitive" Scutellosaurus , also found in Arizona,
1168-430: A distinct arrangement, with four rows of tall, hollow, ridged bony elements along its top, bottom, and sides. Near the base of the tail, the underside features closely spaced, deep bony keels. The variation in bony armor across this animal, particularly in the neck and sides, suggests that larger projections were likely covered by keratin, while smaller, hollow forms may have served other functional or adaptive roles. Some of
1314-659: A double lecture but this was only published in December 1871; therefore it was Thomas Henry Huxley who validly named the Scelidosauridae in 1869. In the nineteenth century almost any armoured dinosaur then known has been considered a member of the Scelidosauridae. In the later twentieth century, the term was used for an assembly of "primitive" ornithischians close to the ancestry of ankylosaurs and stegosaurs, such as Scutellosaurus , Emausaurus , Lusitanosaurus and Tatisaurus . Today, paleontologists usually consider
1460-452: A fossil, and Grey's specimen as belonging to an ichthyosaur . The scelidosaur femur and theropod tibia are the only known remains of dinosaurs from Ireland , which has a poor Mesozoic fossil record entirely consisting of marine localities, and the scelidosaur specimen was the first ever reported from the island. However, in 2024, Satchell reidentified the proximal femur fragment (BELUM K3998) as an indeterminate dinosaur remain, not belonging to
1606-477: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and
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#17327974294821752-509: A large amount of tension on the "obstetrical hinge", which is where the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone meet. A possible complication of this tension is rupture of the great cerebral vein . As growth and ossification progress, the connective tissue of the fontanelles is invaded and replaced by bone creating sutures . The five sutures are the two squamous sutures , one coronal , one lambdoid , and one sagittal suture . The posterior fontanelle usually closes by eight weeks, but
1898-402: A length of 4 metres (13 ft). In 2010, Gregory S. Paul gave a body length of 3.8 metres (12.5 ft) and a weight of 270 kg (600 lb). Scelidosaurus was quadrupedal , with the hindlimbs longer than the forelimbs. It may have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees, but its arms were relatively long, indicating a mostly quadrupedal posture. A trackway from
2044-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in
2190-544: A partial skeleton including a very complete skull and skin impressions, which was sold to the Bristol Museum where it is registered as specimen BRSMG CE12785. Specimen CAMSMX.39256 is part of the collection of the Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge . Several specimens remain undescribed because they are in private collections. These include a 3.1 metres (ten feet) long skeleton found by David Sole in 2000, perhaps
2336-550: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment
2482-652: A request in 1992. In 1994 the ICZN reacted positively, in Opinion 1788 deciding that the skull and skeleton, specimen NHMUK PV R.1111, would be the new lectotype of Scelidosaurus . The knee joint was in 1995 by Samuel Welles et al. informally assigned to a " Merosaurus ", which name has not yet been validly published. It more likely belongs to some member of the Coelophysoidea or Neoceratosauria . It has also been established by Newman and confirmed by Roger Benson that
2628-608: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek . There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek
2774-403: A series of only loosely connected bones. Lampreys and sharks only possess a cartilaginous endocranium, with both the upper jaw and the lower jaws being separate elements. Bony fishes have additional dermal bone , forming a more or less coherent skull roof in lungfish and holost fish. The lower jaw defines the chin. The simpler structure is found in jawless fish , in which the cranium
2920-430: A short jaw joint. Paul Barrett concluded that Scelidosaurus fed with a puncture-crush system of tooth-on-tooth action, with a precise but simple up-and-down jaw movement, in which the food was mashed between the inner side of the upper teeth and the outer side of the lower teeth, without the teeth actually touching each other as shown by very long vertical wear facets on the lower teeth alone. In this aspect, it resembled
3066-630: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c. 300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as
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#17327974294823212-508: A true ankylosaur, or basal to the ankylosaur-stegosaur split. The stegosaur classification has fallen out of favor, but is seen in older dinosaur books. Cladistic analyses have invariably recovered a basal position for Scelidosaurus , outside of the Eurypoda . In their comprehensive review on ornithischian phylogeny, André Fonseca and colleagues recoved Scelidosaurus as a basal thyreophoran outside of Eurypoda and defined Scelidosauridae in
3358-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and
3504-570: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of
3650-444: Is a phenomenon wherein intense intracranial pressure disfigures the internal surface of the skull. The name comes from the fact that the inner skull has the appearance of having been beaten with a ball-peen hammer , such as is often used by coppersmiths . The condition is most common in children. Injuries to the brain can be life-threatening. Normally the skull protects the brain from damage through its high resistance to deformation;
3796-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected
3942-666: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to
4088-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in
4234-405: Is no space for the brain to expand; this can result in significant brain damage or death unless an urgent operation is performed to relieve the pressure. This is why patients with concussion must be watched extremely carefully. Repeated concussions can activate the structure of skull bones as the brain's protective covering. Dating back to Neolithic times, a skull operation called trepanning
4380-414: Is normally represented by a trough-like basket of cartilaginous elements only partially enclosing the brain, and associated with the capsules for the inner ears and the single nostril. Distinctively, these fish have no jaws. Cartilaginous fish , such as sharks and rays, have also simple, and presumably primitive, skull structures. The cranium is a single structure forming a case around the brain, enclosing
4526-688: Is not reported for any of the specimens, but the very dark colouration of the specimens indicate (through means of comparison to marine fossils in other Northern Irish localities) they hail from Lias Group rocks, likely from either the Planorbis Zone or the Pre-planorbis Zone of the Waterloo Mudstone Formation . The specimens include BELUM K3998, a proximal femur fragment discovered in January 1980; BELUM K12493,
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4672-466: Is now Devon and Cornwall) to the west. The presence of Classopolis pollen in the sediments suggests that conifers belonging to the extinct family Cheirolepidiaceae grew on the islands. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Ancient Greek Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and
4818-423: Is one seventh of the size of the calvaria . (In the adult it is half the size). The base of the skull is short and narrow, though the inner ear is almost adult size. Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant skull prematurely fuses, and changes the growth pattern of the skull. Because the skull cannot expand perpendicular to the fused suture, it grows more in
4964-452: Is the bone structure that forms the head in the human skeleton . It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain . Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of three parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium , the sutures , and the facial skeleton . The neurocranium (or braincase ) forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses
5110-431: Is the ratio of the width of the head, multiplied by 100 and divided by its length (front to back). The index is also used to categorize animals, especially dogs and cats. The width is usually measured just below the parietal eminence , and the length from the glabella to the occipital point. Humans may be: The vertical cephalic index refers to the ratio between the height of the head multiplied by 100 and divided by
5256-479: The PhyloCode as "the largest clade containing Scelidosaurus harrisonii , but not Ankylosaurus magniventris and Stegosaurus stenops ". The position of Scelidosaurus according to a cladistic study of 2011 is shown by this cladogram: Scutellosaurus Emausaurus Scelidosaurus Stegosauria Ankylosauridae Nodosauridae In the 2022 monograph on Scelidosaurus by David Norman ,
5402-708: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect
5548-513: The University of Queensland attempted to reclassify Scelidosaurus as an ornithopod similar to Tenontosaurus or Iguanodon . Thulborn argued Scelidosaurus was a lightly built bipedal dinosaur adapted for running. Thulborn's 1977 theories on the genus have since been rejected. This debate is still ongoing; at this time, Scelidosaurus is considered to be either more closely related to ankylosaurids than to stegosaurids and, by extension,
5694-610: The ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c. 1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c. 1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c. 800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c. 500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been
5840-432: The eyes , ears , nose , tongue and in fish specialized tactile organs such as barbels near the mouth. The skull is composed of three types of bone : cranial bones, facial bones and ossicles , which is made up of a number of fused flat and irregular bones . The cranial bones are joined at firm fibrous junctions called sutures and contains many foramina , fossae , processes , and sinuses . In zoology ,
5986-403: The facial skeleton (14) are the vomer , two inferior nasal conchae , two nasal bones , two maxilla , the mandible, two palatine bones , two zygomatic bones , and two lacrimal bones . Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear , the malleus, incus, and stapes, but
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6132-738: The facial skeleton and splanchnocranium with the mandible being its largest bone. The mandible articulates with the temporal bones of the neurocranium at the paired temporomandibular joints . The skull itself articulates with the spinal column at the atlanto-occipital joint . Functions of the skull include physical protection for the brain, providing attachments for neck muscles , facial muscles and muscles of mastication , providing fixed eye sockets and outer ears ( ear canals and auricles ) to enable stereoscopic vision and sound localisation , forming nasal and oral cavities that allow better olfaction , taste and digestion , and contributing to phonation by acoustic resonance within
6278-614: The feeding envelope and was perhaps anatomically possible, but Norman doubted it was a relevant part of its behaviour. During the Early Jurassic, Europe formed an island archipelago. The Charmouth outcrop is adjacent to a number of tectonic highs which at this point in time formed islands, including the Welsh High (comprising what is now much of Wales) to the north, as well as the Cornubian Massif (including what
6424-405: The frontal bone ). The bones of the roof of the skull are initially separated by regions of dense connective tissue called fontanelles . There are six fontanelles: one anterior (or frontal), one posterior (or occipital), two sphenoid (or anterolateral), and two mastoid (or posterolateral). At birth, these regions are fibrous and moveable, necessary for birth and later growth. This growth can put
6570-407: The prefrontal bone . In 2020, Norman concluded that it was a fused palpebral bone . Behind it, the upper rim of the eye socket was formed by the supraorbital bone . A study by Susannah Maidment e.a. concluded that juvenile specimens show that this bone was a fusion of three elements, one in front, the next in rear, and the third at the inner side. The premaxilla , the bone forming the snout tip,
6716-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)
6862-421: The skull base and its fossae , the anterior , middle and posterior cranial fossae changes rapidly. The anterior cranial fossa changes especially during the first trimester of pregnancy and skull defects can often develop during this time. At birth, the human skull is made up of 44 separate bony elements. During development, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example,
7008-480: The stegosaurids , which also bore primitive teeth and simple jaws. Its diet would have consisted of ferns or conifers , as grasses did not evolve until late into the Cretaceous Period , after Scelidosaurus was long extinct. Another similarity with the stegosaurs is the narrow head, which might indicate a selective diet consisting of high-quality fodder. However, Barrett pointed out that for an animal
7154-404: The zygomatic processes . The fenestrae (from Latin, meaning windows ) are openings in the skull. The jugal is a skull bone that found in most of the reptiles, amphibians and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the zygomatic bone or malar bone. The prefrontal bone is a bone that separates the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls. The skull of fish is formed from
7300-424: The "epivomers". These are not known from any other animal. The vertebral column of Scelidosaurus contained at least six neck vertebrae, seventeen dorsal vertebrae , four sacral vertebrae and at least thirty-five tail vertebrae. Though perhaps the actual total of cervical vertebrae was as high as seven or eight, the neck was only moderately long. The torso was relatively flat in side view, however, despite
7446-402: The 1850s, comparative anatomist Richard Owen named and described Scelidosaurus in 1859. Only one species , Scelidosaurus harrisonii named by Owen in 1861, is considered valid today, although one other species was proposed in 1996. Scelidosaurus was about 4 metres (13 ft) long. It was a largely quadrupedal animal, feeding on low scrubby plants, the parts of which were bitten off by
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#17327974294827592-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):
7738-495: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from
7884-563: The Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the IPA , the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme .) Ὅτι [hóti Hóti μὲν men mèn ὑμεῖς, hyːmêːs hūmeîs, Skull The skull , or cranium , is typically a bony enclosure around the brain of a vertebrate . In some fish , and amphibians ,
8030-413: The Greek word σκέλος, skelos , "hindlimb", with σκελίς, skelis , "rib of beef". The name was inspired by the strong development of the hind leg. Afterwards Harrison sent a knee joint, a claw (GSM 109561), a juvenile specimen and a skull to Owen, that were described in 1861. On that occasion the type species Scelidosaurus harrisonii was named, the specific name honouring Harrison. The skull later
8176-482: The Holy Cross Mountains of Poland shows a scelidosaur like animal walking in a bipedal manner, hinting that Scelidosaurus may have been more proficient at bipedalism than previously thought. The first modern diagnosis was provided by David Bruce Norman in 2020. In a first article, Norman provided autapomorphies , unique derived characters, of the skull. The front snout bones, the premaxillae, have
8322-404: The Scelidosauridae paraphyletic , thus not forming a separate branch or clade ; however, Benton (2004) lists the group as monophyletic . The family was resurrected by Chinese paleontologist Dong Zhiming in his 2001 description of Bienosaurus , a thyreophoran sharing close affinities with Scelidosaurus . Scelidosaurus was an ornithischian . It was the oldest ornithischian known until
8468-630: The U.S., researchers replaced a large percentage of a patient's skull with a precision, 3D-printed polymer implant . About 9 months later, the first complete cranium replacement with a 3D-printed plastic insert was performed on a Dutch woman. She had been suffering from hyperostosis , which increased the thickness of her skull and compressed her brain. A study conducted in 2018 by the researchers of Harvard Medical School in Boston, funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH), suggested that instead of travelling via blood , there are "tiny channels" in
8614-481: The animal's body. Osteoderms are today found in the skin of crocodiles , armadillos and some lizards . The osteoderms of Scelidosaurus ranged in both size and shape. Most were smaller or larger oval plates with a high keel on the outside, the highest point of the keel positioned more to the rear. Some scutes were small, flat and hollowed-out at the inside. The larger keeled scutes were aligned in regular horizontal rows. There were three rows of these along each side of
8760-428: The anterior fontanel can remain open up to eighteen months. The anterior fontanelle is located at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones; it is a "soft spot" on a baby's forehead. Careful observation will show that you can count a baby's heart rate by observing the pulse pulsing softly through the anterior fontanelle. The skull in the neonate is large in proportion to other parts of the body. The facial skeleton
8906-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has
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#17327974294829052-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in
9198-497: The belly being broad, it was not extremely vertically compressed as with ankylosaurs but taller than wide. The last three dorsal vertebrae had no ribs. The spines of the sacral vertebrae touched each other but were not fused into a supraneural plate. The quickly tapering tail was relatively short, probably representing about half of body length. The tail chevrons were strongly inclined to the rear. The hip area and tail base were stiffened by large numbers of ossified tendons. The scapula
9344-418: The belly. This was reinforced by the sacral ribs becoming longer towards the front. The sacral ribs were wider at their attachment areas with the ilium, but were not fused into a sacral yoke. The pubis featured a short prepubis . The pubis shaft was straight, running parallel to a straight ischium shaft that was transversely flattened at its lower end. The thighbone was straight in side view, in front view it
9490-466: The bones either absent or wholly or partly replaced by cartilage. In mammals and birds, in particular, modifications of the skull occurred to allow for the expansion of the brain. The fusion between the various bones is especially notable in birds, in which the individual structures may be difficult to identify. The skull is a complex structure; its bones are formed both by intramembranous and endochondral ossification . The skull roof bones, comprising
9636-416: The bones of the facial skeleton and the sides and roof of the neurocranium, are dermal bones formed by intramembranous ossification, though the temporal bones are formed by endochondral ossification. The endocranium , the bones supporting the brain (the occipital, sphenoid , and ethmoid ) are largely formed by endochondral ossification. Thus frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous. The geometry of
9782-462: The brain and brainstem . The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The facial skeleton (membranous viscerocranium) is formed by the bones supporting the face, and includes the mandible . The bones of the skull are joined by fibrous joints known as sutures— synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification , with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within
9928-515: The cavities and sinuses. In some animals such as ungulates and elephants , the skull also has a function in anti-predator defense and sexual selection by providing the foundation for horns , antlers and tusks . The English word skull is probably derived from Old Norse skulle , while the Latin word cranium comes from the Greek root κρανίον ( kranion ). The human skull fully develops two years after birth. The human skull
10074-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West
10220-417: The centerline to create continuous neck rings, as observed in some related species, remains uncertain. The bony plates of the neck display diverse shapes, ranging from small and pointed to flat and cap-like, tall and ridged, or broad and blade-like. Behind the neck, the bony projections lack foundational plates and are arranged in three main rows running lengthwise along the body. The largest are positioned along
10366-549: The cliffs of Black Ven between Charmouth and Lyme Regis , that were quarried, possibly for raw material for the manufacture of cement . Some of these he gave to the collector and retired general surgeon Henry Norris. In 1858, Norris and Harrison sent some fragmentary limb bones to Professor Richard Owen of the British Museum (Natural History), London (today the Natural History Museum ). Among them
10512-481: The description of Geranosaurus in 1911. During the twentieth century, it has been classified at different times as an ankylosaur or stegosaur . Alfred von Zittel (1902), William Elgin Swinton (1934), and Robert Appleby et al. (1967) identified the genus as a stegosaurian, though this concept then encompassed all armoured forms. In a 1968 paper, Romer argued it was an ankylosaur. In 1977, Richard Thulborn of
10658-438: The desired sex. These procedures can be an important part of the treatment of transgender people for gender dysphoria . Artificial cranial deformation is a largely historical practice of some cultures. Cords and wooden boards would be used to apply pressure to an infant's skull and alter its shape, sometimes quite significantly. This procedure would begin just after birth and would be carried on for several years. Like
10804-615: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of
10950-505: The efforts of amateur palaeontologists. In 1968 a second partial juvenile skeleton was described, specimen NHMUK PV R6704, that had already been reported in 1959. Found by geologist James Frederick Jackson (1894–1966) of Charmouth, it is from a slightly younger layer, the Stonebarrow Marl Member dating to the early Pliensbachian , about 190 million years old. In 1985 Simon Barnsley, David Costain and Peter Langham excavated
11096-531: The face, the skull and teeth can also indicate a person's life history and origin. Forensic scientists and archaeologists use quantitative and qualitative traits to estimate what the bearer of the skull looked like. When a significant amount of bones are found, such as at Spitalfields in the UK and Jōmon shell mounds in Japan, osteologists can use traits, such as the proportions of length, height and width, to know
11242-409: The floor of the olfactory lobes of the brain. The skull of the lectotype was damaged by a paleoichthyologist resulting in the detachment of triangular plates from the palate. These elements had been sketched by Norman in the seventies prior to the incident and interpreted as parts of the pterygoids, but in 2020 he concluded that they were special bones covering the roof of the nasal cavity, which he named
11388-418: The foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle , articulating with the first vertebra . There are, in addition, at various points throughout the cranium, smaller foramina for the cranial nerves. The jaws consist of separate hoops of cartilage, almost always distinct from the cranium proper. In ray-finned fish , there has also been considerable modification from the primitive pattern. The roof of
11534-507: The fragment of a tibia shaft discovered in April 1981; and BELUM K2015.1.54, a small pentagonal object discovered in 2000. Histologist Robin Reid recognized the first specimen as dinosaurian due to its bone texture and structure, and reported it in 1989, suspecting it belonged to Scelidosaurus or a similar animal. Byrne then recognized the tibia specimen as dinosaurian using similar identifiers; it
11680-438: The frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total bodyweight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the skull and is surrounded by a sclerotic eye-ring, a ring of tiny bones. This characteristic is also seen in reptiles. Living amphibians typically have greatly reduced skulls, with many of
11826-418: The head. These points seem to have been connected by tendons to the rear joint processes, the postzygapophyses , of the axis vertebra. Their edges develop grooves and eventually interlock, resulting in collar-like structures made of interconnected sections adorned with bony projections. These structures form four paired segments that shield the upper and side areas of the neck. Whether these segments fused along
11972-486: The hindlimb fragments described in 1861, specimen NHMUK PV 39496 consisting of a lower part of a femur and an upper part of the tibia and fibula, together forming a knee joint, as the type specimen, hereby implicitly choosing them as the lectotype of Scelidosaurus . Lydekker gave no reason for this choice; perhaps he was motivated by their larger size. Unfortunately, mixed in with the Scelidosaurus fossils had been
12118-561: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from
12264-476: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to
12410-406: The innermost digit being the smallest. The fourth metatarsal was short but its toe was long and built to be splayed to the outside of the foot, to improve the stability. The claws were flat, hoof-shaped and curved to the inside. The most obvious feature of Scelidosaurus is its armour, consisting of bony scutes embedded in the skin. These osteoderms were arranged in horizontal parallel rows down
12556-481: The journal Proceedings of the Geologists' Association in December 2021. The assignment of the femoral fragment was upheld, with a clear ornithischian identity and with size and morphology specifically very similar to Scelidosaurus and unlike close relative Scutellosaurus . However, the tibia was reinterpreted as that of an indeterminate neotheropod , the pentagonal object as a mere piece of basalt resembling
12702-417: The large scutes, very small (5-10 millimetres [0.2-0.4 in]) flat "granules" of bone were perhaps distributed within the skin. In the later Ankylosauria, these small scutes may have developed into larger scutes, fusing into the multi-osteodermal plate armour seen in genera such as Ankylosaurus . During the 1850s, quarry owner James Harrison of Charmouth , West Dorset of England found fossils from
12848-407: The late Professor John Challinor , who had used it to illustrate his lectures. Its provenance is unknown. It consists of a series of eight caudal vertebrae in a cut slab of carbonate mudstone, which was judged to date from the late Hettangian to Sinemurian stages . Parts of the fossil were preserved in such a way that an envelope of preserved soft tissue is visible around the vertebrae, and show
12994-405: The latest specimens found show partly different osteoderms including scutes on which the keel is more like a thorn or spike. These specimens also seem to have little horns on the rear corners of the head, placed on the squamosal bones . Fossilized skin impressions have also been found. Between the bony scutes, Scelidosaurus had rounded non-overlapping scales like the present Gila monster . Between
13140-617: The lectotype, other fossils are known of Scelidosaurus . In 1888 Lydekker catalogued a large number of single bones, largely limb elements, and osteoderms, that had been acquired by the NHMUK from the Norris collection. Owen in 1861 described a second, partial, skeleton of a juvenile animal, that later was added to the collection of Elizabeth Philpot and today is registered in the Lyme Regis Museum as specimen LYMPH 1997.37.4-10. As it
13286-484: The length of the head. Humans may be: Trepanning , a practice in which a hole is created in the skull, has been described as the oldest surgical procedure for which there is archaeological evidence, found in the forms of cave paintings and human remains. At one burial site in France dated to 6500 BCE, 40 out of 120 prehistoric skulls found had trepanation holes. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text in
13432-418: The lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn into the nasal cavity . The foramina are openings in the skull. The largest of these is the foramen magnum , of the occipital bone, that allows the passage of the spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels . The many processes of the skull include the mastoid process and
13578-441: The limited additional knowledge about the early evolution of armoured dinosaurs. Today most evidence suggests that Scelidosaurus is the most derived of the known basal thyreophorans, either closely related to Ankylosauria or Stegosauria +Ankylosauria. A full-grown Scelidosaurus was rather small compared to most later non-avian dinosaurs, but it was a medium-sized species in the Early Jurassic. Some scientists have estimated
13724-453: The lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, only the most anterior of which (the dentary) is homologous with the mammalian mandible. In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrimal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle. The skull consists of five major bones:
13870-416: The lower jaw. However, the number of maxillary and dentary teeth were established with the incomplete skull of one of the first specimens found; the actual numbers might have ranged up to about two dozen, perhaps twenty-six for the lower jaw. The premaxillary teeth were somewhat longer and recurved. To the rear, they gradually approach the form of the maxillary teeth, beginning to show denticles . The crowns of
14016-412: The lower neck row were very large, flat and plate-like. In this area the dermal armor includes a framework of deep foundational plates beneath more superficial bony elements. These foundational plates function as growth zones and anchors for their overlying components, thickening and spreading as they grow. The first osteoderms of the top neck rows formed a pair of unique three-pointed scutes directly behind
14162-406: The lower surface and the sides, but always at least partially open at the top as a large fontanelle . The most anterior part of the cranium includes a forward plate of cartilage, the rostrum , and capsules to enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear . Finally, the skull tapers towards the rear, where
14308-438: The maxillary and dentary teeth have denticles on their edges and a swollen basis The ascending branches of the paired premaxillae notched the combined nasal bones, whereas the opposite was usual in ornithischians. The frontal bones were covered by a halo of fine ridges; these indicate the presence of keratinous plates, as with modern turtles . At the front of the braincase, paired hatchet-shaped ossified orbitosphenoids formed
14454-441: The mid-nineteenth century, anthropologists found it crucial to distinguish between male and female skulls. An anthropologist of the time, James McGrigor Allan , argued that the female brain was similar to that of an animal. This allowed anthropologists to declare that women were in fact more emotional and less rational than men. McGrigor then concluded that women's brains were more analogous to infants, thus deeming them inferior at
14600-464: The midline. The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by special plates above the vomers, called the "epivomers". The epipterygoid bone is shaped as a small conical vertical structure of which the base connects to the upper side of the pterygoid bone by means of a lateral flat surface. The basioccipital has large oblique facets on the lower sides. The opisthotic has an expanded pedicel with facets on its underside. Elongated epistyloid bones project obliquely to
14746-598: The most complete non-avian dinosaur exemplar ever discovered in the British Isles. All elements of the skeleton are now known. The finds by Sole differ from the lectotype in details of the armour and might represent a separate taxon or reflect sexual dimorphism . In 2020, Norman denied this. Between the years 1980 and 2000, three fossils were discovered on a beach near The Gobbins in Northern Ireland by palaeontologist Roger Byrne. Exact geologic provenance
14892-508: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which
15038-401: The openings in the skull are called fenestrae , the most prominent of which is the foramen magnum , where the brainstem goes through to join the spinal cord . In human anatomy , the neurocranium (or braincase), is further divided into the calvarium and the endocranium , together forming a cranial cavity that houses the brain. The interior periosteum forms part of the dura mater ,
15184-552: The original left thighbone, GSM 109560, belonged to a theropod. The new lectotype skeleton had been uncovered in the Black Ven Marl or Woodstone Nodule Bed, marine deposits of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation , dating from the late Sinemurian stage, about 191 million years ago. It consists of a rather complete skeleton with skull and lower jaws. Only the snout tip, the neck base, the forelimbs and
15330-442: The overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is the stated twenty-two. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones . The skull also contains sinuses , air-filled cavities known as paranasal sinuses , and numerous foramina . The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium . Their known functions are
15476-493: The parallel direction. Sometimes the resulting growth pattern provides the necessary space for the growing brain, but results in an abnormal head shape and abnormal facial features. In cases in which the compensation does not effectively provide enough space for the growing brain, craniosynostosis results in increased intracranial pressure leading possibly to visual impairment, sleeping impairment, eating difficulties, or an impairment of mental development. A copper beaten skull
15622-571: The partial remains of a theropod dinosaur and the femur and tibia thus belonged to such a carnivore; this was not discovered until 1968 by Bernard Newman . The same year, B. H. Newman suggested to have Lydekker's selection of the knee joint as the lectotype officially rescinded by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature , as the joint was in his opinion from a species related to Megalosaurus . Eventually, after Newman had already died, Alan Jack Charig actually filed
15768-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c. 1450 BC ) are in
15914-436: The presence of an epidermal layer over the scutes. The authors concluded that the osteoderms of all basal armoured dinosaurs were covered in a tough, probably keratinous layer of skin. Scelidosaurus harrisonii , named and described by Owen, is currently the only recognized species , based on several nearly complete skeletons. A potential second species from the Sinemurian -age Lower Lufeng Formation , Scelidosaurus oehleri ,
16060-457: The rear and below, from the back of the skull. A small spur-like structure on the upper edge of the paroccipital process encases the posttemporal fenestra. The rear of the skull is fused on its upper edge with a pair of large curved horn-shaped osteoderms. The lower jaw shows only little exostosis, limited to the angular, and lacking an attached osteoderm. The head of Scelidosaurus was small, about twenty centimetres long, and elongated. The skull
16206-399: The relationships of the population of the study with other living or extinct populations. The German physician Franz Joseph Gall in around 1800 formulated the theory of phrenology , which attempted to show that specific features of the skull are associated with certain personality traits or intellectual capabilities of its owner. His theory is now considered to be pseudoscientific . In
16352-466: The results could be published. Norman, who intended to complete this task, had revealed some new anatomical details in 2004. Apart from these, a modern description was largely lacking. In 2020, Norman published articles on the skull and the postcrania, also taking later finds into account. It transpired that the acid baths had, through leakages, severely deteriorated the condition of the bones, further mishandling leading to breakage and crumbling. Apart from
16498-456: The room between the larger osteoderm rows. Perhaps a row of vertical osteoderms was present on the upper arms. Compared to the later Ankylosauria , Scelidosaurus was lightly armoured, without continuous plating, spikes or pelvic shield. Rough areas on the skull and lower jaws indicate the presence of skin ossifications. The limbs were sheathed in a mosaic of small bony nodules and rows of narrow, elongated structures with ridges. The tail exhibits
16644-474: The scutes are different in form. In 2014, Roman Ulansky named a new species, S. arizonenesis , based on these specimens. In 2016, Peter Malcolm Galton and Kenneth Carpenter identified it as a nomen dubium , instead once again placing the specimens as Thyreophora indet. Scelidosaurus was placed in the Dinosauria by Owen in 1861. In 1868/1869 Edward Drinker Cope proposed a family Scelidosauridae in
16790-436: The sides and are uniformly oval, ridged, and hollow. Smaller elements fill spaces between these primary rows, while the body’s remaining areas are covered by tightly packed, tiny bony structures, many of which supported keratinized scales. In general the scutes were larger at the front of the torso, the osteoderms diminishing towards the rear, especially on the surface of the thighs. The smallest flat round scutes might have filled
16936-399: The size of Scelidosaurus , with a large gut allowing efficient fermentation, the intake of easily digestible food of high energetic value was less important than with smaller animals, that are often critically dependent on it. Norman concluded that Scelidosaurus fed on low scrubby vegetation, with a height up to one metre. Raising itself on its hindlimbs alone, could have vertically increased
17082-474: The skull is formed from cartilage , and its overall structure is reduced. The skulls of the earliest tetrapods closely resembled those of their ancestors amongst the lobe-finned fishes . The skull roof is formed of a series of plate-like bones, including the maxilla, frontals , parietals , and lacrimals , among others. It is overlaying the endocranium , corresponding to the cartilaginous skull in sharks and rays . The various separate bones that compose
17228-455: The skull is generally well formed, and although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; there is little cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little, if any bone in between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla , with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone,
17374-423: The skull is of cartilage . The skull is at the head end of the vertebrate. In the human the skull comprises two prominent parts: the neurocranium , and the facial skeleton . which evolved from the first pharyngeal arch . The skull forms the frontmost portion of the axial skeleton and is a product of cephalization and vesicular enlargement of the brain, with several special senses structures such as
17520-409: The skull is one of the least deformable structures found in nature, needing the force of about 1 ton to reduce its diameter by 1 cm. In some cases of head injury , however, there can be raised intracranial pressure through mechanisms such as a subdural haematoma . In these cases, the raised intracranial pressure can cause herniation of the brain out of the foramen magnum ("coning") because there
17666-459: The skull through which the immune cells combined with the bone marrow reach the areas of inflammation after an injury to the brain tissues. Surgical alteration of sexually dimorphic skull features may be carried out as a part of facial feminization surgery or facial masculinization surgery , these reconstructive surgical procedures that can alter sexually dimorphic facial features to bring them closer in shape and size to facial features of
17812-403: The small, elongated head to be processed in the large gut. Scelidosaurus was lightly armoured, protected by long horizontal rows of keeled oval scutes that stretched along the neck, back and tail. One of the oldest known and most "primitive" of the thyreophorans , the exact placement of Scelidosaurus within this group has been the subject of debate for nearly 150 years. This was not helped by
17958-423: The study of a large number of even more interesting newly discovered extinct animals, such as Archaeopteryx . Norman also pointed out that Owen in 1861 suggested a lifestyle for Scelidosaurus that is very different from present ideas: it would have been a fish-eater and partially sea-dwelling. Owen had not indicated a holotype . In 1888, Richard Lydekker while cataloguing the NHMUK fossils, designated some of
18104-404: The suture known as Wormian bones or sutural bones . Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture . The human skull is generally considered to consist of 22 bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone , two temporal bones , two parietal bones , the sphenoid , ethmoid and frontal bones . The bones of
18250-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies
18396-457: The symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium. Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of the living lungfishes . The skull roof is not fully formed, and consists of multiple, somewhat irregularly shaped bones with no direct relationship to those of tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoids and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Much of
18542-474: The tail end are missing. Hundreds of osteoderms were found in connection with the skeleton, many more or less in their original position. From the 1960s onward, this fossil was further prepared by Ronald Croucher using acid baths to free the bones from the surrounding matrix, a method perfected for the Charmouth fossils. In 1992, Charig reported that only a single block had yet to be treated, but he died before
18688-413: The temporal bone of humans are also part of the skull roof series. A further plate composed of four pairs of bones forms the roof of the mouth; these include the vomer and palatine bones . The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally,
18834-563: The time when Europe formed an island archipelago. Its fossils have been found in the Charmouth Mudstone Formation near Charmouth in Dorset , England, and these fossils are known for their excellent preservation. Scelidosaurus has been claimed as one of the earliest complete dinosaur, and is among the most completely known dinosaur of the British Isles . Despite this, a modern description only materialised in 2020. After initial finds in
18980-554: The time. To further these claims of female inferiority and silence the feminists of the time, other anthropologists joined in on the studies of the female skull. These cranial measurements are the basis of what is known as craniology . These cranial measurements were also used to draw a connection between women and black people. Research has shown that while in early life there is little difference between male and female skulls, in adulthood male skulls tend to be larger and more robust than female skulls, which are lighter and smaller, with
19126-431: The torso and neck to the front is unknown and unlikely for the neck, though Scelidosaurus is often pictured this way. The skull consists of bony outgrowths covering much of its surface, accompanied by separate bony plates encircling the upper portion of the eye socket and forming a pair of horns that extend upward and backward from the rear of the skull. The neck had at each side two rows of large scutes. The osteoderms of
19272-410: The torso. The scutes of the lowest, lateral, row were more conical, rather than the blade-like osteoderms of Scutellosaurus . Between these main series, one or two rows of smaller oval keeled scutes were present. There were in total four rows of large scutes on the tail: one at the top midline, one at the midline of the underside, and one at each tail side. Whether the midline tail scutes continued over
19418-401: The upper and lower temporal fenestrae were not closed or overgrown, as with many later armoured forms. In fact, the upper temporal fenestrae were very large, forming conspicuous round openings in the top of the rear skull, serving as attachment areas for the powerful muscles that closed the lower jaws. The eye socket was slightly overshadowed in its front part by a brow ridge that has been seen as
19564-480: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,
19710-494: Was a left thighbone, specimen GSM 109560. In 1859, Owen named the genus Scelidosaurus in an entry about palaeontology in the Encyclopædia Britannica . The lemma text contained a diagnosis, implicating that the genus was validly named and was not a nomen nudum , despite the fact that the definition was vague and no specimens were identified. Owen intended to call the dinosaur "hindlimb saurian" but confused
19856-735: Was an earlier genus which was facultatively bipedal. A trackway of a possible early armoured dinosaur, from around 195 million years ago, has been found in France. Ancestors of these basal thyreophorans evolved from early ornithischians similar to Lesothosaurus during the Late Triassic. Like most other thyreophorans, Scelidosaurus is known to be herbivorous . However, while some later ornithischian groups possessed teeth capable of grinding plant material, Scelidosaurus had smaller, less complex leaf-shaped teeth suitable for cropping vegetation and jaws capable of only vertical movement, due to
20002-399: Was assumed, based on association, the two specimens came from the same animal. The pentagonal specimen was then assumed to be a scelidosaur osteoderm on the same logic. These Irish specimens, alongside another discovered by fossil collector William Gray sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century, were formally studied by Michael J. Simms and colleagues and a study was published on them in
20148-541: Was described by David Jay Simmons in 1965 under its own genus, Tatisaurus . In 1996 Spencer G. Lucas moved it to Scelidosaurus . Although the fossils are fragmentary, this reassessment has not been accepted, and S. oehleri is today once again recognized as Tatisaurus . In 1989, scutes which were found in the Kayenta Formation (Glen Canyon Group) of northern Arizona , were by Kevin Padian referred to
20294-402: Was low in side view and triangular in top view, longer than it was wide, similar to that of earlier ornithischians . The snout, largely formed by the nasal bones , was flat on top. Scelidosaurus still had the five pairs of fenestrae (skull openings) seen in basal ornithischians: apart from the nostrils and eye sockets which are present in all basal dinosaurs, the fenestra antorbitalis and
20440-628: Was relatively large, Owen speculated, in the context of its presumed marine lifestyle, that Scelidosaurus might have been ovoviviparous . The short prepubis in this specimen convinced scientists that this process did not represent the main pubic body as some had thought, who had been unable to believe that the thin, backward-pointing, pubis with the Ornithischia was homologous to the forward-pointing much larger pubic bone in most reptilian groups. In more recent times, new discoveries have been made at Charmouth, not through commercial quarrying but by
20586-575: Was revealed to be part of a nearly complete skeleton, that was described by Owen in 1863. British palaeontologist David Bruce Norman has stressed how remarkable it is that Owen, who previously had propounded that dinosaurs were active quadrupedal animals, largely neglected Scelidosaurus though it could serve as a prime example of this hypothesis and its fossil was one of the most complete dinosaurs found at that time. Norman explained this by Owen's excessive workload in this period, including several administrative functions, polemics with fellow-scientists and
20732-414: Was short and no predentary , the bone core of the lower beak on the tip of the stout lower jaws, has been found, so the horny beak that is assumed present with all ornithischians was likely very short. Its teeth were longer and more triangular in side view than in later armoured dinosaurs. There were at least five teeth in each premaxilla, and at least nineteen in the maxilla and sixteen in the dentary of
20878-405: Was short with a moderately expanded upper end. The coracoid was circular in side view. The elements of the forelimb were generally moderately long, straight and stout. The hand is only known from recent discoveries and has not yet been described. In the rather wide pelvis , the ilium was straight in side view. Its front blade was rod-shaped and moderately splayed to the outside, creating room for
21024-400: Was sometimes performed. This involved drilling a burr hole in the cranium. Examination of skulls from this period reveals that the patients sometimes survived for many years afterward. It seems likely that trepanning was also performed purely for ritualistic or religious reasons. Nowadays this procedure is still used but is normally called a craniectomy . In March 2013, for the first time in
21170-490: Was somewhat bowed to the outside. Its head was not separated from the shaft by a real neck. While the major trochanter was at about the same level as the head, the lower minor trochanter was separated from both by a deep cleft. At it rear side, the femur mid-shaft featured a well-developed drooping fourth trochanter, a process for the attachment of the retractor tail muscle, the Musculus caudofemoralis longus . The lower leg
21316-407: Was somewhat shorter than the thighbone. The tibia had a wide upper end, with a cnemial crest protruding well to the front. The tibia lower end was also robust and rotated about 70° compared to the upper part, turning the foot strongly to the outside. The foot was very large and wide. The fifth metatarsal was only rudimentary but the other four were robust. Scelidosaurus had four large toes, with
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