Misplaced Pages

#13986

49-632: The Scout X-2 used an Algol 1D first stage, instead of the earlier Algol 1B used on the Scout X-1. The third stage was the Antares 2A , a more powerful version of the Antares 1A used on earlier variants of the Scout rocket. The second and fourth stages were the same as those used on the Scout X-1; a Castor 1A and an Altair 1A respectively. The first Scout X-2 was launched on a suborbital flight at 07:27 GMT on 29 March 1962. It flew from Launch Area 3 of

98-438: A different building or area working with other specialized equipment. A description of each area is given below. TA-I operations are dedicated primarily to three activities: the design, research, and development of weapon systems; limited production of weapon system components; and energy programs. TA-I facilities include the main library and offices, laboratories , and shops used by administrative and technical staff. TA-II

147-508: A higher orbit, beyond Earth's magnetosphere. The Star 30 ( TE-M-700-2 ) is a solid fuel motor, with the 30 representing the approximate diameter of the stage in inches. Different versions (A, B, C, E and PB) were used as an apogee motor for satellites such as G-STAR, Skynet 4 , Koreasat or the HS-376 satellite bus. Star 30E was used by the ORBEX small orbital launcher. A Star 30 booster

196-590: A new site convenient to Los Alamos for the continuation of weapons development – especially its non-nuclear aspects. They felt a separate division would be best to perform these functions. Kirtland had fulfilled Los Alamos' transportation needs for both the Trinity and Alberta projects, thus, Oxnard Field was transferred from the jurisdiction of the Army Air Corps to the U.S. Army Service Forces Chief of Engineer District, and thereafter, assigned to

245-893: A radiant heat facility. Other facilities in TA-III include a paper destructor, the Melting and Solidification Laboratory and the Radioactive and Mixed Waste Management Facility (RMWMF). RMWMF serves as central processing facility for packaging and storage of low-level and mixed waste. The remediation of the Chemical Waste Landfill, which started in September 1998, is an ongoing activity in TA-III. TA-IV, located approximately 1 ⁄ 2 mile (0.80 km) south of TA-I, consists of several inertial-confinement fusion research and pulsed power research facilities, including

294-692: A second stage on a version of the Atlas E/F rocket, launching the Solwind and Geosat satellites. When used on the Pegasus air-launch rocket payloads are capable of leaving Earth orbit. A version of the Star 27, designated Star 27H, was used in the launch of the IBEX spacecraft . The spacecraft had a mass of 105 kg by itself and together with its Star 27 motor, 462 kg. The Star 27H helped it get to

343-453: A special HTPB model used for FLTSATCOM launches. Subtypes are given one or more letter suffixes after the diameter number, or a trailing number (i.e., "-2") after the internal designation. Not surprisingly, the "T" prefix stands for Thiokol, and the following letter refers to the company division that developed the rocket motor. In this case, "M" refers to the Magna, UT Division. "E" refers to

392-657: A wide variety of research initiatives, including computational biology , physics , materials science , alternative energy , psychology , MEMS , and cognitive science . Most notably, it hosted some of the world's earliest and fastest supercomputers , ASCI Red and ASCI Red Storm , and is currently home to the Z Machine , the largest X-ray generator in the world, which is designed to test materials in conditions of extreme temperature and pressure . Sandia conducts research through partnership agreements with academic, governmental, and commercial entities; educational opportunities are available through several programs, including

441-478: Is "virtually ready to implement," said a lead Sandia engineer. Sandia's integration with its local community includes a program through the Department of Energy's Tribal Energy program to deliver alternative renewable power to remote Navajo communities, spearheaded by senior engineer Sandra Begay . On February 13, 2007, a New Mexico State Court found Sandia Corporation liable for $ 4.7 million in damages for

490-445: Is 4 in (100 mm) long, has its center of gravity at the nose, and is made to be fired from a small-caliber smoothbore gun. It is kept straight in flight by four electromagnetically actuated fins encased in a plastic puller sabot that falls off when the dart leaves the bore. The dart cannot be fired from conventional rifled barrels because the gyroscopic stability provided by rifling grooves for regular bullets would prevent

539-738: Is a 45-acre (180,000 m ) facility that was established in 1948 for the assembly of chemical high explosive main charges for nuclear weapons and later for production scale assembly of nuclear weapons. Activities in TA-II include the decontamination , decommissioning , and remediation of facilities and landfills used in past research and development activities. Remediation of the Classified Waste Landfill which started in March 1998, neared completion in FY2000. A testing facility,

SECTION 10

#1732797571014

588-437: Is a family of US solid-propellant rocket motors originally developed by Thiokol and used by many space propulsion and launch vehicle stages . They are used almost exclusively as an upper stage, often as an apogee kick motor . The number designations refer to the approximate diameter of the fuel casing in inches. Three Star 37 stages, and one Star 48 stage, were launched on solar escape trajectories ; fast enough to leave

637-595: Is a smaller laboratory, with around 1,700 employees. Tonopah and Kauai are occupied on a "campaign" basis, as test schedules dictate. The lab also managed the DOE/SNL Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility in Lubbock, Texas . Sandia led a project that studied how to decontaminate a subway system in the event of a biological weapons attack (such as anthrax ). As of September 2017, the process to decontaminate subways in such an event

686-520: Is a solid fuel motor, with the 63 representing the approximate diameter of the stage in inches. Different versions exist: Star-63D (used on PAM-D2 ) , Star-63DV and Star-63F . It was used to launch payloads from the Space Shuttle , and as stage on the Titan 34D and Delta 7925 rockets. Sandia National Laboratories Sandia National Laboratories ( SNL ), also known as Sandia ,

735-753: Is a upper stage motor used in Burner II stage of the Sandia Strypi IV vehicle introduced in 1965. The Star 26B (TE-M-442-1) variant was used on the Thor-LV2F Burner-2A launcher. Star 26C (TE-M-442-2) was used on the DOT sounding rocket. The Star 27 is a solid apogee kick motor, with the 27 representing the approximate diameter of the stage in inches. It burns HTPB -based composite propellant with an average erosion rate of 0.0011 inches per second (0.028 mm/s). It as used as

784-724: Is one of three research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy 's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Headquartered in Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico , it has a second principal facility next to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California , and a test facility in Waimea, Kauai, Hawaii . Sandia is owned by

833-462: Is similar to Altair 3 (FW-4S) , and both are designated by NASA as Altair IIIA. The Star 24 (TE-M-604) is a solid fuel apogee kick motor , first qualified in 1973. It burns an 86% solids carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) -based composite propellant. The "24" designation refers to the approximate diameter of the Titanium fuel casing in inches. The Star 26 (Burner 2A or TE-M-442)

882-628: Is used as the final stage of the Minotaur V launch vehicle. The Pioneer 10 & 11 , and Voyager 1 & 2 Propulsion Modules used Star 37E motors; each is now on a similar interstellar trajectory to its companion probe , and is set to leave the Solar System (except the Pioneer 11 stage, which is thought to have remained in solar orbit ). The Star 48 is a type of solid rocket motor developed primarily by Thiokol Propulsion , which

931-727: The Manhattan Project . Prior to the United States formally entering the war, the U.S. Army leased land near an Albuquerque, New Mexico airport known as Oxnard Field to service transient Army and U.S. Navy aircraft. In January 1941 construction began on the Albuquerque Army Air Base, leading to establishment of the Bombardier School-Army Advanced Flying School near the end of the year. Soon thereafter it

980-589: The Minotaur IV+ launch vehicle. A Star 48B motor used in the 3rd stage of the New Horizons probe was the first part of the New Horizons mission to reach Jupiter , crossing Pluto 's orbit in 2015 at a distance of 200 million kilometers. It is now set to leave the Solar System, traveling on a similar interstellar trajectory to its companion probe for the indefinite future. In 2013 a Star 48GXV

1029-534: The U.S. federal government but privately managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International . Established in 1949, SNL is a "multimission laboratory" with the primary goal of advancing U.S. national security by developing various science-based technologies . Its work spans roughly 70 areas of activity, including nuclear deterrence , arms control , nonproliferation , hazardous waste disposal , and climate change . Sandia hosts

SECTION 20

#1732797571014

1078-863: The Vestas wind turbine corporation, SNL operates the Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility in Lubbock, Texas. In the 1970s, the Sandia, Los Alamos, Air Force Weapons Laboratory Technical Exchange Committee initiated the development of the SLATEC library of mathematical and statistical routines, written in FORTRAN 77 . Today, Sandia National Laboratories is home to several open-source software projects: In addition, Sandia National Laboratories collaborates with Kitware, Inc. in developing

1127-493: The Visualization Toolkit (VTK), a cross-platform graphics and visualization software suite. This collaboration has focused on enhancing the information visualization capabilities of VTK and has in turn fed back into other projects such as ParaView and Titan. On January 30, 2012, Sandia announced that it successfully test-fired a self-guided dart that can hit targets at 2,000 m (2,187 yd). The dart

1176-641: The Wallops Flight Facility . The flight carried plasma and aeronomy experiments to an apogee of 6,291 kilometres (3,909 mi), and was successful. The second flight, launched on 26 April, carried the Solrad 4B satellite. It failed to reach orbit. Following this launch, the Scout X-2 was replaced by the upgraded Scout X-2M . This rocketry article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Antares 1A The Star

1225-565: The Elkton, MD division. The Star 37FM rocket motor was developed and qualified for use as an apogee kick motor on FLTSATCOM. The motor is a replacement for the Star 37E Delta, which has been discontinued. The Nozzle assembly uses a 3D carbon-carbon throat and a carbon- phenolic exit cone. Maximum propellant weight is 2,350 pounds (1,070 kg), while the motor has been qualified for propellant off-loading to 2,257 pounds (1,024 kg). A spin-stabilized or thrust-vectoring version of Star 37

1274-536: The Explosive Component Facility, integrates many of the previous TA-II test activities as well as some testing activities previously performed in other remote test areas. The Access Delay Technology Test Facility is also located in TA-II. TA-III is adjacent to and south of TA-V [both are approximately seven miles (11 km) south of TA-I]. TA-III facilities include extensive design-test facilities such as rocket sled tracks, centrifuges and

1323-807: The High Energy Radiation Megavolt Electron Source (Hermes-III), the Z Facility , the Short Pulsed High Intensity Nanosecond X-Radiator (SPHINX) Facility, and the Saturn Accelerator. TA-IV also hosts some computer science and cognition research. TA-V contains two research reactor facilities, an intense gamma irradiation facility (using cobalt-60 and caesium-137 sources), and the Hot Cell Facility. SNL/NM also has test areas outside of

1372-519: The Manhattan Engineer District. In July 1945, the forerunner of Sandia Laboratory, known as "Z" Division, was established at Oxnard Field to handle future weapons development, testing, and bomb assembly for the Manhattan Engineer District. The District-directive calling for establishing a secure area and construction of "Z" Division facilities referred to this as " Sandia Base " , after the nearby Sandia Mountains — apparently

1421-601: The Securing Top Academic Research & Talent at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (START HBCU) Program and the Sandia University Partnerships Network (a collaboration with Purdue University , University of Texas at Austin , Georgia Institute of Technology , University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign , and University of New Mexico ). Sandia National Laboratories' roots go back to World War II and

1470-542: The Sun's orbit and out into interstellar space, where barring the low chance of colliding with debris, they will travel past other stars in the Milky Way galaxy and survive potentially intact for millions of years. The Star 13 ( TE-M-458 ) is a solid fuel apogee kick motor . It was used on NASA's Anchored Interplanetary Monitoring Platform satellites. Several other versions were developed. Star 13D ( TE-M-375 )

1519-546: The aid of an IMU. The natural body frequency of the bullet is about 30 hertz , so corrections can be made 30 times per second in flight. Muzzle velocity with commercial gunpowder is 2,400 ft/s (730 m/s) (Mach 2.1), but military customized gunpowder can increase its speed and range. Computer modeling shows that a standard bullet would miss a target at 1,000 m (1,094 yd) by 9.8 yd (9 m), while an equivalent guided bullet would hit within 8 in (20 cm). Accuracy increases as distances get longer, since

Scout X-2 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-509: The diameter number, or a trailing number (i.e., "-2") after the internal designation. The "T" prefix stands for Thiokol, and the following letter refers to the company division that developed the rocket motor. In this case, "E" refers to the Elkton, MD division and the "M" stands for motor. The most common use of the Star 48 was as the final stage of the Delta II launch vehicles. Other launchers such as ULA 's Atlas 551 have also incorporated

1617-468: The direction of Honeywell International , would take over the management of Sandia National Laboratories beginning May 1, 2017; this contract remains in effect as of November 2022, covering government-owned facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico (SNL/NM); Livermore, California (SNL/CA); Tonopah, Nevada ; Shoreview, Minnesota ; and Kauai, Hawaii . SNL/NM is the headquarters and the largest laboratory, employing more than 12,000 employees, while SNL/CA

1666-510: The firing of a former network security analyst, Shawn Carpenter , who had reported to his supervisors that hundreds of military installations and defense contractors' networks were compromised and sensitive information was being stolen – including hundreds of sensitive Lockheed documents on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter project. When his supervisors told him to drop the investigation and do nothing with

1715-481: The first official recognition of the "Sandia" name. Sandia Laboratory was operated by the University of California until 1949, when President Harry S. Truman asked Western Electric , a subsidiary of American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), to assume the operation as an "opportunity to render an exceptional service in the national interest." Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Western Electric,

1764-942: The five technical areas listed above. These test areas, collectively known as Coyote Test Field, are located southeast of TA-III and/or in the canyons on the west side of the Manzanita Mountains. Facilities in the Coyote Canyon Test Field include the Solar Tower Facility (34.9623 N, 106.5097 W), the Lurance Canyon Burn Site and the Aerial Cable Facility. In collaboration with the Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) of U.S. Department of Energy , Texas Tech University , and

1813-571: The information, he went to intelligence officials in the United States Army and later the Federal Bureau of Investigation to address the national security breaches. When Sandia managers discovered his actions months later, they revoked his security clearance and fired him. In 2014, an investigation determined Sandia Corp. used lab operations funds to pay for lobbying related to the renewal of its $ 2 billion contract to operate

1862-408: The lab. Sandia Corp. and its parent company, Lockheed Martin, agreed to pay a $ 4.8 million fine. SNL/NM consists of five technical areas (TA) and several additional test areas. Each TA has its own distinctive operations; however, the operations of some groups at Sandia may span more than one TA, with one part of a team working on a problem from one angle, and another subset of the same team located in

1911-550: The motor, but with lower frequency. Onboard the Space Shuttle , the complete stage (motor plus accessories) was referred to as the Payload Assist Module (PAM), as the Shuttle could only take satellites to low Earth orbit . Because geostationary orbit is much more lucrative, the additional stage was needed for the final leg of the journey. On such missions, the stage was spin-stabilized . A turntable, mounted in

1960-410: The self-guided bullet from reliably turning towards a target when in flight, so fins are responsible for stabilizing rather than spinning. A laser designator marks a target, which is tracked by the dart's optical sensor and 8-bit CPU . The guided projectile is kept cheap because it does not need an inertial measurement unit , since its small size allows it to make the fast corrections necessary without

2009-458: The shuttle payload bay or atop the previous Delta stage, spun the PAM and payload to approximately 60 rpm prior to release. Usually after motor burnout and just prior to satellite release the spin is canceled out using a yo-yo de-spin technique. A non-spinning, thrust-vectoring version of the Star 48 is available ("Star 48BV"), but much less common. A thrust-vectoring Star 48 is the final stage of

Scout X-2 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-458: Was also used on the CONTOUR comet probe. The Star 31 (also known as Antares 1A or X-254 ) is a solid fuel motor, with the 31 representing the approximate diameter of the stage in inches. It had a thrust of 60.50 kN and a mass of 1225 kg. It was used as a stages of WASP , Scout X , Scout X-1 , Blue Scout Junior , Blue Scout I , Blue Scout II , Scout X-1A and RAM B. The Star 37

2107-750: Was first used as the engine for the Thor-Burner upper stage in 1965. The Burner I used the Thiokol FW-4 (TE 364-1) engine and the Burner II used the Thiokol (TE-M-364-2). The "-37" designation refers to the approximate diameter of the titanium fuel casing in inches; Thiokol had also manufactured other motors such as the Star-40 and Star 48 . Internally, Thiokol's designation was TE-M-364 for early versions, TE-M-714 for later ones, and TE-M-783 for

2156-503: Was formed on October 5, 1949, and, on November 1, 1949, took over management of the Laboratory. The United States Congress designated Sandia Laboratories as a National laboratory in 1979. In October 1993, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) was managed and operated by Sandia Corporation , a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin . In December 2016, it was announced that National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, under

2205-470: Was purchased by Orbital ATK in 2001. In 2018, Orbital ATK in turn was acquired by Northrop Grumman . The "48" designation refers to the approximate diameter of the fuel casing in inches; Thiokol had also manufactured other motors such as the Star 37 and Star 30. Internally, Thiokol's designation was TE-M-711 for early versions, and TE-M-799 for later ones. Subtypes are given one or more letter suffixes after

2254-665: Was renamed Kirtland Field, after early Army military pilot Colonel Roy C. Kirtland , and in mid-1942 the Army acquired Oxnard Field. During the war years facilities were expanded further and Kirtland Field served as a major Army Air Forces training installation. In the many months leading up to successful detonation of the first atomic bomb , the Trinity test, and delivery of the first airborne atomic weapon, Project Alberta , J. Robert Oppenheimer , Director of Los Alamos Laboratory , and his technical advisor, Hartly Rowe, began looking for

2303-515: Was tested for the Parker Solar Probe mission as the upper stage on an Atlas V 551 vehicle, but the development was canceled, in favor of a Delta IV Heavy / Star 48BV combination. The Star 48GXV boasted a carbon composite casing and nozzle, enabling it to operate at triple the chamber pressure of an ordinary Star 48. It also featured electro-mechanical actuators to gimbal the nozzle, along with digital flight controls. The Star 63

2352-404: Was used for payloads such as Radio Astronomy Explorer , SOLRAD and S3 satellites. The Star 17A ( TE-M-521-5 ) version was used for orbit circularization on Skynet 1 , NATO 1, IMP-H and IMP-J satellites. The Star 20 ( TE-M-640 ) is a solid fuel apogee kick motor , also known as Altair-3A. It was used as a second stage on a Atlas-E/F vehicle launching Stacksat. The TE-M-640 motor

2401-458: Was used on the Syncom 1 , Star 13A ( TE-M-516 ) on LES 1 / 2 , Aurora (P67-1), Orbiscal (P68-1), Lincoln Calibration Sphere 4 , S3-2, Solrad 11A /B, SPX plume generator package, Freja , Meteor and Equator-S , Star C ( TE-M-345-11/12 ) on AMSAT P3A and Star B ( TE-M-763 ) on AMPTE-CCE payloads. The Star 17 ( TE-M-479 ) is a solid fuel apogee kick motor , first launched in 1963. It

#13986