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37-772: (Redirected from ARP ) [REDACTED] Look up ARP  or arp in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Arp or ARP may refer to: People [ edit ] Andrice Arp (born 1969), U.S. comics artist and illustrator Bill Arp , (1826-1903) Charles Henry Smith, US writer and politician. Halton Arp (1927–2013), American astronomer Arp catalogue of galaxies Fiete Arp (born 2000), German footballer Jean Arp (1886–1966) or Hans Arp, German-French artist Robert Arp (born 1970), American philosopher Sophie Taeuber-Arp (1889–1943), Swiss artist Arp Schnitger (1648-1719), German organbuilder Places in

74-583: A communication protocol ARP spoofing , a networking attack Autoradiopuhelin ( car radio phone ), a Finnish mobile phone network Other uses [ edit ] ARP, Aerial Rescue Platform, a type of stretcher used in helicopter rescue missions American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 arp, the ISO 639-3 code for the Arapaho language , a Native American language Arp, a rosemary cultivar arp, actin-related protein (e.g. Arp10 ) Arp2/3 complex ,

111-480: A communication protocol ARP spoofing , a networking attack Autoradiopuhelin ( car radio phone ), a Finnish mobile phone network Other uses [ edit ] ARP, Aerial Rescue Platform, a type of stretcher used in helicopter rescue missions American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 arp, the ISO 639-3 code for the Arapaho language , a Native American language Arp, a rosemary cultivar arp, actin-related protein (e.g. Arp10 ) Arp2/3 complex ,

148-656: A designated geographical location Anti-Revolutionary Party (Dutch Anti-Revolutionaire Partij ), a defunct Dutch political party Assembly of the Representatives of the People , Tunisian government Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church , US Association for Research in Personality , US Music [ edit ] ARP Instruments, Inc. , a former electronic musical instrument maker Arpeggiator , on sound synthesizers and electronic organs "Arp",

185-478: A designated geographical location Anti-Revolutionary Party (Dutch Anti-Revolutionaire Partij ), a defunct Dutch political party Assembly of the Representatives of the People , Tunisian government Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church , US Association for Research in Personality , US Music [ edit ] ARP Instruments, Inc. , a former electronic musical instrument maker Arpeggiator , on sound synthesizers and electronic organs "Arp",

222-501: A newly published grammar estimated that there were slightly over 250 fluent speakers, plus "quite a few near-fluent passive understanders". In 2008, it was reported that a school had been opened to teach the language to children. Arapaho language camps were held in Summer 2015 at Wind River Tribal College and in St. Stephens, Wyoming . Currently, the language may be acquired by children, for

259-561: A population estimate as recent as 2007 lists an increase to 1,000 speakers and notes that the language is in use in schools, bilingual education efforts begun on Wind River Reservation in the 1980s and the Arapaho Language Lodge, a successful immersion program, was established in 1993. "The Arapaho Project" is an effort made by the Arapaho people to promote and restore their traditional language and culture. Despite hope for

296-675: A protein Arc routing , where ARP refers to Arc Routing Problem. See also [ edit ] AARP Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Arp . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arp&oldid=1249908741 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

333-630: A protein Arc routing , where ARP refers to Arc Routing Problem. See also [ edit ] AARP Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Arp . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arp&oldid=1249908741 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

370-437: A song by Apoptygma Berzerk The Apopcalyptic Manifesto "Arp", a song by Arcane Roots from Melancholia Hymns "Faust Arp", a song by Radiohead from their album In Rainbows "Arp #1", a song by French artist Jackson and His Computerband from his album Glow. It features in 2013's Grand Theft Auto V on Soulwax FM. Technology [ edit ] Active rollover protection Address Resolution Protocol ,

407-437: A song by Apoptygma Berzerk The Apopcalyptic Manifesto "Arp", a song by Arcane Roots from Melancholia Hymns "Faust Arp", a song by Radiohead from their album In Rainbows "Arp #1", a song by French artist Jackson and His Computerband from his album Glow. It features in 2013's Grand Theft Auto V on Soulwax FM. Technology [ edit ] Active rollover protection Address Resolution Protocol ,

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444-419: A stem meaning 'elk,' is hiwóxuu in the proximate singular, but becomes hiwóxuuh- uu in obviative singular, proximate plural, and obviative plural. The other pattern occurs for most other consonant final noun stems and is summarized in the table below. C denotes the final consonant and the bracketed [C] denotes either consonant mutation of C or deletion of some number of stem-final phonemes. /siisiik/

481-405: A vowel-initial word. For example, the imperfective /ii/ morpheme becomes nii- instead of the expected hii- when prefixing verbs that would undergo initial change. In sentences with an explicit noun phrase, separate from the verb, the verb agrees with the noun in terms of animacy, number, and whether the noun is proximate or obviative. The grammatical category , including person , of

518-420: Is 'duck'. For vowel-final stems, the general pattern is a variation of the first consonant final pattern. Namely, a single marker is used to mark all plural forms and the obviative singular form. For example, /ote/ , a stem meaning 'sheep, bighorn sheep,' becomes hóte -’ in proximate singular but hóte -ii in both plural forms and the obviative singular. Verbs are divided into classes depending on

555-422: Is a pitch accent language. There are two phonemic tones: high (marked with an acute accent) or "normal" (unmarked). The contrast can be illustrated with the pair hónoosóóʼ , 'it is fancy' and honoosóóʼ , 'it is raining'. Long vowels and vowel sequences can carry a contour tone from high to low, as in hou3íne- , 'to hang' (where the first syllable has a normal tone) versus hóu3íne- , "to float" (where

592-827: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages ARP (Redirected from ARP ) [REDACTED] Look up ARP  or arp in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Arp or ARP may refer to: People [ edit ] Andrice Arp (born 1969), U.S. comics artist and illustrator Bill Arp , (1826-1903) Charles Henry Smith, US writer and politician. Halton Arp (1927–2013), American astronomer Arp catalogue of galaxies Fiete Arp (born 2000), German footballer Jean Arp (1886–1966) or Hans Arp, German-French artist Robert Arp (born 1970), American philosopher Sophie Taeuber-Arp (1889–1943), Swiss artist Arp Schnitger (1648-1719), German organbuilder Places in

629-732: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Arapaho language Arapaho is an Algonquian language of the Algic family . By the 1850s, Arapaho bands formed two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho. Since 1878 the Northern Arapaho have lived with the Eastern Shoshone on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming and are federally recognized as

666-486: Is given in the table below. When writing Arapaho, /j/ is normally transcribed as ⟨y⟩ , /t͡ʃ/ as ⟨c⟩ , /ʔ/ as ⟨ʼ⟩ , and /θ/ as ⟨ 3 ⟩ . The phoneme /b/ (the voiced bilabial stop ) has a voiceless allophone [p] that occurs before other consonants or at the end of a word. The plosives /tʃ/ , /k/ , and /t/ are pronounced without aspiration in most environments, but are aspirated before other consonants or at

703-438: The "surface" (at the level of actual pronunciation), other clusters arise by phonological processes including vowel syncope, or by juxtaposition of morphemes. Vowel-initial, onset-less syllables, however, can occur due to partitioning of vowel clusters. An example of partitioning a cluster of 3 identical vowels into syllables is ní.ii.non , 'tepee'. The vowel cluster is not always split into short vowel followed by long vowel;

740-688: The Arapahoe Tribe of the Wind River Reservation. The Southern Arapaho live with the Southern Cheyenne ind relatively less intermingling with other tribes and non-Native Americans compared to the Southern Arapaho who live amongst a predominantly non-Native American population. The exact number of Arapaho speakers is not precisely known; however it has been estimated that the language currently retains between 250 and 1,000 active users. Arapaho has limited development outside of

777-533: The United States [ edit ] Arp, Georgia Arp, Tennessee Arp, Texas Businesses and organizations [ edit ] ARP (laboratory) of digital humanities Adaptation Reporting Power , under the UK 2008 Climate Change Act Amphibious Reconnaissance and Patrol Unit , a Taiwan special forces group Air Raid Precautions , a UK civil defence 1924–1946 Airport reference point ,

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814-422: The United States [ edit ] Arp, Georgia Arp, Tennessee Arp, Texas Businesses and organizations [ edit ] ARP (laboratory) of digital humanities Adaptation Reporting Power , under the UK 2008 Climate Change Act Amphibious Reconnaissance and Patrol Unit , a Taiwan special forces group Air Raid Precautions , a UK civil defence 1924–1946 Airport reference point ,

851-482: The animate version is more "active" (e.g. a log is inanimate, but a rolling log is animate). Animate nouns can be made obviative or proximate . When the underlying noun is consonant final, two general patterns can occur. One pattern occurs for the class of nouns that have /ii/ or /uu/ (depending on vowel harmony ) as their plural marker. These nouns reuse the plural marker to mark obviative singular and both obviative and proximate plural. For example, /iwoxuuh/ ,

888-487: The contrast between the reconstructed phonemes *r and *θ (generally as /n/ and /θ/ , respectively). These and other changes serve to give Arapaho a phonological system very divergent from that of Proto-Algonquian and other Algonquian languages, and even from languages spoken in the adjacent Great Basin . Some examples comparing Arapaho words with their cognates in Proto-Algonquian can illustrate this: At

925-405: The end of a word, or when preceding a syllable-final sequence of short vowel + /h/ . In this same environment /b/ is aspirated and devoiced. For example, the grammatical prefix cih- is pronounced [tʃʰɪh] , the grammatical prefix tih- is pronounced [tʰɪh] , and the word héétbihʼínkúútiinoo , 'I will turn out the lights' is het [b̥ʰ] ihʼínkúútiinoo . Syllables tend to have

962-605: The first syllable has a high+normal, or falling, tone). Although tonal contrasts are distinctive in Arapaho, minimal pairs such as those listed above are rare. Arapaho is highly synthetic; verbs in particular take a large number of grammatical and semantic morphemes. Nouns in Arapaho come in two classes: animate and inanimate . Which category a noun belongs to is part of the lexicon. Being animate does not necessitate "aliveness" (but aliveness does mean animate): doors, planets, ghosts, etc. are considered animate. Some nouns can also be both animate and inanimate, but in these situations,

999-437: The first vowel is short and is followed by an /h/ , some speakers treat the /h/ as a vowel and use the infix /en/ or /on/ to mark initial change. Other speakers treat the /h/ as a consonant and perform the vowel lengthening process instead. An irregular form of initial change affects some vowel-initial preverbs by appending an /n/ before the first vowel, rather than the ordinary /h/ that would be prepended to avoid

1036-408: The first vowel of the stem. If the vowel is short, it is lengthened. For example, b e ’éé- 'to be red' becomes b ee ’éé’ 'it is red'. Otherwise, an infix is placed before the first vowel. The infix is either /en/ or /on/ and is determined based on harmony with the long vowel. For example, hoowúsee- ('to walk downward') becomes h on oowúseenoo ('I am walking downward'). If

1073-483: The former does not occur after velar consonants , and the latter only occurs after them. /u/ does have some exceptions as in the free variants kokíy ~ kokúy , 'gun'; kookiyón ~ kookuyón , 'for no reason'; and bííʼoxíyoo ~ bííʼoxúyoo , 'Found in the Grass' (a mythological character). There is only one minimal pair to illustrate the contrast in distribution: núhuʼ , 'this' versus níhiʼ- , 'X

1110-510: The home; however, it is used in some films and the Bible was translated into the language in 1903. According to one source, under 300 people over the age of 50 speak the language in Wyoming, and in Oklahoma the language is used by "only a handful of people . . . all near eighty or older". As of 1996, there were approximately 1,000 speakers among the Northern Arapaho. As of 2008, the authors of

1147-471: The language, its relatively few active users and the fact that it has seen recent population decreases render Arapaho an endangered language . Ethnologue deems it "moribund". Besawunena, only attested from a wordlist collected by Kroeber, differs only slightly from Arapaho, though a few of its sound changes resemble those seen in Gros Ventre. It had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as

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1184-428: The late 1920s. Among the sound changes in the evolution from Proto-Algonquian to Arapaho are the loss of Proto-Algonquian *k, followed by *p becoming either /k/ or /tʃ/ ; the two Proto-Algonquian semivowels merging to either /n/ or /j/ ; the change from *s to /n/ in word-initial position, and *m becoming /b/ or /w/ depending on the following vowel. Arapaho is unusual among Algonquian languages in retaining

1221-605: The level of pronunciation, Arapaho words cannot begin with a vowel, so where the underlying form of a word begins with a vowel, a prothetic [h] is added. Arapaho has a series of four short vowels /i e o u/ (pronounced [ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ] ) and four long vowels /iː eː oː uː/ (customarily written ⟨ii ee oo uu⟩ and pronounced [iː ɛː ɔː uː] ). The difference in length is phonemically distinctive: compare hísiʼ , 'tick' with híísiʼ , 'day', and hócoo , 'steak' with hóócoo , 'devil'. /i/ and /u/ are mostly in complementary distribution, as, with very few exceptions,

1258-402: The location of the partition depends on Arapaho's complex pitch accent system. For example, another word with a sequence of three vowels, but with a different partitioning of vowels into syllables is hóo.ó. 'bed'. However, sometimes the vowel cluster does not divide and the whole cluster becomes the nucleus of the syllable. One example is hi.héio , 'his/her aunt (obviative)'. Arapaho

1295-401: The structure CV(C), where the final consonant, if it is present, is either a single consonant, or /hC/ . In general, consonant clusters in Arapaho can only be two consonants long. Consonant clusters do not occur word initially, and /hC/ is the only that occurs word finally. The only consonant cluster that is "base generated" (exists in the most underlying representation of words) is /hC/ . At

1332-1108: The transitivity and animacy of their argument(s). Transitivity of a verb affects how many arguments are affixed to the verb. Notice in the examples below the usage of the transitive form requires the addition of INAN, the inanimate marker for the object (the shoes). Verbal inflection also depends on "orders" like imperative . Intransitive, Animate Subject (AI) hootóonéénoo otoonee-noo IC .buy( AI )- 1S wo’óhno. wo’ohn-o shoe- PL hootóonéénoo wo’óhno. otoonee-noo wo’ohn-o IC.buy(AI)-1S shoe-PL 'I am buying shoes.'/'I am shopping for shoes.' Transitive, Inanimate Object (TI) hootoonóótowoo otoonoot- o -woo IC .buy( TI )- INAN - 1S wo’óhno. wo’ohn-o shoe- PL hootoonóótowoo wo’óhno. otoonoot- o -woo wo’ohn-o IC.buy(TI)- INAN -1S shoe-PL 'I am buying [these] shoes.' Initial change (IC) can mark tense and aspect (in particular, " present tense and ongoing aspect or present perfect tense and aspect") under affirmative and conjunct orders. Differing phonological changes occur depending on

1369-436: Was done with Y', in which níhiʼ- only occurs in bound form. Remarkably, unlike more than 98% of the world's languages, Arapaho has no low vowels , such as /a/ . In addition, there are four diphthongs, /ei ou oe ie/ , and several triphthongs, /eii oee ouu/ as well as extended sequences of vowels such as /eee/ with stress on either the first or the last vowel in the combination. The consonant inventory of Arapaho

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