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95-403: " Second Circle " is a song by American electro-industrial band Finite Automata . It was released on May 1, 2015 by the band as a self-release in digital format , and licensed to Beyond Therapy Records . The track is a reference to the Second Circle of Hell according to Dante's Inferno , and deals with the concept of perversion and blind lust as a means of control. Originally intended as

190-580: A "piece of ambient-pop" by the music journalist David Buckley in David Bowie: The Music and The Changes , as it prominently incorporates a motorik drum rhythm, electronically processed guitars and a simplistic melody. Dream pop band Slowdive 's 1995 album Pygmalion was a major departure from the band's usual sound, heavily incorporating elements of ambient electronica and psychedelia with hypnotic, repetitive rhythms, influencing many ambient pop bands and subsequently being regarded as

285-583: A Throbbing Gristle fan was like enrolling in a university course of cultural extremism." John Cage was an initial inspiration for Throbbing Gristle. SPK appreciated Jean Dubuffet , Marcel Duchamp , Jean Baudrillard , Michel Foucault , Walter Benjamin , Marshall McLuhan , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Gilles Deleuze , as well as being inspired by the manifesto of the eponymous Socialist Patients' Collective . Cabaret Voltaire took conceptual cues from Burroughs, J. G. Ballard , and Tristan Tzara . Whitehouse and Nurse with Wound dedicated some of their work to

380-450: A cacophony of repetitive sounds. In Boston, Sleep Chamber and other artists from Inner-X-Musick began experimenting with a mixture of powerful noise and early forms of EBM . In Italy, work by Maurizio Bianchi at the beginning of the 1980s also shared this aesthetic. In Germany, Einstürzende Neubauten mixed metal percussion, guitars, and unconventional instruments (such as jackhammers and bones) in stage performances that often damaged

475-730: A cassette library including recordings by The Master Musicians of Joujouka , Kraftwerk , Charles Manson , and William S. Burroughs . P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock such as the Doors , Pearls Before Swine , the Fugs , Captain Beefheart , and Frank Zappa in a 1979 interview. The dissonant electronic work of krautrock groups like Faust and Neu! was an influence on industrial artists. Chris Carter also enjoyed and found inspiration in Pink Floyd and Tangerine Dream . Boyd Rice

570-596: A certain degree of acclaim throughout the years, especially in the Internet age . Due to its relatively open style, ambient music often takes influences from many other genres, ranging from classical , avant-garde music , experimental music , folk , jazz , and world music , amongst others. As an early 20th-century French composer, Erik Satie used such Dadaist -inspired explorations to create an early form of ambient/background music that he labeled " furniture music " ( Musique d'ameublement ). This he described as being

665-411: A composition. Shaeffer's techniques of using tape loops and splicing are considered to be the precursor to modern day sampling . In 1952, John Cage released his famous three- movement composition 4'33 which is a performance of complete silence for four minutes and thirty-three seconds. The piece is intended to capture the ambient sounds of the venue/location of the performance and have that be

760-521: A computer-analog hybrid system called GROOVE. In 1977, her composition, Music of the Spheres was included on Voyager 1 and 2's Golden Record . In April 1975, Suzanne Ciani gave two performances on her Buchla synthesizer – one at the WBAI Free music store and one at Phil Niblock's loft. These performances were released on an archival album in 2016 entitled Buchla Concerts 1975 . According to

855-444: A distinct style of ambient electronic music that would later be developed into ambient house music. The English producer Brian Eno is credited with coining the term "ambient music" in the mid-1970s. He said other artists had been creating similar music, but that "I just gave it a name. Which is exactly what it needed ... By naming something you create a difference. You say that this is now real. Names are very important." He used

950-683: A distinctive sound tool". By the late 2000s to present, ambient music also gained widespread recognition on YouTube , with uploaded pieces, usually ranging from one to eight hours long, getting over millions of hits. Such videos are usually titled, or are generally known as, "relaxing music", and may be influenced by other music genres . Ambient videos assist online listeners with yoga , study , sleep (see music and sleep ), massage , meditation and gaining optimism , inspiration, and creating peaceful atmosphere in their rooms or other environments. Many uploaded ambient videos tend to be influenced by biomusic where they feature sounds of nature , though

1045-530: A friend of Coil's, formed Current 93 , alongside Douglas P. of Death In June , Steven Stapleton and Fritz Catlin of 23 Skidoo ; both Coil and Current 93 were inspired by amphetamines and LSD. J. G. Thirlwell , a co-producer with Coil, developed a version of black comedy in industrial music, borrowing from lounge as well as noise and film music . In the early 1980s, the Chicago-based record label Wax Trax! and Canada's Nettwerk helped to expand

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1140-587: A landmark album in the genre; Pitchfork critic Nitsuh Abebe described the album's songs as "ambient pop dreams that have more in common with post-rock [bands] like Disco Inferno than shoegazers like Ride ". The genre continued to stylistically progress in the 2000s with bands including Sweet Trip , Múm , Broadcast , Dntel and his project the Postal Service . Brian Eno's original vision of ambient music as unobtrusive musical wallpaper, later fused with warm house rhythms and given playful qualities by

1235-475: A locomotive bell, a pneumatic drill and a compressed-air tank". Though these compositions are not directly tied to what the genre would become, they are early examples of music designed to mimic machinery noise and factory atmosphere. Early examples of industrial music are arguably found in Pierre Schaeffer 's 1940s musique concrète and the tape music of Halim El-Dabh , the former of which is akin to

1330-479: A long list of obscure free improvisation and Krautrock as recommended listening. 23 Skidoo borrowed from Fela Kuti and Miles Davis's On the Corner . Many industrial groups, including Einstürzende Neubauten , took inspiration from world music . Many of the initial industrial musicians preferred to cite artists or thinkers, rather than musicians, as their inspiration. Simon Reynolds declares that "Being

1425-483: A part in popularising and diversifying ambient music where it was used as a calming respite from the intensity of the hardcore and techno popular at that time. Other global ambient artists from the 1990s include American composers Stars of the Lid (who released 5 albums during this decade), and Japanese artist Susumu Yokota whose album Sakura (1999) featured what Pitchfork magazine called "dreamy, processed guitar as

1520-669: A platinum-selling album each in the 1990s . Industrial music drew from a broad range of predecessors. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the genre was first named in 1942 when The Musical Quarterly called Dmitri Shostakovich's 1927 Symphony No. 2 "the high tide of 'industrial music'." Similarly, in 1972, The New York Times described works by Ferde Grofé (especially 1935's A Symphony in Steel ) as part of "his 'industrial music' genre [that] called on such instruments as four pairs of shoes, two brooms,

1615-708: A response to world music. Performing at the first WOMAD Festival in 1982, the group likened themselves to Indonesian gamelan . Swedish act Leather Nun were signed to Industrial Records in 1978, being the first non-TG/Cazazza act to have an IR-release. Their singles eventually received significant airplay in the United States on college radio . Across the Atlantic, similar experiments were taking place. In San Francisco, performance artist Monte Cazazza began recording noise music . Boyd Rice released several albums of noise, with guitar drones and tape loops creating

1710-439: A sense of "continuum of spatial imagery and emotion", beneficial introspection, deep listening and sensations of floating, cruising or flying. Space music is used by individuals for both background enhancement and foreground listening, often with headphones, to stimulate relaxation, contemplation, inspiration and generally peaceful expansive moods and soundscapes . Space music is also a component of many film soundtracks and

1805-514: A slide in order to produce glissandi , or pounded the strings as if it were a percussion instrument. Throbbing Gristle also played at very high volume and produced ultra-high and sub-bass frequencies in an attempt to produce physical effects, naming this approach as "metabolic music." Vocals were sporadic, and were as likely to be bubblegum pop as they were to be abrasive polemics . Cabaret Voltaire's Stephen Mallinder's vocals were electronically treated. The purpose of industrial music initially

1900-488: A space to think. Ambient Music must be able to accommodate many levels of listening attention without enforcing one in particular; it must be as ignorable as it is interesting. Eno, who describes himself as a "non-musician", termed his experiments "treatments" rather than traditional performances. In the late 70s, new-age musician Laraaji began busking in New York parks and sidewalks, including Washington Square Park. It

1995-468: A style they eventually called power electronics . An early collaborator with Whitehouse, Steve Stapleton, formed Nurse with Wound, who experimented with noise sculpture and sound collage. Clock DVA described their goal as borrowing equally from surrealist automatism and "nervous energy sort of funk stuff, body music that flinches you and makes you move." 23 Skidoo, like Clock DVA, merged industrial music with African-American dance music, but also performed

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2090-455: A subgenre of vaporwave , features various ambient influences, with artists such as Cat System Corp. and Groceries exploring ambient sounds typical of malls and grocery stores. Ambient dub is a fusion of ambient music with dub . The term was first coined by Birmingham 's now defunct label "Beyond Records" in early 1990s. The label released series of albums Ambient Dub Volume 1 to 4 that inspired many artists, including Bill Laswell , who used

2185-650: A variety of industrial forefathers and created a lurching, impalatable whole from many pieces. Swans , from New York City, also practiced a metal music aesthetic, though reliant on standard rock instrumentation. Laibach, a Slovenian group who began while Yugoslavia remained a single state, were very controversial for their iconographic borrowings from Stalinist , Nazi , Titoist , Dada , and Russian Futurist imagery, conflating Yugoslav patriotism with its German authoritarian adversary. Slavoj Žižek has defended Laibach, arguing that they and their associated Neue Slowenische Kunst art group practice an overidentification with

2280-463: Is another form of ambient house music. Ambient techno is a music category emerging in the late 1980s that is used to describe ambient music atmospheres with the rhythmic and melodic elements of techno . Notable artists include Aphex Twin , B12 , Autechre , and the Black Dog . Ambient industrial is a hybrid genre of industrial and ambient music. A "typical" ambient industrial work (if there

2375-443: Is being wasted here to destroy the morality of our society" and blasted the group as "wreckers of civilization." The group announced their dissolution in 1981, declaring that their "mission" has been "terminated." Chicago record label Wax Trax! Records was prominent in the widespread attention industrial music received starting in the early 1980s. The label was started by Jim Nash and Dannie Flesher. The label's first official release

2470-552: Is commonly used in planetariums , as a relaxation aid and for meditation . Examples of films with soundtracks that feature some, or extensive, usage of ambient music include, Forbidden Planet (1956), THX 1138 (1971), Solaris (1972), Blade Runner (1982), The Thing (1982), Dune (1984), Heathers (1988), Akira (1988), Ghost in the Shell (1995), Titanic (1997), Traffic (2000), Donnie Darko (2001), Solaris (2002), The Passion of

2565-637: Is interesting", however, in early years, there were artists that were pioneers in this genre, like Jean-Michel Jarre , Vangelis , Mike Oldfield , Wendy Carlos , Kraftwerk , etc. It saw a revival towards the late 1980s with the prominence of house and techno music , growing a cult following by the 1990s. Ambient music may have elements of new-age music and drone music , as some works may use sustained or repeated notes. Ambient music did not achieve large commercial success, being criticized as everything from "dolled-up new age, [..] to boring and irrelevant technical noodling". Nevertheless, it has attained

2660-455: Is like a long echo delay, looping through time...turning the rational order of musical sequences into an ocean of sensation." Notable artists within the genre include Dreadzone , Higher Intelligence Agency , the Orb , Gaudi , Ott , Loop Guru , Woob and Transglobal Underground as well as Banco de Gaia and Leyland Kirby Ambient house is a musical category founded in the late 1980s that

2755-403: Is produced by stripping away all sense of doubt and uncertainty (and thus all genuine interest) from the music, Ambient Music retains these qualities. And whereas their intention is to "brighten" the environment by adding stimulus to it (thus supposedly alleviating the tedium of routine tasks and leveling out the natural ups and downs of the body rhythms) Ambient Music is intended to induce calm and

2850-425: Is such a thing) might consist of evolving dissonant harmonies of metallic drones and resonances, extreme low frequency rumbles and machine noises, perhaps supplemented by gongs , percussive rhythms, bullroarers , distorted voices or anything else the artist might care to sample (often processed to the point where the original sample is no longer recognizable). Entire works may be based on radio telescope recordings,

2945-411: Is used to describe acid house featuring ambient music elements and atmospheres. Tracks in the ambient house genre typically feature four-on-the-floor beats, synth pads , and vocal samples integrated in an atmospheric style. Ambient house tracks generally lack a diatonic center and feature much atonality along with synthesized chords. The Dutch Brainvoyager is an example of this genre. Illbient

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3040-482: The Chicago -based Wax Trax! Records imprint. Electro-industrial music is a primary subgenre that developed in the 1980s, with the most notable bands in the genre being Front Line Assembly and Skinny Puppy . The two other most notable hybrid genres are industrial rock and industrial metal , which include bands such as Nine Inch Nails , Ministry , Rammstein , and Fear Factory , the first three of which released

3135-570: The Marquis de Sade ; the latter also took impetus from the Comte de Lautréamont . Another influence on the industrial aesthetic was Lou Reed's Metal Machine Music . Pitchfork Music cites this album as "inspiring, in part, much of the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, in particular." The album consists entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating industrial's use of non-musical sounds. The New York Times described American avant-garde band

3230-553: The San Francisco Tape Music Centre , Pauline Oliveros coined the term " deep listening " after she recorded an album inside a huge underground cistern in Washington which has a 45-second reverberation time. The concept of Deep Listening then went on to become "an aesthetic based upon principles of improvisation, electronic music, ritual, teaching and meditation". By the early 1990s, artists such as

3325-399: The occult . Prominent industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza , SPK , Boyd Rice , Cabaret Voltaire , and Z'EV . On Throbbing Gristle's 1977 debut album, The Second Annual Report , they coined the slogan "industrial music for industrial people." The industrial music scene also developed strongly in Chicago , with the city's Wax Trax! Records at one point leading

3420-406: The tripping mind. British artists such as Aphex Twin (specifically: Selected Ambient Works Volume II , 1994), Global Communication ( 76:14 , 1994), The Future Sound of London ( Lifeforms , 1994, ISDN , 1994), the Black Dog ( Temple of Transparent Balls , 1993), Autechre ( Incunabula , 1993, Amber , 1994), Boards of Canada , and The KLF 's Chill Out , (1990), all took

3515-694: The "experimentation in sonic assault, noise, and chance sound (including transistor radios )" on their debut album AMMMusic (1967) would "reach the rock fringes in the work of industrial groups like Test Dept ". Cromagnon 's album Orgasm (1969) has been cited by AllMusic's Alex Henderson as foreshadowing industrial, noise rock and no wave , with the track "Caledonia" resembling "a Ministry or Revolting Cocks recording from 1989". The 1970 album Klopfzeichen by krautrock band Kluster has also been called an early precursor of industrial music. In 1981, music critic Lester Bangs referenced "the Sounds of

3610-556: The '90s, it's a very nebulous term; many artists enter or leave the style with each successive release. Related styles include ambient industrial (see below) and isolationist ambient. Space music, also spelled "Spacemusic", includes music from the ambient genre as well as a broad range of other genres with certain characteristics in common to create the experience of contemplative spaciousness. Space music ranges from simple to complex sonic textures sometimes lacking conventional melodic, rhythmic, or vocal components, generally evoking

3705-467: The 1960s and 1970s, when new musical instruments were being introduced to a wider market, such as the synthesizer. It was presaged by Erik Satie 's furniture music and styles such as musique concrète , minimal music , Jamaican dub reggae and German electronic music , but was prominently named and popularized by British musician Brian Eno in 1978 with his album Ambient 1: Music for Airports ; Eno opined that ambient music "must be as ignorable as it

3800-485: The 1990s, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson had several albums and EPs certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) , including Nine Inch Nails' Broken (1992), The Downward Spiral (1994) and The Fragile (1999) , and Marilyn Manson's Antichrist Superstar (1996) and Mechanical Animals (1998). Ambient music The genre originated in

3895-532: The 1990s, industrial music broke into the mainstream. The genre, previously ignored or criticized by music journalists, grew popular with disaffected middle-class youth in suburban and rural areas. By this time, the genre had become broad enough that journalist James Greer called it "the kind of meaningless catch-all term that new wave once was". A number of acts associated with industrial music achieved commercial success during this period including Nine Inch Nails , Marilyn Manson , Rammstein and Orgy . Through

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3990-526: The Cabaret Voltaire members' individual contributions as " [Chris] Watson 's smears of synth slime; [Stephen] Mallinder 's dankly pulsing bass; and [Richard H.] Kirk 's spikes of shattered-glass guitar." Watson custom-built a fuzzbox for Kirk's guitar, producing a unique timbre . Carter built speakers, effects units, and synthesizer modules, as well as modifying more conventional rock instrumentation, for Throbbing Gristle. Tutti played guitar with

4085-497: The Junkyard" (1964), an album made up of industrial field recordings released by Folkways Records , in his guide to "horrible noise". In the book Interrogation Machine: Laibach and NSK , Alexei Monroe argues that Kraftwerk were particularly significant in the development of industrial music, as the "first successful artists to incorporate representations of industrial sounds into nonacademic electronic music." Industrial music

4180-531: The Looking Glass in two days. She performed all parts on the album, with diverse instrumentation including percussion, marimba, gong, reed organ, bells, ocarina, vibraphone, piano and glass Coca-Cola bottles. Between 1988 and 1993, Éliane Radigue produced three hour-long works on the ARP 2500 which were subsequently issued together as La Trilogie De La Mort . Also in 1988, founding member and director of

4275-621: The Orb , Aphex Twin , Seefeel , the Irresistible Force , Biosphere , and the Higher Intelligence Agency gained commercial success and were being referred to by the popular music press as ambient house , ambient techno , IDM or simply "ambient". The term chillout emerged from British ecstasy culture which was originally applied in relaxed downtempo "chillout rooms" outside of the main dance floor where ambient, dub and downtempo beats were played to ease

4370-666: The Orb in the 1990s, found its opposite in the style known as dark ambient. Populated by a wide assortment of personalities—ranging from older industrial and metal experimentalists ( Scorn 's Mick Harris , Current 93 's David Tibet , Nurse with Wound 's Steven Stapleton ) to electronic boffins ( Kim Cascone /PGR, Psychick Warriors Ov Gaia ), Japanese noise artists ( K.K. Null , Merzbow ), and latter-day indie rockers ( Main , Bark Psychosis ) – dark ambient features toned-down or entirely missing beats with unsettling passages of keyboards, eerie samples, and treated guitar effects. Like most styles related in some way to electronic/dance music of

4465-481: The Residents as having "presaged forms of punk, new wave and industrial music". Industrial Music for Industrial People was originally coined by Monte Cazazza as the strapline for the record label Industrial Records , founded by British art-provocateurs Throbbing Gristle. The first wave of this music appeared with Throbbing Gristle, from London; Cabaret Voltaire, from Sheffield; and Boyd Rice (recording under

4560-435: The aesthetics of 1970s industrial music, while artists such as early 20th century Italian futurist Luigi Russolo laid the groundwork for the genre with his book and work The Art of Noises (1913), reflecting "the sounds of a modern industrial society ". AllMusic assessed 1960s English experimental group AMM as originators of the genre, as well as to electronica , free improvisation and noise music , writing that

4655-502: The album AIA: Alien Observer , listed by Pitchfork at number 21 on their "50 Best Ambient Albums of All Time". In 2011, Julianna Barwick released her first full-length album The Magic Place . Heavily influenced by her childhood experiences in a church choir, Barwick loops her wordless vocals into ethereal soundscapes. It was listed at number 30 on Pitchfork's 50 Best Ambient Albums of All Time. After several self-released albums, Buchla composer, producer and performer Kaitlyn Aurelia Smith

4750-678: The already eclectic base of industrial music. These offshoots include fusions with noise music, ambient music , folk music , post-punk and electronic dance music , as well as other mutations and developments. The scene has spread worldwide, and is particularly well represented in North America, Europe, and Japan. Substyles inspired by industrial music include dark ambient , power electronics , Japanoise , neofolk , electro-industrial , electronic body music , industrial hip hop , industrial rock , industrial metal , industrial pop , martial industrial , power noise , and witch house . In

4845-617: The audience. Industrial groups typically focus on transgressive subject matter. In his introduction for the Industrial Culture Handbook (1983), Jon Savage considered some hallmarks of industrial music to be organizational autonomy, shock tactics, and the use of synthesizers and "anti-music." Furthermore, an interest in the investigation of " cults , wars, psychological techniques of persuasion, unusual murders (especially by children and psychopaths ), forensic pathology , venereology , concentration camp behavior,

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4940-446: The babbling of newborn babies, or sounds recorded through contact microphones on telegraph wires. Ambient pop is a style that developed in the 1980s and 1990s contemporaneously with post-rock ; it has also been regarded as an extension of the dream pop movement and the atmospheric style of shoegaze . It incorporates structures that are common to indie music , but extensively explores "electronic textures and atmospheres that mirror

5035-647: The development of minimal music (also called minimalism), which shares many similar concepts to ambient music such as repetitive patterns or pulses, steady drones, and consonant harmony. Many records were released in Europe and the United States of America between the mid-1960s and the mid-1990s that established the conventions of the ambient genre in the anglophone popular music market. Some 1960s records with ambient elements include Music for Yoga Meditation and Other Joys and Music for Zen Meditation by Tony Scott , Soothing Sounds for Baby by Raymond Scott , and

5130-489: The first record of the Environments album series by Irv Teibel . In the late 1960s, French composer Éliane Radigue composed several pieces by processing tape loops from the feedback between two tape recorders and a microphone. In the 1970s, she then went on to compose similar music almost exclusively with an ARP 2500 synthesiser , and her long, slow compositions have often been compared to drone music . In 1969,

5225-443: The first single off of the band's follow up album to their 2012 release, Recurse , it is now considered a stand alone release by the band. The record was re-released on Latex Records in 2016 following Beyond Therapy Records' dissolution. "Second Circle" was originally written in 2011; approximately the same time Finite Automata was finishing up their debut release, Here Won No One and rehashing material for Recurse . However, at

5320-495: The floor and eventually sparking a riot. This event received front-page news coverage in England. Other groups who practiced a form of industrial "metal music" (that is, produced by the sounds of metal crashing against metal) include Test Dept , Laibach , and Die Krupps , as well as Z'EV and SPK. Test Dept were largely inspired by Russian Futurism and toured to support the 1984-85 UK miners' strike . Skinny Puppy embraced

5415-536: The group COUM Transmissions were performing sonic experiments in British art schools. Pearls Before Swine 's 1968 album Balaklava features the sounds of birdsong and ocean noise, which were to become tropes of ambient music." Developing in the 1970s, ambient music stemmed from the experimental and synthesizer -oriented styles of the period. Between 1974 and 1976, American composer Laurie Spiegel created her seminal work The Expanding Universe , created on

5510-551: The group in 1974, with Carter joining the following year. The group renamed itself Throbbing Gristle in September 1975, their name coming from a northern English slang word for an erection. The group's first public performance, in October 1976, was alongside an exhibit titled Prostitution , which included pornographic photos of Tutti as well as used tampons. Conservative politician Nicholas Fairbairn declared that "public money

5605-434: The hidden perverse enjoyment undergirding authority that produces a subversive and liberatory effect. In simpler language, Laibach practiced a type of agitprop that was widely utilized by industrial and punk artists on both sides of the Atlantic. Following the breakup of Throbbing Gristle, P-Orridge and Christopherson founded Psychic TV and signed to a major label. Their first album was much more accessible and melodic than

5700-548: The history of uniforms and insignia" and Aleister Crowley 's magick was present in Throbbing Gristle's work, as well as in other industrial pioneers. Burroughs's recordings and writings were particularly influential on the scene, particularly his interest in the cut-up technique and noise as a method of disrupting societal control. Many of the first industrial musicians were interested in, though not necessarily sympathetic with, fascism. Throbbing Gristle's logo

5795-412: The hypnotic, meditative qualities of ambient music", which is also central to indie electronic music. Ambient pop utilizes the musical experimentation of psychedelia and the repetitive traits of minimalism , krautrock and techno as prevalent influences. Despite being an extension of dream pop, it is distinguished by its adoption of "contemporary electronic idioms, including sampling , although for

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5890-428: The industrial music genre into the more accessible electro-industrial and industrial rock genres. The birth of industrial music was a response to "an age [in which] the access and control of information were becoming the primary tools of power." At its birth, the genre of industrial music was different from any other music, and its use of technology and disturbing lyrics and themes to tear apart preconceptions about

5985-491: The industrial music scene. The precursors that influenced the development of the genre included 1940s musique concrète and varied world music sources in addition to rock-era acts such as Faust , Kraftwerk , the Velvet Underground , and Lou Reed 's Metal Machine Music (1975). Musicians also cite writers such as William S. Burroughs and J. G. Ballard and artists such as Brion Gysin as influences. While

6080-491: The later industrial musicians, including Einstürzende Neubauten, Test Dept, and Cabaret Voltaire. Around 1983, Cabaret Voltaire members were deeply interested in funk music and, with the encouragement of their friends from New Order , began to develop a form of dark but danceable electrofunk . Christopherson left Psychic TV in 1983 and formed Coil with John Balance . Coil made use of gongs and bullroarers in an attempt to conjure "Martian," "homosexual energy". David Tibet ,

6175-487: The listener. iTunes and Spotify have digital radio stations that feature ambient music, which are mostly produced by independent labels . Acclaimed ambient music of this era (according to Pitchfork magazine) include works by Max Richter , Julianna Barwick , Grouper , William Basinski , Oneohtrix Point Never , and the Caretaker . In 2011, American composer Liz Harris recording as Grouper released

6270-575: The mid-1980s, the possibilities to create a sonic landscape increased through the use of sampling . By the late 1980s, there was a steep increase in the incorporation of the computer in the writing and recording process of records. The sixteen-bit Macintosh platform with built-in sound and comparable IBM models would find themselves in studios and homes of musicians and record makers. However, many artists were still working with analogue synthesizers and acoustic instruments to produce ambient works. In 1983, Midori Takada recorded her first solo LP Through

6365-481: The most part live instruments continue to define the sound." David Bowie 's Berlin Trilogy with ambient music pioneer Brian Eno , both of whom were inspired during the production of the albums in the trilogy by German kosmische Musik bands and minimalist composers, was regarded as influential on ambient pop. The track "Red Sails" from the trilogy's third album, Lodger (1979), was retroactively described as

6460-515: The music industry . And then there's the joke we often used to make in interviews about churning out our records like motorcars — that sense of industrial. And ... up till then the music had been kind of based on the blues and slavery, and we thought it was time to update it to at least Victorian times—you know, the Industrial Revolution ". Early industrial music often featured tape editing, stark percussion and loops distorted to

6555-608: The music played. Cage has been cited by seminal artists such as Brian Eno as influence. In the 1960s, many music groups experimented with unusual methods, with some of them creating what would later be called ambient music. In the summer of 1962, composers Ramon Sender and Morton Subotnick founded The San Francisco Tape Music Center which functioned both as an electronic music studio and concert venue. Other composers working with tape recorders became members and collaborators including Pauline Oliveros , Terry Riley and Steve Reich . Their compositions, among others, contributed to

6650-754: The name NON), from the United States. Throbbing Gristle first performed in 1976, and began as the musical offshoot of the Kingston upon Hull -based COUM Transmissions . COUM was initially a psychedelic rock group, but began to describe their work as performance art in order to obtain grants from the Arts Council of Great Britain . COUM was composed of P-Orridge and Cosey Fanni Tutti . Beginning in 1972, COUM staged several performances inspired by Fluxus and Viennese Actionism . These included various acts of sexual and physical abjection. Peter Christopherson , an employee of commercial artists Hipgnosis , joined

6745-403: The necessary rules of musical form supports the suggestion that industrial music is modernist music. The artists themselves made these goals explicit, even drawing connections to social changes they wished to argue for through their music. The Industrial Records website explains that the musicians wanted to re-invent rock music, and that their uncensored records were about their relationship with

6840-554: The point where they had degraded to harsh noise, such as the work of early industrial group Cabaret Voltaire , which journalist Simon Reynolds described as characterized by "hissing high hats and squelchy snares of rhythm-generator." Carter of Throbbing Gristle invented a device named the "Gristle-izer", played by Christopherson, which comprised a one-octave keyboard and a number of cassette machines triggering various pre-recorded sounds. Traditional instruments were often played in nontraditional or highly modified ways. Reynolds described

6935-414: The record label, these concerts were part live presentation, part grant application and part educational demonstration. However, it was not until Brian Eno coined the term in the mid-70s that ambient music was defined as a genre. Eno went on to record 1975's Discreet Music with this in mind, suggesting that it be listened to at "comparatively low levels, even to the extent that it frequently falls below

7030-521: The same phrase in his music project Divination, where he collaborated with other artists in the genre. Ambient dub adopts dub styles made famous by King Tubby and other Jamaican sound artists from the 1960s to the early 1970s, using DJ-inspired ambient electronica, complete with all the inherent drop-outs, echo, equalization and psychedelic electronic effects. It often features layering techniques and incorporates elements of world music, deep bass lines and harmonic sounds. According to David Toop , "Dub music

7125-502: The single was also mixed by Sochocki as well. Industrial music Industrial music is a genre of music that draws on harsh, mechanical, transgressive, or provocative sounds and themes. AllMusic defines industrial music as the "most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music " that was "initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments ( tape music , musique concrète , white noise , synthesizers , sequencers , etc.) and punk provocation." The term

7220-533: The sort of music that could be played during a dinner to create a background atmosphere for that activity, rather than serving as the focus of attention. In his own words, Satie sought to create "a music...which will be part of the noises of the environment, will take them into consideration. I think of it as melodious, softening the noises of the knives and forks at dinner, not dominating them, not imposing itself. It would fill up those heavy silences that sometime fall between friends dining together. It would spare them

7315-448: The sounds would be modified with reverbs and delay units to make spacey versions of the sounds as part of the ambience. Such natural sounds oftentimes include those of a beach , rainforest , thunderstorm and rainfall , among others, with vocalizations of animals such as bird songs being used as well. Pieces containing binaural beats are common and popular uploads as well, which provide music therapy and stress management for

7410-414: The term to describe music that is different from forms of canned music like Muzak . In the liner notes for his 1978 album Ambient 1: Music for Airports , Eno wrote: Whereas the extant canned music companies proceed from the basis of regularizing environments by blanketing their acoustic and atmospheric idiosyncrasies, Ambient Music is intended to enhance these. Whereas conventional background music

7505-444: The term was self-applied by a small coterie of groups and individuals associated with Industrial Records in the late 1970s, it was broadened to include artists influenced by the original movement or using an "industrial" aesthetic. Over time, the genre's influence spread into and blended with styles including ambient , synth music and rock such as Front 242 , Front Line Assembly , KMFDM , and Sister Machine Gun , acts associated with

7600-564: The threshold of audibility", referring to Satie's quote about his musique d'ameublement. Other contemporaneous musicians creating ambient-style music at the time included Jamaican dub musicians such as King Tubby , Japanese electronic music composers such as Isao Tomita and Ryuichi Sakamoto as well as the psychoacoustic soundscapes of Irv Teibel 's Environments series, and German experimental bands such as Popol Vuh , Cluster , Kraftwerk , Harmonia , Ash Ra Tempel and Tangerine Dream . Mike Orme of Stylus Magazine describes

7695-476: The time, producer and front-man Mod Eschar did not believe the song fit stylistically with the current releases, and shelved it for release on the next album. Despite not having been released until 2015, the song has been part of the band's live show since 2011. Like its predecessor, the release was again mastered by Eric Sochocki of Becoming the Devourer and Cryogen Second , however unlike previous releases,

7790-454: The trouble of paying attention to their own banal remarks. And at the same time it would neutralize the street noises which so indiscreetly enter into the play of conversation. To make such music would be to respond to a need." In 1948, French composer & engineer, Pierre Schaeffer coined the term musique concrète . This experimental style of music used recordings of natural sounds that were then modified, manipulated or effected to create

7885-421: The usual industrial style, and included hired work by trained musicians. Later work returned to the sound collage and noise elements of earlier industrial. They also borrowed from funk and disco . P-Orridge also founded Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth , a quasi-religious organization that produced video art . Psychic TV's commercial aspirations were managed by Stevo of Some Bizzare Records , who released many of

7980-549: The venues in which they played. Blixa Bargeld, inspired by Antonin Artaud and an enthusiasm for amphetamines , also originated an art movement called Die Genialen Dilettanten. Bargeld is particularly well known for his hissing scream. In January 1984, Einstürzende Neubauten performed a Concerto for Voice and Machinery at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (the same site as COUM's Prostitution exhibition), drilling through

8075-441: The work of Berlin school musicians as "laying the groundwork" for ambient. The impact the rise of the synthesizer in modern music had on ambient as a genre cannot be overstated; as Ralf Hutter of early electronic pioneers Kraftwerk said in a 1977 Billboard interview: "Electronics is beyond nations and colors...with electronics everything is possible. The only limit is with the composer". The Yellow Magic Orchestra developed

8170-412: The world. They go on to say that they wanted their music to be an awakening for listeners so that they would begin to think for themselves and question the world around them. Industrial Records intended the term industrial to evoke the idea of music created for a new generation, with previous music being more agricultural : P-Orridge stated that "there's an irony in the word 'industrial' because there's

8265-572: Was an EP in 1980 entitled Immediate Action by Strike Under . The label went on to distribute some of the most prominent names in industrial throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Wax Trax! also distributed industrial releases in the United States for the Belgium record label Play It Again Sam Records, and had opened a North American office dubbed Play It Again Sam U.S.A. as a division of Wax Trax!. Wax Trax!

8360-577: Was based on the lightning symbol of the British Union of Fascists , while the Industrial Records logo was a photo of Auschwitz . As some of the originating bands drifted away from the genre in the 1980s, industrial music expanded to include bands influenced by new wave music , hip hop music , jazz , disco , reggae , and new age music , sometimes incorporating pop music songwriting. A number of additional styles developed from

8455-541: Was coined in the mid-1970s with the founding of Industrial Records by members of Throbbing Gristle and Monte Cazazza . While the genre name originated with Throbbing Gristle's emergence in the United Kingdom, artists and labels vital to the genre also emerged in the United States and other countries. The first industrial artists experimented with noise and aesthetically controversial topics, both musically and visually, such as fascism , sexual perversion , and

8550-488: Was created originally by using mechanical and electric machinery and later advanced synthesizers, samplers and electronic percussion as the technology developed. Monroe also argues for Suicide as an influential contemporary of industrial musicians. Groups cited as inspirational by the founders of industrial music include the Velvet Underground , Joy Division , and Martin Denny . Genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Gristle had

8645-595: Was influenced by the music of '60s girl groups and tiki culture . Z'EV cited Christopher Tree (Spontaneous Sound), John Coltrane , Miles Davis , Tim Buckley , Jimi Hendrix , and Captain Beefheart, among others together with Tibetan , Balinese , Javanese , Indian , and African music as influential in his artistic life. Cabaret Voltaire cited Roxy Music as their initial forerunners, as well as Kraftwerk's Trans-Europe Express . Cabaret Voltaire also recorded pieces reminiscent of musique concrète and composers such as Morton Subotnick . Nurse with Wound cited

8740-476: Was signed to independent record label Western Vinyl in 2015. In 2016, she released her second official album EARS . It paired the Buchla synthesizer with traditional instruments and her compositions were compared to Laurie Spiegel and Alice Coltrane . Kaitlyn has also collaborated with other well-known Buchla performer, Suzanne Ciani . Iggy Pop 's 2019 album Free features ambient soundscapes. Mallsoft ,

8835-625: Was subsequently purchased by TVT Records in 1992 who closed the independent Chicago label in 2001. Jim's Daughter, Julia Nash, resurrected Wax Trax! Records in 2011 with a 3-day charity event titled Wax Trax! Retrospectacle - 33 1/3 Year Anniversary. Julia officially released new material in 2014 under the Wax Trax! imprint and continues to run the record label from Chicago. The bands Clock DVA , Nocturnal Emissions , Whitehouse , Nurse with Wound , and SPK soon followed. Whitehouse intended to play "the most brutal and extreme music of all time",

8930-448: Was there that Brian Eno heard Laraaji playing and asked him if he'd like to record an album. Day of Radiance released in 1980, was the third album in Eno's Ambient series. Although Laraaji had already recorded a number of albums, this one gave him international recognition. Unlike other albums in the series, Day of Radiance featured mostly acoustic instruments instead of electronics. In

9025-525: Was to serve as a commentary on modern society by eschewing what artists saw as trite connections to the past. Throbbing Gristle opposed the elements of traditional rock music remaining in the punk rock scene, declaring industrial to be "anti-music." Early industrial performances often involved taboo -breaking, provocative elements, such as mutilation , sado-masochistic elements and totalitarian imagery or symbolism, as well as forms of audience abuse, such as Throbbing Gristle's aiming high powered lights at

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