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80-689: In the United States, the Special Milk Program , sometimes known as the School Milk Program , offers federal reimbursements for milk served to children in an eligible participating outlet, which includes schools , child care institutions, settlement houses , homeless shelters , or summer camps . This federal aid program is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) under

160-872: A membrane . Each fat globule is composed almost entirely of triacylglycerols and is surrounded by a membrane consisting of complex lipids such as phospholipids , along with proteins. These act as emulsifiers which keep the individual globules from coalescing and protect the contents of these globules from various enzymes in the fluid portion of the milk. Although 97–98% of lipids are triacylglycerols, small amounts of di- and monoacylglycerols, free cholesterol and cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, and phospholipids are also present. Unlike protein and carbohydrates, fat composition in milk varies widely due to genetic, lactational, and nutritional factor difference between different species. Fat globules vary in size from less than 0.2 to about 15 micrometers in diameter between different species. Diameter may also vary between animals within

240-461: A food product. Initially, the ability to digest milk was limited to children as adults did not produce lactase , an enzyme necessary for digesting the lactose in milk. People therefore converted milk to curd , cheese, and other products to reduce the levels of lactose. Thousands of years ago, a chance mutation spread in human populations in northwestern Europe that enabled the production of lactase in adulthood . This mutation allowed milk to be used as

320-412: A greenish color, which sometimes can be discerned in skimmed milk or whey products. Fat-free skimmed milk has only the casein micelles to scatter light, and they tend to scatter shorter-wavelength blue light more than they do red, giving skimmed milk a bluish tint. In most Western countries, centralized dairy facilities process milk and products obtained from milk , such as cream, butter, and cheese. In

400-400: A large number of active enzymes. Both the fat globules and the smaller casein micelles, which are just large enough to deflect light, contribute to the opaque white color of milk. The fat globules contain some yellow-orange carotene, enough in some breeds (such as Guernsey and Jersey cattle) to impart a golden or "creamy" hue to a glass of milk. The riboflavin in the whey portion of milk has

480-468: A method of killing harmful bacteria in beverages and food products. He developed this method while on summer vacation in Arbois , to remedy the frequent acidity of the local wines. He found out experimentally that it is sufficient to heat a young wine to only about 50–60 °C (122–140 °F) for a brief time to kill the microbes, and that the wine could be nevertheless properly aged without sacrificing

560-469: A new source of nutrition which could sustain populations when other food sources failed. Milk is processed into a variety of products such as cream , butter , yogurt , kefir , ice cream and cheese . Modern industrial processes use milk to produce casein , whey protein , lactose, condensed milk , powdered milk , and many other food-additives and industrial products. Whole milk, butter, and cream have high levels of saturated fat . The sugar lactose

640-452: A positive correlation between school breakfast program participation and academic grades, specifically in the subject of mathematics, along with a decrease in absences and lateness. This was demonstrated by a research study on sixth-grade students in a Midwest urban school district who ate breakfast and had significantly higher math scores than their peers who had low nutrient intakes. According to recent research studies at Tufts University and

720-462: A required daily commodity. Over the last three decades of the 19th century, demand for milk in most parts of the country doubled or, in some cases, tripled. Legislation in 1875 made the adulteration of milk illegal   – This combined with a marketing campaign to change the image of milk. The proportion of rural imports by rail as a percentage of total milk consumption in London grew from under 5% in

800-847: A separate secondary products revolution in the fourth millennium BC. Sherratt's model is not supported by recent findings, based on the analysis of lipid residue in prehistoric pottery, that shows that dairying was practiced in the early phases of agriculture in Southwest Asia, by at least the seventh millennium BC. From Southwest Asia domestic dairy animals spread to Europe (beginning around 7000 BC but did not reach Britain and Scandinavia until after 4000 BC), and South Asia (7000–5500 BC). The first farmers in central Europe and Britain milked their animals. Pastoral and pastoral nomadic economies, which rely predominantly or exclusively on domestic animals and their products rather than crop farming, were developed as European farmers moved into

880-407: A small scale and presents significant opportunities for diversification of income sources by small farms. Local milk collection centers, where milk is collected and chilled prior to being transferred to urban dairies, are a good example of where farmers have been able to work on a cooperative basis, particularly in countries such as India. FAO reports Israel dairy farms are the most productive in

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960-484: A species and at different times within a milking of a single animal. In unhomogenized cow's milk, the fat globules have an average diameter of two to four micrometers and with homogenization, average around 0.4 micrometers. The fat-soluble vitamins A , D , E , and K along with essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acid are found within the milk fat portion of the milk. Normal bovine milk contains 30–35 grams of protein per liter, of which about 80%

1040-646: A study on high school students, male participants reported feeling more positive after eating a nutritious breakfast. Within the same study, both male and female student participants reported feeling more alert after breakfast consumption. All in all, healthy eating is essential for the growth and development of children and youth and schools have long been recognized as a setting for public health intervention. School breakfast programs have benefits for students’ academic, behavioral and social development. The Trump Administration has eased certain policies to make American school lunches healthier. Some health advocates perceive

1120-400: A tenth of a micrometer across. There are four different types of casein proteins: αs1-, αs2-, β-, and κ-caseins. Most of the casein proteins are bound into the micelles. There are several competing theories regarding the precise structure of the micelles, but they share one important feature: the outermost layer consists of strands of one type of protein, k-casein , reaching out from the body of

1200-786: Is collected from farm animals , mostly cattle . In 2011, dairy farms produced around 730 million tonnes (800 million short tons) of milk from 260 million dairy cows. India is the world's largest producer of milk and the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder. New Zealand, Germany, and the Netherlands are the largest exporters of milk products. Between 750 and 900 million people live in dairy-farming households. The term milk comes from "Old English meoluc (West Saxon), milc (Anglian), from Proto-Germanic * meluks "milk" (source also of Old Norse mjolk , Old Frisian melok , Old Saxon miluk , Dutch melk , Old High German miluh , German Milch , Gothic miluks )". Since 1961,

1280-457: Is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars , glucose and galactose . Bovine milk averages 4.8% anhydrous lactose, which amounts to about 50% of the total solids of skimmed milk. Levels of lactose are dependent upon the type of milk as other carbohydrates can be present at higher concentrations than lactose in milks. Other components found in raw cow's milk are living white blood cells , mammary gland cells, various bacteria, vitamin C, and

1360-406: Is a federally funded meal program that provides free and reduced cost breakfasts to children at public and private schools, and child care facilities in the United States. All children in participating schools and residential institutions are eligible for a federally subsidized meal, regardless of family income. However, free meals must be offered to children from families with incomes below 130% of

1440-653: Is allowed for children six and over. With a doctor's note , a student may receive a substitute if they have a disability which prevents them from consuming cow's milk, granted certain nutrition standards are met for the substitute. A 1957 report found an increase in average daily milk consumption among school children in Los Angeles , at 68% in elementary schools , 250% in junior high schools , and 200% in senior high schools . A 1960 study found that children attending participating schools drank an average of 1.7 more ounces per capita per day of milk. A 1978 national survey by

1520-483: Is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg) due to climate change. Heatwaves can also reduce milk yield, with particularly acute impacts if the heatwave lasts for four or more days, as at that point the cow's thermoregulation capacity is usually exhausted, and its core body temperature starts to increase. It

1600-422: Is arranged in casein micelles . Total proteins in milk represent 3.2% of its composition (nutrition table). The largest structures in the fluid portion of the milk are "casein micelles" : aggregates of several thousand protein molecules with superficial resemblance to a surfactant micelle , bonded with the help of nanometer-scale particles of calcium phosphate . Each casein micelle is roughly spherical and about

1680-448: Is called colostrum , contains antibodies and immune-modulating components that strengthen the immune system against many diseases. The US CDC agency recommends that children over the age of 12 months (the minimum age to stop giving breast milk or formula ) should have two servings of dairy (milk) products a day, and more than six billion people worldwide consume milk and milk products. As an agricultural product, dairy milk

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1760-705: Is down 30 cents per US gallon (7.9 ¢/L; 36 ¢/imp gal) from 2007 and below the break-even point for many cattle farmers. Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals. Because it is produced as a food source for the young, all of its contents provide benefits for growth. The principal requirements are energy (lipids, lactose, and protein), biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids supplied by proteins (essential amino acids and amino groups), essential fatty acids, vitamins and inorganic elements, and water. The pH of cow's milk, ranging from 6.7 to 6.9,

1840-454: Is federally administered by the Food and Nutrition Service, and funded by annual agricultural appropriations. At a state-level the program is usually administered by state education agencies . Schools are reimbursed for each half pint served to eligible students. The reimbursement rate is determined every July 1 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The annual rate adjustment reflects changes in

1920-422: Is formed. Under the second theory, proposed by Horne, the growth of calcium phosphate nanoclusters begins the process of micelle formation, but is limited by binding phosphopeptide loop regions of the caseins. Once bound, protein-protein interactions are formed and polymerization occurs, in which K-casein is used as an end cap to form micelles with trapped calcium phosphate nanoclusters. Some sources indicate that

2000-514: Is found only in milk, and possibly in forsythia flowers and a few tropical shrubs. Lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose, reaches its highest levels in the human small intestine immediately after birth, and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly. Those groups who continue to tolerate milk have often exercised great creativity in using the milk of domesticated ungulates , not only cattle, but also sheep, goats, yaks , water buffalo , horses, reindeer and camels . India

2080-447: Is present in excess and often, much greater excess of solubility of solid calcium phosphate. In addition to calcium, milk is a source of many vitamins: Vitamins A, B1, B2, B5 B6, B7, B12, and D. For many years the most widely accepted theory of the structure of a micelle was that it was composed of spherical casein aggregates, called submicelles, that were held together by calcium phosphate linkages. However, there are two recent models of

2160-407: Is rare, with studies showing that mothers from malnourished regions still produce amounts of milk of similar quality to that of mothers in developed countries. There are many reasons a mother may not produce enough breast milk . The amount of milk produced depends on how often the mother is nursing and/or pumping : the more the mother nurses her baby or pumps, the more milk is produced. In

2240-573: Is similar to cow's milk and perfectly suitable for human consumption. The main reasons for this are that milking a sow's numerous small teats is very cumbersome, and that sows cannot store their milk as cows can. A few pig farms do sell pig cheese as a novelty item; these cheeses are exceedingly expensive. In 2012, the largest producer of milk and milk products was India, followed by the United States of America, China, Pakistan and Brazil. All 28 European Union members together produced 153.8 million tonnes (169.5 million short tons) of milk in 2013,

2320-422: Is similar to other bovines and non-bovine mammals . Full fat milk contains about 33 grams of fat per liter, including about 19 grams of saturated fat, 1.2 grams of omega 6 fatty acids, and 0.75 grams of omega 3 fatty acids per liter. The amount of fat varies for products where (some of) the fat has been removed, such as in skimmed milk. Initially milk fat is secreted in the form of a fat globule surrounded by

2400-553: Is still used by some sources. With the United States having just entered World War II , the Department of Agriculture released a pamphlet promoting the Milk Program in 1942. It referred to milk as a " Victory Food ", and stated that it hoped to reduce malnutrition and hidden hunger among American school children through the program. It was also intended to provide farmers with a fair return on their product. Previously,

2480-540: Is the largest producer and consumer of cattle milk and buffalo milk in the world. Humans first learned to consume the milk of other mammals regularly following the domestication of animals during the Neolithic Revolution or the development of agriculture. This development occurred independently in several global locations from as early as 9000–7000   BC in Mesopotamia to 3500–3000   BC in

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2560-415: Is their primary source of nutrition; and humans obtain milk from other mammals for consumption by humans of all ages, as one component of a varied diet. In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding , either directly or by expressing the milk to be stored and consumed later. The early milk from mammals is called colostrum . Colostrum contains antibodies that provide protection to

2640-529: The Child Nutrition Act , required schools in poor neighborhoods and areas where kids had to travel a long distance to school to be priority recipients of the program. To encourage schools to participate, Congress allowed for higher payments to schools that were defined as being in "severe need". In its first year, the SBP spent US$ 573,000 serving about 80,000 children. In 1971, fueled in part by

2720-736: The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). Depending on income, a student may buy subsidized "paid milk", or receive free milk. The Milk Program was designed as a form of agricultural subsidy to dairy farmers , as well as a means of raising milk consumption among school children. Originally, the program was variously referred to as either the School Milk Program, the Special Milk Program, or the Special School Milk Program. The "School Milk Program" name

2800-777: The Pontic–Caspian steppe in the fourth millennium BC, and subsequently spread across much of the Eurasian steppe . Sheep and goats were introduced to Africa from Southwest Asia, but African cattle may have been independently domesticated around 7000–6000   BC. Camels, domesticated in central Arabia in the fourth millennium BC, have also been used as dairy animals in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The earliest Egyptian records of burn treatments describe burn dressings using milk from mothers of male babies. In

2880-660: The Producer Price Index for Fluid Milk Products. Participating institutions must operate their milk programs on a non-profit basis. To be eligible for the Special Milk Program, an institution must not participate in other federally subsidized meal programs like the National School Lunch Program . There is an exception from the eligibility limitation for kindergarten and pre-kindergarten children in split session programs, meaning "an education program operating for approximately one-half of

2960-580: The White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health , Congress modified the program, making it available to schools who needed to improve nutrition and dietary practices of children in low income families and with working parents. In 1973, the way funding was reimbursed was changed from categorical grant reimbursement to per-meal reimbursement. The SBP was permanently authorized in 1975 for all schools who needed to provide better nutrition for their students and for higher reimbursement of

3040-512: The federal poverty level , and reduced price meals to those with family incomes between 130% and 185% of the poverty level. Those families over 185% poverty level have to pay full price for their meals which are set by the school. Even though the children have to pay for their own meals, the school is still reimbursed to some extent. The program began as a 2-year pilot project in 1966 designed to provide grants to assist schools serving "nutritionally needy" students. Original legislation within

3120-649: The 1605 voyage made by George Weymouth to New England reported that the Wabanaki people Weymouth captured in Maine milked "Rain-Deere and Fallo-Deere." But Journalist Avery Yale Kamila and food historians said Rosier "misinterpreted the evidence." Historians report the Wabanaki did not domesticate deer. The tribes of the northern woodlands have historically been making nut milk . Cows were imported to New England in 1624. The growth in urban population, coupled with

3200-461: The 1860s to over 96% by the early 20th century. By that point, the supply system for milk was the most highly organized and integrated of any food product. Milk was analyzed for infection with tuberculosis . In 1907 180 samples were tested in Birmingham and 13.3% were found to be infected. The first glass bottle packaging for milk was used in the 1870s. The first company to do so may have been

3280-487: The Americas. People first domesticated the most important dairy animals – cattle, sheep and goats – in Southwest Asia, although domestic cattle had been independently derived from wild aurochs populations several times since. Initially animals were kept for meat, and archaeologist Andrew Sherratt has suggested that dairying, along with the exploitation of domestic animals for hair and labor, began much later in

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3360-496: The Bogalusa (LA) Heart Study, children and adults who eat a healthy breakfast are more likely to improve their memory, concentration, energy, endurance and mood as well as attend school more often. Breakfast consumption is also associated with cognitive abilities such as creativity, reasoning, vocabulary, and problem solving. Engagement in a breakfast program has also shown to have a positive influence on psychosocial behavior. In

3440-491: The Dietary Guidelines of Americans as directed by The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010. There are plans in place for the SBP to gradually start changing their meals in 2013. Some of the changes include more whole grains, appropriate calorie counts according to grade, and lower sodium content. The sodium content must be reduced enough to meet standards, at the latest, by the 2022-2023 school year. As of 2010,

3520-558: The Food and Nutrition Service found similar: the program raised student milk consumption by 42% in participating schools. In 2008, 4,676 schools and residential child care institutions participated in the Special Milk Program, along with 743 summer camps and 522 non-residential child care institutions. Over 85 million half pints of milk were served that year through the program, down from 3 billion half pints served through it in 1969, 1.8 billion in 1980, and 181 million in 1990. The Special Milk Program's reach and budget has been reduced due to

3600-580: The New York Dairy Company in 1877. The Express Dairy Company in England began glass bottle production in 1880. In 1884, Hervey Thatcher, an American inventor from New York, invented a glass milk bottle , called "Thatcher's Common Sense Milk Jar," which was sealed with a waxed paper disk. In 1932, plastic-coated paper milk cartons were introduced commercially. In 1863, French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization,

3680-623: The School Breakfast Program was the second largest of the targeted food aid programs administrated by the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), feeding 16 million children. This compares with the School Lunch program , which helped feed 32 million children a day in 2010. By FY 2018, the program would manage to provide more than 2.4 billion school breakfasts and allow 14.8 million children to receive free or reduced-price school breakfasts. Researchers have extensively studied

3760-578: The US National Bison Association, American bison (also called American buffalo) are not milked commercially; however, various sources report cows resulting from cross-breeding bison and domestic cattle are good milk producers, and have been used both during the European settlement of North America and during the development of commercial Beefalo in the 1970s and 1980s. Swine are almost never milked, even though their milk

3840-996: The US, these dairies usually are local companies, while in the Southern Hemisphere facilities may be run by large multi-national corporations such as Fonterra . Pasteurization is used to kill harmful pathogenic bacteria such as M. paratuberculosis and E. coli 0157:H7 by heating the milk for a short time and then immediately cooling it. Types of pasteurized milk include full cream, reduced fat, skim milk, calcium enriched, flavored, and UHT. The standard high temperature short time (HTST) process of 72 °C (162 °F) for 15 seconds completely kills pathogenic bacteria in milk, rendering it safe to drink for up to three weeks if continually refrigerated. Dairies print best before dates on each container, after which stores remove any unsold milk from their shelves. School Breakfast Program The School Breakfast Program (SBP)

3920-483: The United States include Ayrshire , Brown Swiss , Guernsey , Jersey and Milking Shorthorn (Dairy Shorthorn). Aside from cattle, many kinds of livestock provide milk used by humans for dairy products. These animals include water buffalo , goat , sheep , camel , donkey , horse , reindeer and yak. The first four respectively produced about 11%, 2%, 1.4% and 0.2% of all milk worldwide in 2011. In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies also exist. According to

4000-625: The Western world, cow's milk is produced on an industrial scale and is, by far, the most commonly consumed form of milk. Commercial dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in developed countries . Dairy cattle , such as the Holstein , have been bred selectively for increased milk production. About 90% of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in Great Britain are Holsteins. Other dairy cows in

4080-460: The amount of milk produced. In 2011, FAO estimates 85% of all milk worldwide was produced from cows. Human milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially; however, human milk banks collect donated human breastmilk and redistribute it to infants who may benefit from human milk for various reasons (premature neonates, babies with allergies, metabolic diseases , etc.) but who cannot breastfeed. Actual inability to produce enough milk

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4160-426: The casein micelle that refute the distinct micellular structures within the micelle. The first theory, attributed to de Kruif and Holt, proposes that nanoclusters of calcium phosphate and the phosphopeptide fraction of beta-casein are the centerpiece to micellar structure. Specifically in this view unstructured proteins organize around the calcium phosphate, giving rise to their structure, and thus no specific structure

4240-443: The claim of Perdue citing the findings that children consume more veggies and a smaller amount of saturated fat at school. Office of Budget Management Director Mick Mulvaney argued that proposed budget cuts for after-school programs came about because there is no clear proof that the practice of feeding and educating children to perform better does not actually work. Experts believe the proposal of Trump’s administration will set back

4320-818: The expansion of the National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Programs , which include milk. Federal spending on the program was at 11.9 million by FY 2010 . This was down from 101.2 million in FY 1970. Milk Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals . It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfed human infants) before they are able to digest solid food. Milk contains many nutrients, including calcium and protein , as well as lactose and saturated fat . Immune factors and immune-modulating components in milk contribute to milk immunity . Early- lactation milk, which

4400-462: The expansion of the railway network in the mid-19th century, brought about a revolution in milk production and supply. Individual railway firms began transporting milk from rural areas to London from the 1840s and 1850s. Possibly the first such instance was in 1846, when St Thomas's Hospital in Southwark contracted with milk suppliers outside London to ship milk by rail. The Great Western Railway

4480-543: The final quality. In honor of Pasteur, the process became known as "pasteurization". Pasteurization was originally used as a way of preventing wine and beer from souring. Commercial pasteurizing equipment was produced in Germany in the 1880s, and producers adopted the process in Copenhagen and Stockholm by 1885. All mammal species have females who can produce milk for some time after giving birth. Cow milk dominates

4560-408: The largest by any politico - economic union. Increasing affluence in developing countries, as well as increased promotion of milk and milk products, has led to a rise in milk consumption in developing countries in recent years. In turn, the opportunities presented by these growing markets have attracted investments by multinational dairy firms. Nevertheless, in many countries production remains on

4640-514: The loss reaching 0.54 kg for 25–30 °C (77–86 °F). Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%. In the intensive farming systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8 kg during severe heat stress. In organic farming systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk quality suffers substantially, with lower fat and protein content. In China, daily milk production per cow

4720-464: The micelle into the surrounding fluid. These kappa-casein molecules all have a negative electrical charge and therefore repel each other, keeping the micelles separated under normal conditions and in a stable colloidal suspension in the water-based surrounding fluid. Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins beside caseins and including enzymes. These other proteins are more water-soluble than caseins and do not form larger structures. Because

4800-462: The move as a significant change on lunch policies of former President Barack Obama. There are fewer whole grains, more sugary chocolate milk, and an additional 300 milligrams of salt. According to Department of Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue , healthy meals given to school children since 2012 resulted in choosy kids who refused meals offered in their respective schools. This resulted to more food being thrown away and wasted. Recent research disputed

4880-484: The newborn baby as well as nutrients and growth factors. The makeup of the colostrum and the period of secretion varies from species to species. For humans, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months and breastfeeding in addition to other food for up to two years of age or more. In some cultures it is common to breastfeed children for three to five years, and

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4960-556: The next stage of salt reduction by at least three years and eliminate further reductions that will happen following that development. Reductions of salt in school meals are based on recommendations from nutrition specialists of the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Heart Organization, and Dietary Guidelines for Americans. A rollback to the Obama-era school meal policy

5040-466: The period may be longer. Fresh goats' milk is sometimes substituted for breast milk , which introduces the risk of the child developing electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis , megaloblastic anemia , and a host of allergic reactions . In many cultures, especially in the West , humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other mammals (especially cattle, goats and sheep) as

5120-480: The possibility that the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can be attributed to persistent increases in heat stress caused by climate change . This is a plausible hypothesis , because even mild heat stress can reduce daily yields: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) reduce daily milk yield per cow by 0.2 kg, with

5200-666: The previous year. The higher rates can be as much as $ 0.30 more than standard rates. Schools in Hawaii and Alaska receive higher reimbursement rates than the schools in the contiguous United States. The percentage of meals being served at these higher rates is about seventy-seven percent. These reimbursements are active from July 1, 2010 through June 30, 2013. The program is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) and funded by annual agricultural appropriations. The USDA has to formulate their meal patterns and nutrition according to

5280-600: The production obtained. New Zealand cows with the lowest yield per year grazed all year, in contrast to Israel with the highest yield where the cows ate in barns with an energy-rich mixed diet. The milk yield per cow in the United States was 9,954 kg (21,945 lb) per year in 2010. In contrast, the milk yields per cow in India and China   – the second and third largest producers   – were respectively 1,154 kg (2,544 lb) and 2,282 kg (5,031 lb) per year. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report mentions

5360-593: The program was authorized under the Agricultural Act of 1954 . The Department of Agriculture intended to provide students with wider access to milk. It was designed to provide price supports for dairy products . The Milk Program has served nonprofit camps run by organizations such as the Boy Scouts . The Special Milk Program is now permanently authorized under the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-642, as amended; 42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq.). The program

5440-679: The proteins remain suspended in whey , remaining when caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins . Lactoglobulin is the most common whey protein by a large margin. The ratio of caseins to whey proteins varies greatly between species; for example, it is 82:18 in cows and around 32:68 in humans. Bovine milk contains a variety of cations and anions traditionally referred to as "minerals" or "milk salts". Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, citrate, and chloride are all included and they typically occur at concentrations of 5–40   mM . The milk salts strongly interact with casein, most notably calcium phosphate. It

5520-443: The regular school day." Schools may offer free milk to children meeting free lunch income requirements, if they choose, and this milk is reimbursed at full cost. Otherwise, children buy so-called paid milk, which is subsidized at a legislatively set rate for each half-pint served. A child's family must re-apply annually for free milk eligibility. Only pasteurized fluid type fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk may be offered. Flavored milk

5600-495: The relationship between breakfast consumption and academic performance. It has been noted that breakfast consumption has a positive impact on student’s academic achievement. There is evidence that school breakfast programs have positive effects on a student’s ability to learn and function in school. Past discoveries have been made that students who participate in school breakfast programs have higher standardized test scores and lower levels of absenteeism. More recent research has found

5680-473: The rest of the world (i.e., East and Southeast Asia, the Americas and Australia), milk and dairy products were historically not a large part of the diet, either because they remained populated by hunter-gatherers who did not keep animals or the local agricultural economies did not include domesticated dairy species. Milk consumption became common in these regions comparatively recently, as a consequence of European colonialism and political domination over much of

5760-459: The same period increased from 7,726 to 8,550 kg (17,033 to 18,850 lb) per cow in these developed countries. The lowest average production was in New Zealand at 3,974 kg (8,761 lb) per cow. The milk yield per cow depended on production systems, nutrition of the cows, and only to a minor extent different genetic potential of the animals. What the cow ate made the most impact on

5840-472: The school. Federal funding is provided in the form of cash reimbursements for each breakfast served, varied in amount by the family income of the participating child. The most current reimbursement rates for participating schools are $ 1.55 for each free breakfast, $ 1.25 for each reduced-price breakfast, and $ 0.27 for each paid breakfast. A school may receive a higher reimbursement rate for serving free or reduced-price meals to more than 40% of their students in

5920-480: The term milk has been defined under Codex Alimentarius standards as "the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more milkings without either addition to it or extraction from it, intended for consumption as liquid milk or for further processing." The term dairy refers to animal milk and animal milk production. There are two distinct categories of milk consumption: all infant mammals drink milk directly from their mothers' bodies, and it

6000-415: The trapped calcium phosphate is in the form of Ca 9 (PO 4 ) 6 ; whereas others say it is similar to the structure of the mineral brushite , CaHPO 4 ·2H 2 O. Milk contains several different carbohydrates , including lactose , glucose , galactose , and other oligosaccharides . The lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes approximately 40% of the calories in whole cow's milk's. Lactose

6080-461: The world in the last 500 years. In the Middle Ages , milk was called the "virtuous white liquor" because alcoholic beverages were safer to consume than the water generally available. Incorrectly thought to be blood diverted from the womb to the breast, it was also known as "white blood", and treated like blood for religious dietary purposes and in humoral theory . James Rosier's record of

6160-511: The world, with a yield of 12,546 kilograms (27,659 lb) milk per cow per year. This survey over 2001 and 2007 was conducted by ICAR (International Committee for Animal Recording) across 17 developed countries. The survey found that the average herd size in these developed countries increased from 74 to 99 cows per herd between 2001 and 2007. A dairy farm had an average of 19 cows per herd in Norway, and 337 in New Zealand. Annual milk production in

6240-495: Was an early and enthusiastic adopter, and began to transport milk into London from Maidenhead in 1860, despite much criticism. By 1900, the company was transporting over 25 million imperial gallons (110 million litres; 30 million US gallons) annually. The milk trade grew slowly through the 1860s, but went through a period of extensive, structural change in the 1870s and 1880s. Urban demand began to grow, as consumer purchasing power increased and milk became regarded as

6320-487: Was issued by the US Department of Agriculture on December 7, 2018. However, the rollback only gave schools the option rather than the requirement to opt out of the Obama-era policy. In FY 2018, the School Breakfast Program (SBP) had expanded to more than 2.4 billion breakfasts in the United States. Approximately 14.7 million students received free or reduced-price breakfasts in FY 2018 and 2019. These numbers were

6400-642: Was reported in 2007 that with increased worldwide prosperity and the competition of bio-fuel production for feed stocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased worldwide. Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk in the United States above the government subsidized price. In 2010 the Department of Agriculture predicted farmers would receive an average of $ 1.35 per US gallon ($ 0.36/L; $ 1.62/imp gal) of cow's milk, which

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