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36-554: [REDACTED] Look up se , SE , Se , 세 , sé , or Sé in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. SE , Se , or Sé may refer to: Abbreviations [ edit ] Standard Edition (e.g. Java Platform, Standard Edition ) Special Edition Second Edition (e.g. Windows 98 Second Edition ) Student Edition Arts and entertainment [ edit ] Sé (album) , by Lúnasa, 2006 Se (instrument) ,

72-506: A general anesthetic such as propofol may be tried; sometimes it is used second after the failure of lorazepam. This would entail putting the person on artificial ventilation . Propofol has been shown to be effective in suppressing the jerks seen in myoclonus status epilepticus. Ketamine , an NMDA antagonist drug, can be used as a last resort for drug-resistant status epilepticus. Lidocaine has been used in cases that do not improve with other more typical medications. One concern

108-452: A 30-minute time limit. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is believed to be under-diagnosed. New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is defined as status epilepticus that does not respond to an anticonvulsant and lacks an obvious cause after two days of investigation. Benzodiazepines are the preferred initial treatment after which typically phenytoin or fosphenytoin is given. First aid guidelines for seizures state that, as

144-425: A Japanese kana Northern Sami language , ISO 639-1 code se Standard English , in linguistics Se (letter) (Ս,ս) an Armenian letter Science and technology [ edit ] Se (unit of measurement) , a Japanese unit of area .se , Internet country code top-level domain for Sweden Se , a text editor Selenium , symbol Se, a chemical element Special Euclidean group Standard error , of

180-656: A history of epilepsy as well as those with an underlying problem of the brain . These underlying brain problems may include trauma, infections, or strokes , among others. Diagnosis often involves checking the blood sugar , imaging of the head, a number of blood tests, and an electroencephalogram . Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures may present similarly to status epilepticus. Other conditions that may also appear to be status epilepticus include low blood sugar , movement disorders, meningitis , and delirium , among others. Status epilepticus can also appear when tuberculous meningitis becomes very severe. Benzodiazepines are

216-472: A longer duration of action than diazepam and a lower propensity for the development of acute tolerance than lorazepam. The use of clonazepam for this indication is not recognized in North America, perhaps because it is not available as an intravenous formulation there. Particularly in children, another popular treatment choice is midazolam, given into the side of the mouth or the nose . Sometimes,

252-452: A prolonged or fragmentary coma . Only 25% of people who experience seizures or status epilepticus have epilepsy. The following is a list of possible causes: Diagnostic criteria vary, though most practitioners diagnose as status epilepticus for: one continuous, unremitting seizure lasting longer than five minutes, or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures for greater than five minutes. Previous definitions used

288-411: A reasonable alternative especially in those who are not in hospital. The benzodiazepine of choice in North America for initial treatment is lorazepam, due to its relatively long duration of action (2–8 hours) when injected, and particularly due to its rapid onset of action, which is thought to be due to its high affinity for GABA receptors and low lipid solubility . This causes the drug to remain in

324-462: A rule, an ambulance should be called for seizures lasting longer than five minutes (or sooner if this is the person's first seizure episode and no precipitating factors are known, or if said SE happens to a person with epilepsy whose seizures were previously absent or well-controlled for a considerable time). When given intravenously, lorazepam appears to be superior to diazepam for stopping seizure activity. Intramuscular midazolam appears to be

360-493: A similar substance(s). While empirically based treatments exist, few head-to-head clinical trials exist, so the best approach remains undetermined. This said, "consensus-based" best practices are offered by the Neurocritical Care Society. Intubation may be required to help maintain the person's airway . Between 10% and 30% of people who have status epilepticus die within 30 days. The underlying cause,

396-474: A station Sé, Hungary Sé, Macau Sé (Angra do Heroísmo) , Terceira, Azores, Portugal Sé (Braga) , Portugal Sé (Bragança) , Faro, Portugal Sé (Funchal) , Madeira, Portugal Sé, Lamego , Portugal Sé (Lisbon) , Portugal Sé, Portalegre, Portugal Sé (Porto) , Portugal SE postcode area , London, England Sergipe (SE), a state of Brazil Sweden , ISO country code SE Language [ edit ] Se (kana) (せ and セ),

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432-478: A statistic Status epilepticus , a medical state of persistent seizure Synthetic environment , a computer simulation iPhone SE , a series of budget smartphones by Apple Macintosh SE , an Apple personal computer Other uses [ edit ] Southeast (direction) S. E. (name) , initials used by several people Lisbon Cathedral , or simply the Sé, Portugal Sé da Guarda , Portugal Split end,

468-934: A traditional Chinese musical instrument Businesses and organizations [ edit ] Societas Europaea , a form of company registered under European Union law Sea Ltd (NYSE: SE), tech conglomerate headquartered in Singapore Slovenské elektrárne , electric utility company in Slovakia XL Airways France , IATA airline designator SE Southeastern (train operating company) , or SE Trains Limited, in England Places [ edit ] Sè, Atlantique , Benin Sè, Mono , Benin Subprefecture of Sé , São Paulo, Brazil Sé (district of São Paulo) Sé (São Paulo Metro) ,

504-632: A type of wide receiver in American football Somatic experiencing , a method of alternative therapy Asüna SE , a compact car marketed in Canada Secondary School Entrance Examination , a standardized examination from 1962 to 1977 See also [ edit ] Single-ended (disambiguation) Windows 11 SE , a computer operating system Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

540-461: Is characterized by an elongated and uncontrollable onsets of seizures in which a regular pattern of contraction and extension of the arms and legs will be observed from the patient. The symptoms can be managed by initially introducing a seizure suppressing medication as the first stage of the treatment, which optimally works only for that stage because any delay will reduce the efficacy of those medications. Convulsive status epilepticus commonly affects

576-456: Is commonly seen in comatose people following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and is seen by some as an indication of catastrophic damage to the neocortex ; myoclonus status in this situation can usually (but not always) be considered an agonal phenomenon. Refractory status epilepticus is defined as status epilepticus that continues despite treatment with benzodiazepines and one antiepileptic drug . Super-refractory status epilepticus

612-410: Is defined as status epilepticus that continues or recurs 24 hours or more after the onset of anaesthetic therapy, including those cases where status epilepticus recurs on the reduction or withdrawal of anesthesia. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is a relatively long duration change in a person's level of consciousness without large-scale bending and extension of the limbs due to seizure activity. It

648-441: Is needed to differentiate between the two conditions. The cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus are characterized by a long-lasting stupor , staring, and unresponsiveness. Recent studies indicated 50% of cases involve patients that are semi-conscious in a way that they can respond but are confused spontaneously. Only 6% have shown a decelerated thought process. About 44% of cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus are marked by

684-403: Is no clear structure of the symptoms; since they range from gastrointestinal to flu-like symptoms, which are considered to be mild and only represent 10%, while the remaining majority of 90% of the clinical cases were unknown. It was found that it takes a period of 1 to 14 days for the patient to reach the prodromal stage in which the episode is yet to come for the first time. It was found that

720-560: Is not available in an intravenous formulation, and does not play a role in status epilepticus. It was found that all of valproate, phenobarbital, fosphenytoin (phenytoin), midazolam or levetiracetam are considered to the second line drugs after benzodiazepine is used as the first line treatment. It was found that especially valproate in contrast to antiepileptic drugs is more effective to the treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus and more commonly used for it. If this proves ineffective or if barbiturates cannot be used for some reason, then

756-404: Is of two main types with either prolonged complex partial seizures or absence seizures . Up to a quarter of cases of SE are nonconvulsive. In the case of complex partial status epilepticus , the seizure is confined to a small area of the brain, normally the temporal lobe . Absence status epilepticus is marked by a generalized seizure affecting the whole brain. An electroencephalogram (EEG)

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792-406: Is that seizures often begin again 30 minutes after it is stopped. Additionally, it is not recommended in those with heart or liver problems. While sources vary, about 16 to 20% of first-time SE patients die; with other sources indicating between 10 and 30% of such patients die within 30 days. Further, 10-50% of first-time SE patients experience lifelong disabilities. In the 30% mortality figure,

828-593: Is the agent of choice. That said, even when benzodiazepines are available, certain algorithms–including in the United States–indicate the use of phenobarbital as a second- or third-line treatment in SE. Such use is adjunctive . At least one U.S. study showed phenobarbital, when used alone, controlled about 60% of seizures, hence its preference as an add-on therapy. Valproate is available to be given intravenously, and may be used for status epilepticus. Carbamazepine

864-575: The United States , about 40 cases of SE occur annually per 100,000 people. This includes about 10–20% of all first seizures. Prevalence It was found that status epilepticus is more prevalent among African Americans than Caucasian Americans by threefold in North London, and that Asian children have recorded a relatively higher susceptibility of developing the more severe form of febrile seizures . These ethnic distribution rates indicate

900-467: The vascular compartment . If lorazepam is not available, or intravenous access is not possible, then diazepam should be given. Alternatively, medication, such as glucagon , should be given through the bone (intraosseously). In several countries outside North America, such as the Netherlands , intravenous clonazepam is regarded as the drug of first choice. Cited advantages of clonazepam include

936-426: The elderly and young children, with a mortality rate of up to 20–30% of elderly patients and 0–3% of young children. Patients who survive initial onset are often left with cognitive and neurological defects. Epilepsia partialis continua is a variant involving hour-, day-, or even week-long jerking. It is a consequence of vascular disease , tumors , or encephalitis , and is drug-resistant. Generalized myoclonus

972-445: The failure of lorazepam alone is considered to be enough to classify a case of SE as refractory–that is, resistant to treatment. Phenytoin was once another first-line therapy, although the prodrug fosphenytoin can be administered three times as fast and with far fewer injection site reactions. If these or any other hydantoin derivatives are used, then cardiac monitoring is necessary if they are administered intravenously. Because

1008-415: The frequency of those initial seizures starts from a short and inconsistent seizures that lasts for a few hours and may extend to few days. It can simply strike to hundreds of seizures per day, which is the stage that needed an urgent medical intervene in which the patient expected to be in the intensive care unit (ICU) as soon as possible. Typically focal seizures are the most common among those cases. In

1044-458: The genetic contribution to the susceptibility of status epilepticus. Also, studies have shown that status epilepticus is more common in males. Aetiology Many studies have found out that age is the most related factor to the etiology of status epilepticus, since 52% of febrile seizures was found in children, while for adults acute cerebralvascular cases was more common, side by side with hypoxia and other metabolic causes. Allopregnanolone

1080-487: The great majority of these people have an underlying brain condition causing their status seizure such as brain tumor , brain infection, brain trauma, or stroke . People with diagnosed epilepsy who have a status seizure also have an increased risk of death if their condition is not stabilized quickly, their medication and sleep regimen adapted and adhered to, and stress and other stimulant (seizure trigger) levels controlled. However, with optimal neurological care, adherence to

1116-407: The hydantoins are not an option. These are used to induce a barbituric coma. The barbiturate most commonly used for this is phenobarbital . Thiopental or pentobarbital may also be used for that purpose if the seizures have to be stopped immediately or if the person has already been compromised by the underlying illness or toxic/metabolic-induced seizures; however, in those situations, thiopental

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1152-550: The hydantoins take 15–30 minutes to work, a benzodiazepine or barbiturate is often coadministered. Because of diazepam's short duration of action, they were often administered together anyway. At present, these remain recommended second-line, follow-up treatments in the acute setting per guidelines by groups like Neurocritical Care Society (United States). Before the benzodiazepines were invented, barbiturates were used for purposes similar to benzodiazepines in general. Some are still used today in SE , for instance, if benzodiazepines or

1188-481: The medication regimen, and a good prognosis (no other underlying uncontrolled brain or other organic disease), the person—even people who have been diagnosed with epilepsy—in otherwise good health can survive with minimal or no brain damage, and can decrease risk of death and even avoid future seizures. Prognosis of refractory status epilepticus A different prognosis method was developed for refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Prognosis studies have shown that there

1224-426: The person's age, and the length of the seizure are important factors in the outcome. Status epilepticus occurs in up to 40 per 100,000 people per year. Those with status epilepticus make up about 1% of people who visit the emergency department. Status epilepticus can be divided into two categories: convulsive and nonconvulsive (NCSE). Convulsive status epilepticus presents an urgent neurological condition , which

1260-474: The preferred initial treatment, after which typically phenytoin is given. Possible benzodiazepines include intravenous lorazepam as well as intramuscular injections of midazolam . A number of other medications may be used if these are not effective, such as phenobarbital , propofol , or ketamine . After initial treatment with benzodiazepines, typical antiseizure drugs should be given, including valproic acid (valproate), fosphenytoin , levetiracetam , or

1296-686: The title Se . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Se&oldid=1251948896 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages se">se The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Status epilepticus Status epilepticus may occur in those with

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