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39-637: The Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe is an unrecognized organization . This organization is neither a federally recognized tribe nor a state-recognized tribe . In 1997, the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs issued a letter "reaffirming the Recognition of the Seaconke Wampanoag people." The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs lacks the authority to grant state-recognition to unrecognized Indian groups, as recognition

78-732: A 6.7-acre lot in Cumberland, Rhode Island , to the organization, in the care of Wilfred Green. The land, part of the Peterson/Puritan, Inc. site, had hazardous waste and was designated as superfund site by the EPA . Wilfred Green sent a letter of intent to petition for federal recognition as a Native American tribe on behalf of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe, then based in Greenwich, Rhode Island , in 1998. However,

117-547: A rationale for why Indigenous people were discouraged to participate in the Genographic Project. According to Harry, a Northern Paiute Native American and Associate Professor in Indigenous Studies at Nevada University, the Genographic Project resulted in a human genetic testing practice that appeared to mask an ulterior motive rather than mere scientific research. Particularly, the great concern about

156-626: Is a list of groups known to self-identify as Caribbean Indigenous tribes but that have been recognized neither by the federal government ( Bureau of Indian Affairs ) nor by any state, territory or tribal government. Genographic Project The Genographic Project , launched on 13 April 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM , was a genetic anthropological study (sales discontinued on 31 May 2019) that aimed to map historical human migrations patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples. The final phase of

195-449: Is a term for "groups that have no federal designation and are not accepted as sovereign entities under U.S. law," which includes state-recognized tribes. "An additional sub-designation under this classification are 'Federally Non-Recognized' tribes, which includes groups that have previously held federal recognition, either under governments prior to the U.S. Federal Government or as Nations that are no longer in existence and/or no longer meet

234-605: Is outside of the scope of the Commission as detailed in Executive Order 126. Wilfred "Eagle Heart" Greene (1937–2016), an early leader of this group, identified as being a descendant of Ousamequin ( Wampanoag , c. 1581–1661), more commonly known as Massasoit . The group "claims to consist of descendants of Massasoit's band." The group also identifies as being descendants of Annawan , a Wampanoag leader who died in 1676. Lois "Lulu" Viera Chaffee (1941–2021) of Seekonk

273-593: Is seeking to promote benefits from scientific research. This includes supporting, organization and dissemination of personal DNA (genetic) testing. The ISOGG supports citizen participation in genetic research, and believes such volunteers have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community. In a 2013 speech to the Southern California Genealogical Society, Spencer Wells discussed its encouragement of citizen scientists. He said: Since 2005,

312-689: The Seaconke Wampanoag organized as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in Cranston, Rhode Island . Michael Markley was the secretary in 2020, and Robert Harris was treasurer in 2021. The group's assets were $ 36,836 in 2020. In 1998, the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe–Wampanoag Nation organized as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in Warwick, Rhode Island . Wilfred Green was the agent. In 1998, Wilfred W. Greene III

351-754: The United States Department of the Interior , Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of Federal Acknowledgment (OFA), United States Department of the Interior Office of the Solicitor (SOL), and are not recognized by any state government in the United States. Some of the organizations are regarded as fraudulent. Some organizations are described as Corporations Posing as Indigenous Nations (CPAIN). Non-recognized tribes

390-678: The contiguous United States , especially Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands , that identify as having Caribbean Indigenous heritage and which also lack formal recognition. Groups outside the 48 contiguous states and Alaska are currently ineligible for federal recognition. Some of these groups are represented on the International Indian Treaty Council under the United Confederation of Taíno People , which has campaigned nationally and at

429-603: The "Recognition and Reaffirmation of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe". The Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe is a member of the National Congress of American Indians , who lists it as being "State Recognized" and part of the Northeast Region. In 2021, Rhode Island State Representative Camille F.J. Vella-Wilkinson introduced House Bill 5385 for state recognition of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe, which died in committee. Rhode Island House Bill 7470, an act that "recognizes

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468-613: The Construction of Whiteness as Property": "Interestingly, this article is unlikely to contribute to scientific understandings of ancient migrations to the Americas. The Seaconke Wampanoag who were sampled largely trace to European and African populations. Indeed they were shown to have no “maternal Native American lineages” and only one “Native American” paternal haplotype in an individual with known Cherokee male ancestry (Zhadanov et al. 2010:586).". However, they further state "Instead,

507-412: The Genographic Project has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of " citizen scientist ." Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the power of the crowd to discover new details of human population history. Shortly after

546-573: The Genographic Project. Ultimately, TallBear's argument is in close agreement with Harry's concerns regarding the Genographic Project and serves as a significant force motivating IPCB to advocate against Biocolonialism. In May 2006, the project came to the attention of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). UNPFII conducted investigations into the objectives of the Genographic Project, and recommended that National Geographic and other sponsors suspend

585-406: The Genographic Project. The latter involved the high probability of genetic testing results producing errors such as false negatives and positives that lead to the misidentification of Native people as non-Native and vice versa. Another negative consequence expressed by TallBear is the risk that an individual's cultural identity can be conclusively established through biocolonialist projects such as

624-468: The Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe never submitted a completed petition for federal recognition. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Commission on Indian Affairs was created by state law in 1974; however, it was not given the authority to formally designate state-recognized tribes . John "Slow Turtle" Peters ( Mashpee Wampanoag , ca. 1929–1997), executive director of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, signed

663-481: The Seaconke Wampanoag tribe as a Native American tribe , was introduced on February 11, 2022. Since March 1, 2022, the bill has been "held for further study" by committee. On January 24, 2024, Rhode Island Senate Bill 2238 was introduce to recognize "the Seaconke Wampanoag tribe as a Native American Indian tribe for the limited purpose of assisting this tribe in establishing eligibility for federal benefits and privileges." On February 2, 2024, Rhode Island House Bill 7477

702-649: The United Nations for the United States to recognize such groups. Following is a list of groups known to self-identify as Native American tribes but that are not recognized by the U.S. federal government ( Bureau of Indian Affairs ) or by any state government. South Carolina recognizes some Native American entities as groups or special interest organizations, but not as tribes. Unrecognized organizations include: As journalists Graham Lee Brewer (Cherokee Nation) and Tristan Ahtone (Kiowa) reported, Texas has "no legal mechanism to recognize tribes." Following

741-552: The announcement of the project in April 2005, the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) noted its connections to controversial issues (such as concern among some tribes that the results of genetic human migration studies might indicate that Native Americans are not indigenous to North America). The IPCB recommended against indigenous people participating. The founder of IPCB, Debra Harry, offered

780-496: The article is notable for its insightful treatment of nongenetic Wampanoag history and the fact that it was coauthored by Genographic Project scientists and Wampanoag tribal members." The Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe host an annual powwow in Rehoboth, Massachusetts . They have hosted their powwow since 1996. Professional boxer Kali Reis " KO Mequinonoag " is a member of the Seaconke Wampanoag. The name she boxes under, Mequinonoag,

819-539: The complete absence of Native American mDNA among the Seaconke Wampanoag came as a great surprise to me, given the usual direction of intermarriage between African and European American incomers and Native American women." Sykes also includes that "in one way this result demolishes the genetic definition of race" and "this only goes to show how incompetent DNA really is at assigning individuals to discrete categories." Jenny Reardon and Kim TallBear quote these findings in "“Your DNA Is Our History”: Genomics, Anthropology, and

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858-530: The criteria as a Nation to have sovereignty status." Indigenous communities in the Pacific such as Native Hawaiians , Samoan Americans , Chamorro people of Guam , and Indigenous peoples of the Northern Mariana Islands are classified as Pacific Indigenous Communities and are not organized into tribes. This list also includes some groups from non-sovereign U.S. territories outside

897-415: The current phase of the Genographic Project. As compared to earlier phases which used nine regional affiliations, Geno 2.0 Next Generation analyzes modern-day indigenous populations around the world using either 18 or 22 regional affiliations. Utilizing a DNA-collection kit, Helix acquires a saliva sample from a participant, which is then analyzed for genomic identifiers that offer unprecedented insight into

936-426: The indigenous participation in the project. Another comment made by IPCB founder Debra Harry was that the Genographic Project served as a method to discredit kin relations through the possibility that ancestral identities may be invalidated and to deny Indigenous peoples’ access and authority over the resource-rich territories that they had for long inhabited. The IPCB also identified another attempt at biocolonialism in

975-562: The latter. For organizations that are recognized by the government of the United States as Native American tribes and tribal nations, see List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States and List of Alaska Native tribal entities . For groups that are recognized by state governments as Native American tribes, see State-recognized tribes in the United States . Many of these organizations are not accepted as being Native American by established Native American tribes. Exceptions exist, including tribes whose previous recognition

1014-417: The mDNA lineages are of either European or African origin, while the patrilineal Y chromosomes show a range of Native American, European, and African lineages plus one surprise from New Guinea." He continued that "genealogical reconstruction showed that the single Native American Y chromosome was most likely introduced into the tribe by a Cherokee incomer several generations back." He wrote further: "In contrast,

1053-470: The new chip was a collaborative effort between Wells of National Geographic, Eran Elhaik of Johns Hopkins , Family Tree DNA , and Illumina . In August of 2015, a new chip was designed as a joint effort between Vilar, Genographic Lead Scientist, and Family Tree DNA. In the spring of 2019, it was announced that the Geno project had ended, but results would remain available online until 2020. In July 2020

1092-470: The paternal side, Y-chromosome analysis identified a range of Native American, West Eurasian, and African haplogroups in the population, and also surprisingly revealed the presence of a paternal lineage that appears at its highest frequencies in New Guinea and Melanesia ." The human geneticist Bryan Sykes (1947–2020) wrote in "DNA USA: A Genetic Portrait of America": "On the matrilineal side, all of

1131-717: The person's genetic origins. The data is then uploaded to the Genographic Project DNA database. From 2005 to 2019 Genographic engaged volunteers (in fieldwork and providing DNA samples) and citizen science projects. During this time the National Geographic Society sold non-profit self-testing kits to members of the general public who wished to participate in the project as "citizen scientists". Such outreach for public participation in research has been encouraged by organizations such as International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG), which

1170-613: The possible political interest behind the Genographic Project, motivated the IPCB to preemptively alert the global indigenous community on the “not so altruistic motivations” of the project. Additionally, IPCB argues that the Genographic project not only provides no direct benefit to Indigenous peoples but instead raises considerable risks. Such risks, raised by Harry in an interview released in December 2005, were used to advocate against

1209-476: The project was Geno 2.0 Next Generation. Upon retirement of the site, 1,006,543 participants in over 140 countries had joined the project. Created and led by project director Spencer Wells in 2005, the Genographic Project was a privately funded, not-for-profit collaboration between the National Geographic Society , IBM and the Waitt Foundation. Field researchers at eleven regional centers around

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1248-419: The project. Concerns were that the knowledge gleaned from the research could clash with long-held beliefs of indigenous peoples and threaten their cultures. There were also concerns that indigenous claims to land rights and other resources could be threatened. As of December 2006 , some federally recognized tribes in the United States declined to take part in the study including Maurice Foxx, chairman of

1287-469: The site was retired. The autosomal admixture analysis developed by Wells and Elhaik classifies individuals by assessing their proportions of genomic ancestry related to nine ancestral regions: East Asian , Mediterranean , Southern African , Southwest Asian , Oceanian , Southeast Asian , Northern European , Sub-Saharan African and Native American . In 2016, the project began utilizing cutting-edge Helix DNA sequencing for Geno 2.0 Next Generation,

1326-529: The world began by collecting DNA samples from indigenous populations. Since the fall of 2015, the Project was led by Miguel Vilar. In fall 2012, the Genographic Project announced the completion of a new genotyping array, dedicated to genetic anthropology , called GenoChip . GenoChip is specifically designed for anthropological testing and includes SNPs from autosomal DNA , X-chromosome DNA, Y-chromosome DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The design of

1365-640: Was terminated , especially in California under the California Rancheria Termination Acts . Certain historic tribes in California signed treaties in 1851 and 1852 that the U.S. Senate secretly rejected after being pressured by the state of California; many of these historic tribes remain unrecognized. The following groups claim to be of Native American, which includes American Indian and Alaska Native , or Métis heritage by ethnicity but have no federal recognition through

1404-572: Was also a founding member of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe. Seaconke is spelled in many different ways and is the name of a town, Seekonk, Massachusetts , and the Seekonk River , near Providence, Rhode Island . It also means "home of the black goose". The placename comes from the name of a 17th-century Narragansett sachem (leader). The Wampanoag are an Algonquian language -speaking Native American tribe in New England . In 1997,

1443-766: Was given to her by her mother, who is the "medicine woman" of the organization. List of unrecognized tribes in the United States These organizations, located within the United States, self-identify as Native American tribes , heritage groups, or descendant communities, but they are not federally recognized or state-recognized as Native American tribes. The U.S. Governmental Accountability Office states: "Non-federally recognized tribes fall into two distinct categories: (1) state-recognized tribes that are not also federally recognized and (2) other groups that self-identify as Indian tribes but are neither federally nor state recognized." The following list includes

1482-586: Was introduced with the same stated purpose. In 2005, researchers from the Genographic Project , Zhadanov et al., analyzed genetic variation among members of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Their research revealed "that the majority of their mtDNA haplotypes belongs to West Eurasian and African lineages, thus reflecting the extent of their contacts and interactions with people of European and African descent. On

1521-474: Was president, and Stasia Constantino served as director. The nonprofit status was revoked first in 2012 and again in 2018. In Greene v. Rhode Island (2003), Wilfred W. Greene sued Rhode Island and the towns of Cumberland and Woonsocket in U.S. District Court. He claimed 34-square miles of land near the Blackstone River ; however, the case was dismissed. In 2008, Patrick and Gail Conley donated

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