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62-542: Fahlman was born in Medina, Ohio , the son of Lorna May (Dean) and John Emil Fahlman. He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he received a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) and Master of Science (M.S.) degree in electrical engineering and computer science in 1973, and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in artificial intelligence in 1977. He has noted that his doctoral diploma says

124-526: A $ 1,000 bank check. The women were arrested and charged with stealing. Three local attorneys volunteered to represent them in court. The women were then released to Johnson's nephew to stand trial in Kentucky. Afterward, one of the Native Americans said that the women had asked for help escaping enslavement and their terrible treatment by their owners. It was later found that the alleged theft

186-428: A bucket brigade, but to no avail, as the fire burned for four hours. None of the town's 1,159 residents died in the fire, but the townspeople failed to budget for the needed firefighting equipment. In 1870, another large fire, which started in a wooden building with a barbershop, destroyed 45 buildings—all but two blocks of the business district—and nearly wiped out the town. Even after the second calamitous fire struck,

248-711: A conditional ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment , to deny freedmen and other blacks constitutional rights and require them to leave the state within ten years of freedom. Instead, it rejected the Amendment. Even after the conclusion of the Civil War and fall of the Confederacy, slaveholders in Kentucky continued to believe that slavery would continue to exist, and continued to hold and trade enslaved people through most of 1865. Slavery legally ended in

310-661: A daily newspaper, The Medina County Gazette which is published every day of the week except Sundays, and a free weekly newspaper, The Medina Post , published every Saturday. In addition, the Akron Beacon Journal and the Cleveland Plain Dealer occasionally cover the city and Medina County. Medina is served by numerous television and radio stations from both the Greater Cleveland , Greater Akron and Greater Canton areas. Medina

372-647: A group of 55 to 75 armed slaves fled from Fayette County and the surrounding areas in what is considered one of the largest coordinated slave escape attempts in American history. A white man named Patrick Doyle was suspected to have agreed to guide the slaves to freedom in Ohio in exchange for payment from each slave.   The slaves made their way through Kentucky until they reached Bracken County, where they were stopped by around 100 armed men with General Lucius B. Desha (1812–1885) from Harrison County leading them. As

434-570: A key part of the settlement of Kentucky in the 1750s and 1760s, as permanent settlers started arriving in the late 1770s, especially after the American Revolution , some brought slaves to clear and develop the land. Early settlements were called stations and developed around forts for protection against indigenous peoples such as the Shawnee , Cherokee , Chickasaw and Osage , with whom there were numerous violent conflicts. Most of

496-558: A network of abolitionist schools, communities and churches in Eastern Kentucky, (see Berea College , Berea, Kentucky) where slaveholders were the fewest in number. In the turmoil following John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry , Fee and his supporters were driven from the state by a white mob in 1859. Kentucky did not abolish slavery during the Civil War , as did the border states of Maryland and Missouri . However, during

558-575: A non-denominational Protestant parochial school serving Pre-K through 12th grade. The Medina County University Center is a quarter-mile south of the city and offers employers a well-trained workforce with opportunity for ongoing career development. Medina also is home to the Walton School of Auctioneering. The Medina County District Library Main Library is in Medina. Medina is served by

620-495: A result of the altercation, around 40 of the escaped slaves fled to the woods while the rest, including Patrick Doyle, were arrested. The slaves were subsequently returned to their enslavers while Doyle was sent to a state penitentiary for 20 years by the Fayette Circuit Court. The abolition movement developed in the state by the 1790s, when Presbyterian minister David Rice unsuccessfully lobbied to include

682-484: A slavery prohibition in each of the state's first two constitutions, created in 1792 and 1799. Baptist ministers David Barrow and Carter Tarrant formed the Kentucky Abolition Society in 1808. By 1822, it began publishing one of America's first anti-slavery periodicals. Conservative emancipation, which argued for gradually freeing the slaves and assisting them in a return to Africa, as proposed by

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744-518: A state in 1816 with a constitution that prohibited slavery, though there were both free Blacks and slaves in the state. There were also active Underground Railroad stations in Indiana , two of which were along the Ohio River bordering Kentucky and near Breckinridge County, Kentucky . In 1824, Indiana passed one of the earliest forms of a fugitive slave law . The slaves who had escaped from

806-612: Is served by the Medina Municipal Airport , which is 4.6 miles (7.41 km) east of the city. US-42 traverses the city. State routes include OH-3 , OH-18 and OH-57 . Medina is also served by the Medina Transit Authority, which runs buses around Medina and Medina County. Rail service reached Medina in the 1800s, and at one time it was served by three rail lines, the Baltimore & Ohio,

868-567: The American Colonization Society , gained substantial support in the state from the 1820s onward. Cassius Marcellus Clay was a vocal advocate of this position. His newspaper was shut down by mob action in 1845. The anti-slavery Louisville Examiner was published successfully from 1847 to 1849. In Kentucky as was common in other parts of the Upper South, slavery was not as integral to the economy as it developed in

930-751: The Justsystem Pittsburgh Research Center . In 1983, Fahlman, Geoffrey Hinton and Terrence Sejnowski published a paper in Proceedings of the AAAI-83 Conference, Washington DC, August 1983. The paper was titled as "Massively Parallel Architectures for AI: NETL, Thistle and Boltzmann Machines". Fahlman was not the first to suggest the concept of the emoticon – a similar concept for a marker appeared in an article of Reader's Digest in May 1967, although that idea

992-475: The Ohio River counties, where they were most often used in skilled trades or as house servants. Relatively few people were held in slavery in the mountainous regions of eastern and southeastern Kentucky, where they served primarily as artisans and service workers in towns. Kentucky was classified as the Upper South or a border state , between free states to the north and fellow slave-owning states to

1054-539: The flatboat were fugitives, property that could be reclaimed. Fifty-six of the slaves were captured and returned to Kentucky to be lodged in the Hardinsburg (Breckinridge County) jail. A Baltimore newspaper reported that some of the slaves were brought to Maryland and sold. Three of the slaves supposedly admitted taking part in the revolt. Nothing is known or has ever been written about the 19 slaves who escaped, nor has it been acknowledged that there were slaves on

1116-400: The 1820s and extending through the 1840s and 1850s, many white families migrated west to Missouri, south to Tennessee, or southwest to Texas. The larger slave-holding families took slaves with them, as one kind of forced migration. These factors combined to create greater instability for enslaved families in Kentucky than in some other areas. As Kentucky was separated from free states only by

1178-457: The 1830s, the community's growth was aided by the completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal , which helped transport agricultural products to markets. On January 31, 1835, Medina was incorporated as a village and as the county seat of Medina County . By 1855, the town's quarries were producing over $ 200,000 worth of stone per year. In 1857, many of the canal workers started a strike for higher wages;

1240-469: The 1831 Nat Turner's slave rebellion , the legislature passed new restrictions against manumission , requiring acts of the legislature to gain freedom. Kentucky exported more slaves than did most states. From 1850 to 1860, 16 percent of enslaved African Americans were sold out of state, as part of the forced displacement to the Deep South of a total of more than a million African Americans before

1302-529: The 2009–10 school year. The schools in the Medina City School District are: The Medina County Career Center serves most of Medina County (except Wadsworth ) to provide career education for 11th and 12th graders. It also offers adult and continuing education for adults. Other schools in Medina include St. Francis Xavier School, a Roman Catholic parochial school serving Preschool (Pre-K) through 8th grade, and Medina Christian Academy,

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1364-408: The A.I. Root Company in Medina as a manufacturer of beehives and beekeeping equipment, and the town became a center for beehive manufacturing. The Root Company had 97 workers in 1886, making it the town's largest employer. A disastrous fire hit the village in 1848, destroying the entire business district. With no facilities for extinguishing fires, the residents attempted to put out the fire using

1426-674: The Akron, Canton & Youngstown, and the Cleveland Southwestern interurban. Today the Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad maintains numerous sidings and spurs serving many industries, mostly on the city's west side. Many other rights of way have been converted to hiking and biking trails. History of slavery in Kentucky The history of slavery in Kentucky dates from the earliest permanent European settlements in

1488-596: The Civil War. Many slaves were sold directly to plantations in the Deep South from the Louisville slave market , or were transported by slave traders along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to slave markets in New Orleans , hence the later euphemism "sold down the river" for any sort of betrayal. Kentucky had a surplus of slaves due to reduced labor needs from changes in local agriculture, as well as substantial out-migration by white families from Kentucky. Beginning in

1550-508: The Deep South, where the demand for agricultural labor rose rapidly as cotton cultivation was expanded. It was lucrative for slave owners to sell the people they enslaved to the deep south, shipping approximately 80,000 stolen Africans southward between 1830 and 1860. Kentucky's enslaved population was concentrated in the "bluegrass" region of the state, which was rich in farmland and a center of agriculture. In less populated mountainous areas of Kentucky with independent farmers, slave ownership

1612-569: The Deep South. The small-farm nature of much of Kentucky and whose plantations were based around tobacco like those in Virginia and North Carolina instead of cotton, meant that slave labor was not so critical to profits as it was for the labor-intensive crops of the Deep South, such as cotton, sugar, and rice farming. But Louisville became a major slave market in the South, which generated considerable profits. Controversial laws in 1815 and 1833 limited

1674-480: The Ohio River, it was relatively easy for an enslaved person from Kentucky to escape to freedom. Notable fugitives from Kentucky included Henry Bibb , Lewis Clarke , Margaret Garner , Lewis Hayden , and Josiah Henson . The formerly enslaved James Bradley legally left Kentucky by this route. On September 17, 1826, Bourbon County, Kentucky , slave traders Edward Stone and his nephew Howard Stone were among

1736-437: The Ohio median income. RPM International is among the companies based in Medina. The Medina City School District serves the city. It has one high school, two middle schools, one alternative school (for students with behavioral problems), one preschool (for children aged 3–5 with disabilities) and seven elementary schools. The newest elementary schools are Eliza Northrop and Ralph E. Waite elementary schools, both opened for

1798-580: The Phoenix Building in the same city block. It took almost ten years to replace the buildings on Medina Square, hence their common Victorian style. Medina Square is now a recognized historic district, covering a nine-block area surrounding Uptown Park. The Community Design Committee and the Historic Preservation Board preserve the city's historic look and feel. In 1950, Medina had over 5,000 residents, and on May 6, 1952, it

1860-414: The city. The population density was 2,174.50 people per square mile (839.575 people per square km). There were 11,333 housing units at an average density of 944.42 per square mile (364.64/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 88.3% White , 3.5% African American , 0.2% Native American , 0.9% Asian , 1.3% from other races , and 5.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of

1922-463: The city. The population density was 2,215.7 people per square mile (855.14 people per square kilometer). There were 9,924 housing units at an average density of 891.92 inhabitants per square mile (344.37/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 94.60% White , 2.77% African American , 0.19% Native American , 0.74% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.26% from other races , and 1.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.00% of

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1984-557: The constitution to prohibit slavery, they greatly underestimated pro-slavery support. The convention became packed with pro-slavery delegates, who drafted what some historians consider the most pro-slavery constitution in United States history. It repealed the prohibition on bringing slaves into the state. After the embarrassing defeat, abolitionists lost political power during the 1850s. Anti-slavery newspapers were still published in Louisville and Newport ; but support for slavery

2046-442: The crew down the Ohio River . The boat stopped in Louisville, Kentucky, where a white man named Davis boarded the boat. Davis was from Natchez, Mississippi , or Paris, Kentucky , depending on the account. The boat had gone about another 100 miles when the slaves revolted and killed the five white men and threw their bodies overboard. The 75 slaves, males and females of various ages, attempted to escape into Indiana , which had become

2108-593: The degree was awarded for "original research as demonstrated by a thesis in the field of Artificial Intelligence" and suggested that it may be the first doctorate to use that term. He is a fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence . Fahlman acted as thesis advisor for Donald Cohen, David B. McDonald, David S. Touretzky , Skef Wholey, Justin Boyan, Michael Witbrock , and Alicia Tribble Sagae. From May 1996 to July 2001, Fahlman directed

2170-538: The early settlers were from Virginia, and some relied on slave labor as they developed larger, more permanent plantations. Planters who grew hemp and tobacco , which were labor-intensive crops, held more slaves than did smaller farmers who cultivated mixed crops. Subsistence agriculture could be done without any slave labor, although some subsistence farmers held a few slaves with whom they would work. Some owners also used enslaved African Americans in mining and manufacturing operations , for work on riverboats and along

2232-560: The five white men killed by the 75 or so slaves who were being taken down river aboard a flatboat . Edward Stone had kept his slaves in Bourbon County, chained and shackled beneath his house. In September 1826, a group of the slaves were marched to Mason County, Kentucky , where they were taken aboard the flatboat headed to the Mississippi slave market . David Cobb of Lexington, Kentucky , and James Gray were hired to convey

2294-567: The flatboat who made their way to freedom. Five of the captured slaves were hanged: their names, the only names given to any of the slaves in the newspapers, were Jo, Duke, Resin, Stephen, and Wesley. One other slave named Roseberry's Jim is mentioned in the Village Register newspaper. According to the article, five of the slaves were hanged; forty-seven were sold; the remainder was brought back to Bourbon County. Later, in August 1848,

2356-507: The importation of slaves into Kentucky, which created the strictest rules of any slave state. The Nonimportation Act of 1833 banned any importation of slaves for commercial or personal purpose. The ban was widely violated, especially in counties near the Tennessee border. Slavery was the principal issue that led to the third constitutional convention held in 1849. While the convention was convened by anti-slavery advocates who hoped to amend

2418-625: The issue of slavery before, during, and immediately after the Civil War. Ellen Scott was raised enslaved in Owensboro , in Daviess County, Kentucky , as property of a planter named Albert Ewell. On the occasion of Lincoln's birthday in 1930, she recalled to a newspaper reporter her emancipation at age 12: "We could not feel the joy that folks think we felt. We had not been taught to have feelings, except fear; ground down, beaten, taught that negroes should not be allowed to read or write, there

2480-532: The population. At the 2010 census , there were 26,678 people, 10,382 households, and 6,991 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,260.85 people per square mile (872.973 people per square km). There were 11,152 housing units at an average density of 929.33 per square mile (358.82/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.3% White , 3.1% African American , 0.1% Native American , 0.9% Asian , 0.5% from other races , and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of

2542-441: The population. There were 10,382 households, of which 38.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.7% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

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2604-408: The population. There were 9,467 households, of which 40.3% had children under age 18 living with them, 35.5% were married couples living together, 57.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 25.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size

2666-703: The south. Its farmers included independent, hardscrabble white farming families as well as plantation owners like those of the Deep South . Kentucky had southern economic, cultural, and social ties to slavery and plantations, and engagement with northern free-state industrialism and also western frontier ethos. Kentucky entered the Union as a state deeply divided over the issue of slavery. The conflicting pulls of northern economic relations, westward expansion, and fundamental southern support for slavery and southern-style plantations caused Kentuckians to be morally divided over

2728-490: The stance of free blacks. The war broke down the control that slaveowners had on slaves. By 1862, it had become common for Kentucky slaves to ask for wages in return for their labor. When denied, these people often fled enslavement. Enslaved people also enlisted in the Union army, thereby securing the rights of free men. By the war's end, Kentucky had mustered 23,703 blacks into federal service. The Kentucky legislature considered

2790-411: The state, until the end of the Civil War . In 1830, enslaved African Americans represented 24 percent of Kentucky's population, a share that declined to 19.5 percent by 1860, on the eve of the Civil War. Most enslaved people were concentrated in the cities of Louisville and Lexington and in the hemp - and tobacco -producing Bluegrass Region and Jackson Purchase . Other enslaved people lived in

2852-502: The striking workers were fired, and the four workers who started it were jailed in Albion, Ohio. In 1835, two enslaved women and two Native Americans arrived in Medina by stagecoach . One of the enslaved women was the child of then-vice presidential candidate Richard Mentor Johnson and Julia Chinn . The next day, Johnson's nephew arrived, in pursuit of the women, saying that he owned them both, they had escaped , and they had stolen

2914-586: The town still had not organized a fire department beyond a bucket brigade . In 1877, after repeated dire warnings, the Council finally authorized the issuance of $ 3,000 worth of bonds to purchase a fire engine. After the disastrous fire in 1870, much of the Medina Square, including the Town Hall and Engine House, was rebuilt under the supervision of onetime mayor and banker Harrison Gray Blake, who owned

2976-430: The use of :-) and :-( for this purpose, and the symbols caught on. The original message from which these symbols originated was posted on 19 September 1982. The message was recovered by Jeff Baird on 10 September 2002 and read: Medina, Ohio Medina ( / m ə ˈ d aɪ n ə / mə- DYNE -ə ) is a city in and the county seat of Medina County, Ohio , United States. The population

3038-418: The war, more than 70% of slaves in Kentucky were freed or escaped to Union lines. The war undermined the institution of slavery. Enslaved people quickly learned that authority and protection resided with the Union army. When Union military lines moved into areas previously held by Confederates, slaveholders often fled, leaving property and enslaved people behind. Most of these abandoned people immediately assumed

3100-507: The waterfront, and to work in skilled trades in towns. Early farms in Kentucky tended to be smaller than the later plantation complexes common in the Deep South, so most slaveholders had a small number of slaves. As a result, many slaves had to find spouses "abroad", on a neighboring farm. Often, African American men had to live apart from their wives and children. It was not infrequent for slaves to be "hired out", leased on temporary basis to other farmers or business for seasonal work. This

3162-456: Was $ 21,709. About 5.1% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.1% of those under 18 and 6.2% of those 65 or over. Due to Medina's location, about 33 miles (53 km) south of Cleveland and 23 miles (37 km) west of Akron , many of its residents work in the Cleveland and Akron areas. Medina's median household income is $ 53,586, slightly above

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3224-463: Was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.13. The median age in the city was 36.4. 28.3% of residents were under 18; 7.3% were between 18 and 24; 27.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.2% were from 45 to 64; and 11.7% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. Of the city's population over age 25, 34.4% held a bachelor's degree or higher. At the 2000 census, there were 25,139 people, 9,467 households, and 6,683 families in

3286-704: Was 26,094 at the 2020 census . It lies about 33 miles (53 km) south of Cleveland and 23 miles (37 km) west of Akron within the Cleveland metropolitan area . Medina was founded on November 30, 1818, as part of the Connecticut Western Reserve . It was originally named Mecca, but an unincorporated community in Ohio already had that name, so the name was changed. Both Mecca and Medina are Saudi Arabian cities particularly significant in Islam . Most early residents were farmers. In

3348-448: Was 3.15. 29.9% of the population were under 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% were 65 or older. The median age was 33. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 89.2 males. The median household income was $ 50,226 and the median family income was $ 57,435. Males had a median income of $ 42,437 compared with $ 26,893 for females. The per capita income

3410-617: Was a common practice across the upper south. Some historians estimate that 12% of the slaves in Lexington and 16% of the slaves in Louisville were hired out. Kentucky contained small but notable free black hamlets throughout the state. About 5% of Kentucky's black population was free by 1860. Free Negroes were among the slaveholders; in 1830, this group held slaves in 29 of Kentucky's counties. In some cases, people would purchase their spouse, their children, or other enslaved relatives in order to protect them until they could free them. After

3472-438: Was a lie in order to make sure the Ohio court returned them to their owners. Medina attorney Charles Olcott invented self- ballasting iron ships and received a patent in 1835. Olcott was originally from Connecticut and had been a student at Yale College when he came up with the early prototypes for his invention. He was later a proponent of building long-distance railroad lines across Ohio. In 1869, Amos Root founded

3534-422: Was an integral part of the state's economy, though the use of slavery varied widely in a geographically diverse state. From 1790 to 1860, the slave population of Kentucky was never more than one-quarter of the total population. After 1830, as tobacco production decreased in favor of less labor-intensive crops, much of the planter class in the central and western part of the state sold enslaved Africans to markets in

3596-471: Was but one thing we thought of. It was the lash, the horrible way it whistled on our backs, and the beatings we received...We are happy now. The Negro is making progress and becoming educated. I try to forget the days when I was a child. I have forgotten everything but the whip and the war." Prior to 1792, Kentucky formed the far-western frontier of Virginia , which had a long history of slavery and indentured servitude . In early Kentucky history, slavery

3658-622: Was chartered as a city. Medina includes parts of Lafayette Township , Medina Township , Montville Township and York Township in Medina County . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 12.00 square miles (31.08 km ), of which 11.79 square miles (30.54 km ) is land and 0.21 square miles (0.54 km ) is water. As of the recent census of 2020, there were 26,094 people, 10,755 households, and 7,531 families residing in

3720-571: Was much less frequent. In 1850, 28 percent of Kentucky's white families held enslaved African Americans. 5% of slave owners had 100 or more slaves. In Lexington, enslaved people outnumbered the enslavers: 10,000 enslaved were owned by 1,700 slave owners. Lexington was a central city in the state for the slave trade. 12 percent of Kentucky's slave owners enslaved 20 or more people, 70 white families enslaved 50 or more people. Fluctuating markets, seasonal needs and widely varying geographical conditions characterized Kentucky slavery. The enslaved people were

3782-507: Was never put into practice. In an interview printed in The New York Times in 1969, Vladimir Nabokov noted: "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile – some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket." Fahlman is credited with originating the first smiley emoticon, which he thought would help people on a message board at Carnegie Mellon to distinguish serious posts from jokes. He proposed

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3844-450: Was widespread in Louisville. Thousands of households in Louisville enslaved people, and the city had the largest slave population in the state. In addition, for years the slave trade from the Upper South had contributed to the city's prosperity and growth. Through the 1850s, the city exported 2,500–4,000 slaves a year in sales to the Deep South. The trading city had grown rapidly and had 70,000 residents by 1860. John Gregg Fee established

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