Philosophy Portal
25-399: [REDACTED] Philosophy Portal Scotism is the philosophical school and theological system named after John Duns Scotus , a 13th-century Scottish philosopher-theologian. The word comes from the name of its originator, whose Opus Oxoniense was one of the most important documents in medieval philosophy and Roman Catholic theology , defining what would later be declared the dogma of
50-526: A reconciliation is possible if one emphasize certain parts of Scotus or Aquinas and passes over or tones down others. However, some contradictions remain on a number of points. Generally speaking, Scotism found its supporters within the Franciscan Order; certainly, opposition to the Dominicans (i.e. to Aquinas) made many members of the order disciples of Scotus. However, this does not mean that
75-545: A series of the Scotist propositions. Later authorities reject in part many of these propositions, and another series of propositions was rejected by Catholic theologians based on a misunderstanding – e.g. the doctrine of the univocatio entis , of the acceptation of the merits of Christ and man, etc. Numerous other propositions have been accepted or at least favourably treated by a large number of Catholic scholars and amongst these are many propositions from psychology: e.g. that
100-720: Is closer to the orthodox Aristotelianism of Maimonides , Averroes and Avicenna , while Scotism reflects the Platonizing tendency going back through Avicebron , the Brethren of Purity , the Liber de Causis and Proclus to Plotinus . Concerning the relation of these schools to each other, or the relation of Scotus to Alexander of Hales and St. Bonaventure , consult the work of the Flemish Recollect, Mathias Hauzeur . While Thomism has received unparalleled backing by
125-436: Is concerned, we need to be able to understand what ‘being’ is as a concept in order to demonstrate the existence of God, lest we compare what we know - creation - to what we do not - God. Thomas Williams has defended a version of this argument. Gilles Deleuze borrowed the doctrine of ontological univocity from Scotus. He claimed that being is univocal, i.e., that all of its senses are affirmed in one voice. Deleuze adapts
150-565: Is the idea that words describing the properties of God mean the same thing as when they apply to people or things. It is associated with the doctrines of the Scholastic theologian John Duns Scotus . In medieval disputes over the nature of God , many theologians and philosophers (such as Thomas Aquinas ) held that when one says that "God is good" and that "man is good", man's goodness is only analogous to, i.e. similar to but distinct from, God's goodness. John Duns Scotus , while not denying
175-885: The Augustinians , Servites , etc.), especially in England, Ireland, and Spain. Of the Minorites who supported Scotist doctrine, the Conventuals seem to have adhered most faithfully to Scotus, particularly at the University of Padua, where many highly esteemed teachers lectured. It is only at the end of the 15th or the beginning of the 16th century that a special Scotist School can be spoken of. Scotus's works were then collected, brought out in many editions and commentated, etc. Regulations of general chapters, beginning in 1501, frequently recommend or directly prescre Scotism as
200-729: The Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in his constitution Ineffabilis Deus on 8 December 1854. Scotism developed out of the Old Franciscan School , which dominated theology during the Middle Ages . This school of thought initially followed Augustinism , which dominated theology at the time. Scotus found the ground already cleared for the conflict with the followers of Aquinas . He made very free use of Aristotelianism , but in its employment exercised sharp criticism, and in important points adhered to
225-2804: The Commission of the Franciscan Intellectual Tradition of the English Speaking Conference of the OFM have sought to increase awareness of Duns Scotus and Scotism on contemporary theology. Scotism has also found a home amongst Anglo-Catholics , including Richard Cross and Thomas Williams, as well as influencing Protestants like William Lane Craig . Philosophical school List of philosophies , schools of thought and philosophical movements . Absurdism - Academic skepticism - Achintya Bheda Abheda - Action, philosophy of - Actual idealism - Actualism - Advaita Vedanta - Aesthetic Realism - Aesthetics - African philosophy - Afrocentrism - Agential realism - Agnosticism - Agnostic theism - Ajātivāda - Ājīvika - Ajñana - Alexandrian school - Alexandrists - Ambedkarism - American philosophy - Analytical Thomism - Analytic philosophy - Anarchism - Ancient philosophy - Animism - Anomalous monism - Anthropocentrism - Antinatalism - Antinomianism - Antipositivism - Anti-psychiatry - Anti-realism - Antireductionism - Applied ethics - Archaeology, philosophy of - Aristotelianism - Arithmetic, philosophy of - Artificial intelligence, philosophy of - Art, philosophy of - Asceticism - Atheism - Atomism - Augustinianism - Australian realism - Authoritarianism - Averroism - Avicennism - Axiology Baptism - Baptists - Bayesianism - Behaviorism - Bioconservatism - Biology, philosophy of - Biosophy - Bluestocking - Brahmoism - British idealism - Budapest School - Buddhist philosophy - Business, philosophy of Cambridge Platonists - Capitalism - Carlyleanism - Carolingian Renaissance - Cartesianism - Categorical imperative - Chance, Philosophy of - Changzhou School of Thought - Charvaka - Chinese naturalism - Christian existentialism - Christian humanism - Christian neoplatonism - Christian philosophy - Chinese philosophy - Classical Marxism - Cognitivism - Collegium Conimbricense - Color, philosophy of - Common Sense, philosophy of - Communism - Communitarianism - Compatibilism and incompatibilism - Computationalism - Conceptualism - Confirmation holism - Confucianism - Connectionism - Consequentialism - Conservatism - Constructivist epistemology - Continental philosophy - Cosmicism - Cosmopolitanism - Critical rationalism - Critical realism - Critical realism (philosophy of
250-646: The Magisterium, Scotist influence prevailed on a number of important points, not least the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception . Nominalism is older than Scotus, but its revival in Occamism may be traced to the one-sided exaggeration of some propositions of Scotus. Scotist Formalism is the direct opposite of Nominalism, and the Scotists were at one with the Thomists in combatting the latter; Occam himself
275-627: The Scotist School. Most Scotists are both philosophers and theologians. Notable Scotists of the fourteenth century included Antonius Andrea and Francis of Mayrone (c. 1280–1328) author of a Tractatus de transcendentibus . Francis Mayron , who introduced the actus sorbonicus into the University of Paris . Scotists of the fifteenth century included two popes, Alexander V and Sixtus IV , Elector Frederick III of Saxony and Angelus of Chivasso . The latter's work on Scotist theology
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325-530: The analogy of being à la St. Thomas, nonetheless holds to a univocal concept of being. Scotus does not believe in a "univocity of being", but rather to a common concept of being that is proper to both God and man, though in two radically distinct modes: infinite in God, finite in man. The claim here is that we understand God because we can share in his being, and by extension, the transcendental attributes of being, namely, goodness, truth, and unity. So far as Scotus
350-467: The doctrine of univocity to claim that being is, univocally, difference. "With univocity, however, it is not the differences which are and must be: it is being which is Difference, in the sense that it is said of difference. Moreover, it is not we who are univocal in a Being which is not; it is we and our individuality which remains equivocal in and for a univocal Being." Deleuze at once echoes and inverts Spinoza , who maintained that everything that exists
375-461: The fact that it exercised a criticism on Thomas Aquinas and the Thomistic school. A comparison of the Scotist teaching with that of Aquinas has been often attempted – for example, in the abovementioned work of Hauzeur at the end of the first volume; by Sarnano ( Costanzo Torri , Conciliatio omnium controversiarum etc. (1589– ). In many cases, the differences are mostly in the terminology and
400-659: The foreknowledge of God, predestination, the relation of grace to free will , the Scotists took little part. They either supported one of the parties, or took up a middle position, rejecting both the predetermination of the Thomists and the scientia media of the Molinists. In Scotism, God recognizes the free future acts in His essence, and provides a free decree of His will, which does not predetermine human free will, but only accompanies it. Jesuit philosophers and theologians adopted
425-442: The foundation and development of Scotism is to be regarded as a product of the rivalry between the two orders. Even Aquinas at first found a few opponents in his order – not all his fellow-Dominicans followed him in every particular (e.g. Durandus of St. Pourçain ). The Scotist doctrines were also supported by many Minorites . Furthermore, Scotism found not a few supporters among secular professors and in other religious orders (e.g.
450-442: The powers of the soul are not merely accidents even natural and necessary of the soul, that they are not really distinct from the substance of the soul or from one another etc. They also took from Scotism many propositions concerning the doctrine of the angels . Scotism exercised an influence on the development of philosophy and theology; its importance is not, as is often asserted, purely negative – i.e. it does not consist only in
475-669: The reasons for this was the repeated suppressions of the order in almost every country, while the recommendation of the teaching of St. Thomas by several popes could not be favourable to Scotism. Some sources describe Scotism as merely tolerated by the Catholic Church. The Catholic Encyclopedia disputes this, arguing that none of its propositions have been censured, many prominent Catholic figures have been adherents, and various general statues recommend it. In their decrees Leo XIII and Pius X have recommended not alone St. Thomas, but also Scholasticism in general, and this includes also
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525-709: The statutes, there were few works in the Scotist tradition, in any case no celebrated ones. Though the use of the term Scotism has become a bit antiquated, several contemporary theologians, especially from among the Franciscan Orders, like Kenan Osborne OFM and Daniel Horan OFM, can be seen as in the Scotist tradition. Several recent projects such as the Scotus Project of CUA, the International Scotistic Commission in Rome and
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#1732782672199550-718: The teaching of the Older Franciscan School–especially with regard to the plurality of forms or of souls, the spiritual matter of the angels and of souls, etc., wherein he energetically combatted Aquinas. Scotism , or what is known as the Later Franciscan School , is thus only a continuation or further development of the older school, with a much wider, although not exclusive acceptance of Peripatetic ideas. The difference between Thomism and Scotism could be expressed by saying that, while both derive from Arabic Neoplatonized Aristotelianism, Thomism
575-405: The teaching of the order. Scotism appears to have attained its greatest popularity at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Special Scotist chairs appear during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in locations including Paris, Rome, Coimbra, Salamanca, Alcalá, Padua, and Pavia. In the eighteenth century it had still an important following, but in the 19th it suffered a great decline. One of
600-575: Was a bitter opponent of Scotus. The Council of Trent defined as dogma a series of doctrines especially emphasized by the Scotists (e.g. freedom of the will, free co-operation with grace, etc..). In other points the canons were intentionally so framed that they do not affect Scotism (e.g. that the first man was constitutus in holiness and justice). This was also done at the Vatican Council. In the Thomistic–Molinistic controversy concerning
625-527: Was so notorious that it was publicly burned by Martin Luther . Notable Scotists of the sixteenth century included Paul Scriptoris , noted professor at the University of Tübingen , and the Archbishop of Athens Antonio Trombetta . The many Scotists of the 17th and 18th centuries include: In the nineteenth century, although Scotism was retained in the schools of the Franciscan Order in accordance with
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