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50-642: The American pharmaceutical company Schering-Plough , formerly the Schering Corporation, was originally the US subsidiary of Schering AG, and merged with Merck & Co. in 2009. In 1851, Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering opened the Grüne Apotheke (Green Pharmacy) in Berlin 's Chausseestraße , and in 1871, converted into the name Chemische Fabrik auf Actien (formerly E. Schering). This date

100-594: A British company, Cooper & Nephews ; the Coopers brand name was still in use by Schering-Plough in Australia, but not elsewhere. As a result of the acquisition of Organon BioSciences, Schering-Plough bolstered its animal health business with the Akzo Nobel subsidiary Intervet, obtained control of the active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturer, Diosynth and gained access to human vaccine production through

150-461: A doctor might specialize in them, is an innovation widely credited to J. Marion Sims and to a lesser extent his trainee and partner Nathan Bozeman , physicians from Montgomery, Alabama . Sims is widely considered to be the father of modern gynaecology. While there have been isolated precedents for some of his innovations, he was the first to have published on the Sims' position , the Sims' speculum ,

200-413: A doctor—regardless of specialty—based on factors such as ethnicity or gender and declining to see a doctor solely because of preference regarding e.g. the practitioner's skin color or gender may legally be viewed as refusing care. In Turkey , due to patient preference to be seen by another female, there are now few male gynaecologists working in the field. There have been a number of legal challenges in

250-516: A horse-drawn buggy. Plough's acquisitions included St Joseph's Aspirin for children, Maybelline cosmetics, and Coppertone skin care products. Plough also had a broadcasting division, operating radio stations in Atlanta, Georgia ( WPLO-AM & FM ); Baltimore, Maryland ( WCAO-AM & FM ); Boston, Massachusetts ( WCOP-AM & FM ); Chicago, Illinois ( WJJD-AM & FM ); and Memphis, Tennessee ( WMPS-AM & FM ). Following

300-595: A man. The findings raised questions about the ability of male gynaecologists to offer quality care to patients. This, when coupled with more women choosing female physicians has decreased the employment opportunities for men choosing to become gynaecologists. In the United States , it has been reported that four in five students choosing a residency in gynaecology are now female. In several places in Sweden , to comply with discrimination laws, patients may not choose

350-413: A referral. Some gynaecologists provide primary care in addition to aspects of their own specialty. With this option available, some women opt to see a gynaecological surgeon for non-gynaecological problems without another physician's referral. As in all of medicine, the main tools of diagnosis are clinical history, examination and investigations. Gynaecological examination is quite intimate, more so than

400-432: A routine physical exam. It also requires unique instrumentation such as the speculum . The speculum consists of two hinged blades of concave metal or plastic which are used to retract the tissues of the vagina and permit examination of the cervix , the lower part of the uterus located within the upper portion of the vagina. Gynaecologists typically do a bimanual examination (one hand on the abdomen and one or two fingers in

450-472: Is a subspecialty of gynaecology and urology dealing with urinary or fecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Improved access to education and the professions in recent decades has seen women gynaecologists outnumber men in the once male-dominated medical field of gynaecology. In some gynaecological sub-specialties, where an over-representation of males persists, income discrepancies appear to show male practitioners earning higher averages. Speculations on

500-566: Is divided into thirty-four sections, each section dealing with a specific problem and containing diagnosis and treatment; no prognosis is suggested. Treatments are non-surgical, comprising applying medicines to the affected body part or swallowing them. The womb is at times seen as the source of complaints manifesting themselves in other body parts. Ayurveda , an Indian traditional medical system, also provides details about concepts and techniques related to gynaecology. The Hippocratic Corpus contains several gynaecological treatises dating to

550-451: Is done through postgraduate medical education and training development, and the publication of clinical guidelines and reports on aspects of the specialty and service provision. The RCOG International Office works with other international organisations to help lower maternal morbidity and mortality in under-resourced countries. Gynaecologic oncology is a subspecialty of gynaecology, dealing with gynaecology-related cancer . Urogynaecology

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600-591: Is the company's date of incorporation. The company grew strongly in the following years. In 1913, the company employed 935 workers, 112 master craftsman and 180 office employees. In addition to the Berlin site, two factories were also located in Russia ( Moscow and Wydriza ( Idritsa )) with over 1,000 workers and a plant in Great Britain . Turnover at the time was about 10 million German gold mark , created with

650-659: The American College of Surgeons and Royal Colleges of Surgeons , and many newer surgical textbooks include chapters on (at least basic) gynaecological surgery. Some of the more common operations that gynaecologists perform include: In the UK the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists , based in London, encourages the study and advancement of both the science and practice of obstetrics and gynaecology. This

700-493: The American Medical Association , and was the first American physician of whom a statue was erected. Sims developed his new specialty using the bodies of enslaved women, who could not refuse the extended glance of any white male that cared to observe any part of their anatomy. They could not "consent" in the sense modern medical research requires. At the time anesthesia was itself a research area, and

750-520: The interferon-beta brand Betaferon (Betaseron in North America) and the paramagnetic contrast agent Magnevist . The largest German manufacturing facility was located in Bergkamen . 52°32′21″N 13°22′02″E  /  52.53917°N 13.36722°E  / 52.53917; 13.36722 Schering-Plough Schering-Plough Corporation was an American pharmaceutical company. It

800-663: The " Aryanization ". In July 1942, a camp for foreign forced laborers was built on the factory premises. In 1951, the factory building was repaired after being destroyed in the war. After the end of the Second World War, the Adlershof factory of Schering AG was located in the Soviet occupation zone and thus in the later German Democratic Republic; this part became the Berlin-Chemie pharmaceutical company. Schering

850-471: The 5th and 4th centuries BC. Aristotle is another strong source for medical texts from the 4th century BC with his descriptions of biology primarily found in History of Animals, Parts of Animals, Generation of Animals. The gynaecological treatise Gynaikeia by Soranus of Ephesus (1st/2nd century AD) is extant (together with a 6th-century Latin paraphrase by Muscio , a physician of the same school). He

900-569: The Clinton administration “Imperfect Justice,” Stuart Eisenstadt wrote, "it is the case of Simon Rozenkier." The lawsuit conflicted with a previous agreement under which $ 25 million had been set aside for victims of medical experiments, such as Rosenkier. Writing in Forward , lawyer Stuart Eizenstat wrote: "During the allocation process it became painfully evident that we simply did not have enough money to achieve anything like full justice for all of

950-563: The Sims sigmoid catheter, and on gynecological surgery, first on repair of vesico-vaginal fistulas , a socially devastating consequence of protracted childbirth, at the time without treatment of any sort. He founded the first women's hospital in the country, first in his backyard in Montgomery, limited to Black enslaved women, then the Woman's Hospital of New York. He was elected president of

1000-467: The US against healthcare providers who have started hiring based on the gender of physicians. Mircea Veleanu argued, in part, that his former employers discriminated against him by accommodating the wishes of female patients who had requested female doctors for intimate exams. A male nurse complained about an advert for an all-female obstetrics and gynaecology practice in Columbia, Maryland , claiming this

1050-619: The Woman's Hospital in New York, the first hospital specifically for female disorders. In some countries, women must first see a general practitioner (GP; also known as a family practitioner (FP)) prior to seeing a gynaecologist. If their condition requires training, knowledge, surgical procedure, or equipment unavailable to the GP, the patient is then referred to a gynaecologist. In other countries, laws may allow patients to see gynaecologists without

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1100-724: The chemical factory Chemischen Fabrik auf Actien (formerly E. Schering) from the Upper Silesian Oberschlesische Kokswerke und Chemische Fabriken  [ de ] . By 1929, Schering had built a new production site in Berlin-Grünau, Cöpenicker Strasse, on a former storage area of the Kahlbaum chemical factory. In 1937, the companies Kokswerke und Chemische Fabriken AG and the Chemischen Fabrik auf Actien amalgamated with

1150-617: The combined area of obstetrics and gynaecology (OB-GYN). The term comes from Greek and means ' the science of women ' . Its counterpart is andrology , which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system . The word gynaecology comes from the oblique stem ( γυναικ- ) of the Greek word γυνή ( gyne ) meaning ' woman ' , and -logia meaning ' study ' . The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus , dated to about 1800 BC, deals with gynaecological diseases, fertility , pregnancy, contraception , etc. The text

1200-547: The company announced that the animal health division would now be known as Merck Animal Health in the United States and Canada; it is now called MSD Animal Health elsewhere in the world. Schering-Plough also received much publicity for a drug AICAR which mimics the effects of exercise, having especially potent effects when used alongside another drug GW1516 developed by GlaxoSmithKline . In addition to internal research and development activities Schering-Plough

1250-587: The decreased numbers of male gynaecologist practitioners report a perceived lack of respect from within the medical profession, limited future employment opportunities and questions to the motivations and character of men who choose the medical field concerned with female sexual organs. Surveys of women's views on the issue of male doctors conducting intimate examinations show a large and consistent majority found it uncomfortable, were more likely to be embarrassed and less likely to talk openly or in detail about personal information, or discuss their sexual history with

1300-453: The enslaved, or for not using anesthesia. Abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison were quick to put in print any mistreatment of the enslaved; Garrison's influential The Liberator has been completely indexed, but it never mentions Sims. Nor does the digitized portion of the Black press mention him. When he left Alabama in 1853, a local newspaper called him "an honor to our state". In

1350-509: The entry of the United States into World War II in 1941, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ordered Schering AG 's U.S. assets be seized. These became the Schering Corporation. The company was placed under a government administratorship until 1952, when it was released, and its assets sold to the private sector. In 1957, Schering acquired White Laboratories. In 1971, the Schering Corporation merged with Plough, Inc. At

1400-401: The female genital tract that are responsive to pituitary or gonadal signals. Surgery , however, is the mainstay of gynaecological therapy. For historical and political reasons, gynaecologists were previously not considered "surgeons", although this point has always been the source of some controversy. Modern advancements in both general surgery and gynaecology, however, have blurred many of

1450-434: The first experiments (in dentistry) were being published. Using early anesthesia (in 1845, say) was much more dangerous and difficult than it would be a century later. In addition, it was widely believed that Blacks did not feel pain as much as whites, and white women proved unable to endure the pain. At the time, Sims was seen as a hero. Even his enemies, Bozeman chief among them, did not attack him for either experimenting on

1500-426: The late 20th century, Sims has come to be villainized. Now criticized for his practices, Sims developed some of his techniques and instruments by operating on slaves, many of whom were not given anesthesia. Sims performed surgeries on 12 enslaved women in his homemade backyard hospital for four years. While performing these surgeries he invited eager physicians and students to watch invasive and painful procedures while

1550-551: The new Merck & Co. Schering was founded in 1851 by Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering as Schering AG in Germany . Plough, Incorporated was founded by the Memphis, Tennessee area entrepreneur Abe Plough (1892–1984) in 1908. He borrowed $ 125 from his father to start the business at age sixteen. As a one-man business, he mixed "Plough's Antiseptic Healing Oil," a "sure cure for any ill of man or beast," and sold it off

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1600-406: The new company taking the name of Merck & Co. Schering-Plough manufactured several pharmaceutical drugs , the most well-known of which were the allergy drugs Claritin and Clarinex , an anti- cholesterol drug Vytorin , and a brain tumor drug Temodar . These are now available from Merck & Co. Schering-Plough also owned and operated the major foot care brand name Dr. Scholl's and

1650-445: The once rigid lines of distinction. The rise of sub-specialties within gynaecology which are primarily surgical in nature (for example urogynaecology and gynaecological oncology) have strengthened the reputations of gynaecologists as surgical practitioners, and many surgeons and surgical societies have come to view gynaecologists as comrades of sorts. As proof of this changing attitude, gynaecologists are now eligible for fellowship in both

1700-730: The patient's history. Examples of conditions dealt with by a gynaecologist are: There is some crossover in these areas. For example, a woman with urinary incontinence may be referred to a urologist . As with all surgical specialties, gynaecologists may employ medical or surgical therapies (or many times, both), depending on the exact nature of the problem that they are treating. Pre- and post-operative medical management will often employ many standard drug therapies, such as antibiotics , diuretics , antihypertensives , and antiemetics . Additionally, gynaecologists make frequent use of specialized hormone -modulating therapies (such as Clomifene citrate and hormonal contraception ) to treat disorders of

1750-403: The production of photochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Important products produced were salicylic acid , the antigout preparation atophan , various sleeping and disinfecting agents. At the beginning of the 1920s, Schering took over the wash and colouring company W. Spindler  [ de ] located in the Berlin district Köpenick . In 1922, the management acquired the majority of shares in

1800-517: The sister company Schering-Kahlbaum AG and, on the same day, renamed on account of the internationally respected name Schering to Schering Aktiengesellschaft . The pharmaceutical business thus became part of a mining and chemical group, which also produced radiographic products and pesticides . In 1938, the Scherk company and the Scherk-Haus in Berlin were sold to Schering in the course of

1850-486: The skin care line Coppertone . These also became a part of the new company. As of June 2005 , Schering-Plough had 1.4% market share in the U.S., placing it seventeenth in the top twenty pharmaceutical corporations by sales compiled by IMS Health . Schering-Plough was a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), a membership which is also maintained by

1900-540: The subsidiary Nobilon. The three companies comprising Organon BioSciences were Organon, Diosynth, and Intervet. HomeAgain continues to use the Intervet name owned by Merck. After the merger of Schering-Plough with Merck the animal health division was still known as Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health. A merger of Merial and Intervet/Schering-Plough was planned in 2010 but was abandoned in March 2011. On June 29, 2011,

1950-513: The time of the merger, Abe Plough became Chairman of the combined company. In 2000, Schering-Plough bought a new campus in Summit, New Jersey from Novartis . On March 12, 2007, Schering-Plough Corp. purchased Organon BioSciences , the drug unit of Netherlands-based Akzo Nobel , for $ 14.4 billion, giving the US pharmaceutical company an array of women's health products and numerous late-stage pipelines of experimental medicines. Organon itself

2000-435: The vagina) to palpate the cervix, uterus, ovaries and bony pelvis . It is not uncommon to do a rectovaginal examination for a complete evaluation of the pelvis, particularly if any suspicious masses are appreciated. Male gynaecologists may have a female chaperone for their examination. An abdominal or vaginal ultrasound can be used to confirm any abnormalities appreciated with the bimanual examination or when indicated by

2050-472: The victims". In March 2006, Merck KGaA announced a €14.6bn bid for Schering, which by 2006 had annual gross revenue of around €5 billion and employed about 26,000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide. Bayer responded with a white knight bid and in July acquired the majority of shares of Schering for €14.6bn, and in 2007, Bayer took over Schering AG and formed Bayer Schering Pharma. The acquisition of Schering

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2100-470: The women were exposed. On one of the women, named Anarcha , he performed 30 surgeries without anesthesia. Due to having so many enslaved women, he would rotate from one to another, continuously trying to perfect the repair of their fistulas. Physicians and students lost interest in assisting Sims over the course of his backyard practice, and he recruited other enslaved women, who were healing from their own surgeries, to assist him. In 1855, Sims went on to found

2150-403: The world. This was primarily because New Zealand 's isolation has formed a natural quarantine , leaving the country free of rabies , foot and mouth , scrapie , bovine spongiform encephalopathy , and many other livestock diseases. It formerly had echinococcosis , but this has been eradicated. The site was known locally as Coopers Animal Health , a trademark which originated in the 1850s with

2200-578: Was also involved in publicly funded collaborative research projects, with other industrial and academic partners. One example in non-clinical safety assessment was the InnoMed PredTox . In 2004, Schering-Plough was accused of marketing gimmicks and payoffs to doctors for prescribing the company's pharmaceutical products. Schering-Plough entered a consent decree with the FDA on March 6, 2002 due to manufacturing issues with its albuterol inhaler. It

2250-480: Was founded in 1923 by Dr. Saal van Zwanenberg, the president of Zwanenberg's Slachterijen en Fabrieken. On November 4, 2009 Schering-Plough merged with Merck & Co. and through a reverse merger , Merck became a subsidiary of Schering-Plough, which renamed itself Merck. One of Schering-Plough's plants, in Upper Hutt, New Zealand was the largest single site for the production of veterinary vaccines in

2300-482: Was ordered to pay $ 500 million US dollars to the US Treasury. Gynaecology Gynaecology or gynecology (see American and British English spelling differences ) is the area of medicine that involves the treatment of women's diseases , especially those of the female reproductive organs . It is often paired with the field of obstetrics , which focuses on pregnancy and childbirth , thereby forming

2350-478: Was originally the U.S. subsidiary of the German company Schering AG , which was founded in 1851 by Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering . As a result of nationalization , it became an independent company. In 1971, the Schering Corporation merged with Plough, Inc. (founded by Memphis-based entrepreneur Abe Plough in 1908 ) to form Schering-Plough. On November 4, 2009 Merck & Co. merged with Schering-Plough with

2400-405: Was the chief representative of the school of physicians known as the " methodists ". In the medical schools of the early nineteenth century, doctors did not study female reproductive anatomy, seen as repulsive, nor train in pregnancy and childbirth management. That women, because of their anatomy and the risks of the dangerous birthing process, had unique medical concerns and challenges, enough that

2450-595: Was the largest take-over in Bayer's history, and as of 2015 this was one of the ten biggest pharma mergers of all time. At the time of the merger, the company employed more than 26,000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide. Schering's annual gross revenue was nearly €5 billion (2003). Schering AG focused on the business areas of gynaecology , andrology , multiple sclerosis , oncology , and contrast agents . Schering's best-known products are probably its brands of combined oral contraceptive pills . Other key products included

2500-469: Was the manufacturer of Primodos . In May 1999, survivors of Nazi medical experiment filed lawsuits against Bayer AG, Hoechst AG and Schering AG. In 2003, Simon Rozenkier filed a lawsuit against Schering and Bayer concerning the horrific medical "experiments" the companies participated in during the Nazi era. "If there was ever an example of why I titled the book about my Holocaust restitution negotiations in

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