83-469: Seeta Aur Geeta ( Seeta And Geeta ) is a 1972 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film written by Salim–Javed ( Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar ) and directed by Ramesh Sippy . Released in India on 3 November 1972, the film stars an ensemble cast of Hema Malini (in a dual role ), Dharmendra , Sanjeev Kumar , Roopesh Kumar , Manorama , Satyen Kappu , Honey Irani , and Pratima Devi . The music
166-645: A cause for numerous slums in African cities. Poor quality, unpaved streets encourage slums; a 1% increase in paved all-season roads, claims Arimah, reduces slum incidence rate by about 0.35%. Affordable public transport and economic infrastructure empowers poor people to move and consider housing options other than their current slums. A growing economy that creates jobs at rate faster than population growth, offers people opportunities and incentive to relocate from poor slum to more developed neighborhoods. Economic stagnation, in contrast, creates uncertainties and risks for
249-404: A central aspect by residents living in slums when their communities suffer upgrading schemes or when they are resettled to formal housing. For example, it was recently proved that in a small favela in the northeast of Brazil (Favela Sururu de Capote), the migration of dismissed sugar cane factory workers to the city of Maceió (who initiated the self-construction of the favela), has been driven by
332-444: A combination of demographic, social, economic, and political reasons. Common causes include rapid rural-to-urban migration, poor planning, economic stagnation and depression, poverty, high unemployment, informal economy, colonialism and segregation, politics, natural disasters and social conflicts. Rural–urban migration is one of the causes attributed to the formation and expansion of slums. Since 1950, world population has increased at
415-416: A combination of slum removal, slum relocation, slum upgrading, urban planning with citywide infrastructure development, and public housing. The UN defines slums as .... individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, housing durability, and security of tenure It is thought that slum
498-426: A conflict of interest, and politics prevented efforts to remove, relocate or upgrade the slums into housing projects that are better than the slums. Similar dynamics are cited in favelas of Brazil, slums of India, and shanty towns of Kenya. Scholars claim politics also drives rural-urban migration and subsequent settlement patterns. Pre-existing patronage networks, sometimes in the form of gangs and other times in
581-659: A far greater rate than the total amount of arable land, even as agriculture contributes a much smaller percentage of the total economy. For example, in India, agriculture accounted for 52% of its GDP in 1954 and only 19% in 2004; in Brazil, the 2050 GDP contribution of agriculture is one-fifth of its contribution in 1951. Agriculture, meanwhile, has also become higher yielding, less disease prone, less physically harsh and more efficient with tractors and other equipment. The proportion of people working in agriculture has declined by 30% over
664-433: A large number of huge cities have started to appear; which means high poverty rates, crime, pollution and congestion. Lack of affordable low-cost housing and poor planning encourages the supply side of slums. The Millennium Development Goals proposes that member nations should make a "significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers" by 2020. If member nations succeed in achieving this goal, 90% of
747-616: A major hit, both in India and abroad in the Soviet Union . Hema Malini won her only competitive Filmfare Best Actress Award of her career, while K. Vaikunth won the Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award . Malini was noted for the novelty of her role as Geeta, where she is rambunctious and sometimes violent. The film was remade in other languages, which includes the Telugu film Ganga Manga (1973) and
830-487: A marketplace and discovers the truth. As a result, Geeta's cover is blown and the police arrest her for impersonation, while Kaushalya and Ranjeet locate Seeta and bring her back to her life of mute slavery, abuse and confinement. Raka secretly releases Geeta from prison and reveals that she is Seeta's long-lost twin sister after learning about Geeta's true identity from her foster mother. This leads to Seeta, Geeta, Raka and Ravi fighting against Ranjeet and his henchmen and have
913-442: A mussel which divides the community through gender and age. Alleys and houses were planned to facilitate the working activities, that provided subsistence and livelihood to the community. When resettled, the main reason of changes of formal housing units was due to the lack of possibilities to perform their work in the new houses designed according to formal architecture principles, or even by the distances they had to travel to work in
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#1732786983467996-461: A rapid growth of slums. Research in the latest years based on ethnographic studies, conducted since 2008 about slums, published initially in 2017, has found out the primary importance of labour as the main cause of emergence, rural-urban migration, consolidation and growth of informal settlements. It also showed that work has also a crucial role in the self-construction of houses, alleys and overall informal planning of slums, as well as constituting
1079-465: A room with "low going-ons". In Life in London (1821) Pierce Egan used the word in the context of the "back slums" of Holy Lane or St Giles . A footnote defined slum to mean "low, unfrequent parts of the town". Charles Dickens used the word slum in a similar way in 1840, writing "I mean to take a great, London, back-slum kind walk tonight". Slum began to be used to describe bad housing soon after and
1162-399: A slum, but a slum is better than none". Insufficient financial resources and lack of coordination in government bureaucracy are two main causes of poor house planning. Financial deficiency in some governments may explain the lack of affordable public housing for the poor since any improvement of the tenant in slums and expansion of public housing programs involve a great increase in
1245-428: A sustainable formal economy that raise incomes and create opportunities, squalid slums are likely to continue. The World Bank and UN Habitat estimate, assuming no major economic reforms are undertaken, more than 80% of additional jobs in urban areas of developing world may be low-paying jobs in the informal sector. Everything else remaining same, this explosive growth in the informal sector is likely to be accompanied by
1328-588: A tax free savings account for French public. Some slums remain in the early 21st century in France, most of which are dismantled after a few months, the largest being the "Petite Ceinture" slum on the northern Paris decommissioned train tracks. New York City is believed to have created the United States' first slum, named the Five Points in 1825, as it evolved into a large urban settlement. Five Points
1411-621: A television series based on this film which was aired on NDTV Imagine in 2009. Coincidentally Hema Malini did a similar series on same plot called Kamini Damini which was aired on Sahara One on 2004. List of Hindi films of 1972 The following is a list of films produced by the Bollywood film industry based in Mumbai in 1972: The top ten grossing films at the Indian Box Office in 1972: Slum A slum
1494-935: Is a British slang word from the East End of London meaning "room", which evolved to "back slum" around 1845 meaning 'back alley, street of poor people.' Numerous other non-English terms are often used interchangeably with slum : shanty town , favela , rookery , gecekondu , skid row , barrio , ghetto , banlieue , bidonville, taudis, bandas de miseria, barrio marginal, morro, paragkoupoli, loteamento, barraca, musseque, iskuwater , Inner city , tugurio, solares, mudun safi, kawasan kumuh, karyan, medina achouaia, brarek, ishash, galoos, tanake, baladi, trushchoby , chalis, katras, zopadpattis, ftohogeitonia, basti, estero, looban, dagatan, umjondolo, watta, udukku, and chereka bete. The word slum has negative connotations, and using this label for an area can be seen as an attempt to delegitimize that land use when hoping to repurpose it. Before
1577-406: Is a highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with poverty . The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are primarily inhabited by impoverished people. Although slums are usually located in urban areas , in some countries they can be located in suburban areas where housing quality
1660-449: Is a key characteristic of urban slums. At their start, slums are typically located in undesirable lands near the town or city, that are state owned or philanthropic trust owned or religious entity owned or have no clear land title. Some immigrants regard unoccupied land as land without owners and therefore occupy it. In some cases the local community or the government allots lands to people, which will later develop into slums and over which
1743-825: Is closely linked to urbanization . In 2008, more than 50% of the world's population lived in urban areas. In China, for example, it is estimated that the population living in urban areas will increase by 10% within a decade according to its current rates of urbanization. The UN-Habitat reports that 43% of urban population in developing countries and 78% of those in the least developed countries are slum dwellers. Some scholars suggest that urbanization creates slums because local governments are unable to manage urbanization, and migrant workers without an affordable place to live in, dwell in slums. Rapid urbanization drives economic growth and causes people to seek working and investment opportunities in urban areas. However, as evidenced by poor urban infrastructure and insufficient housing ,
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#17327869834671826-543: Is equivalent to $ 78 million ( ₹578 crore ) in 2017. Worldwide , the film grossed ₹ 19.53 crore (US$ 22.82 million). Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to ₹1,014 crore in 2017, or ₹ 1,422 crore (US$ 170 million) in 2023. In terms of footfalls, the film sold an estimated 33 million tickets in India and 55.2 million tickets in the Soviet Union, for an estimated total of 88.2 million tickets sold worldwide. Bohra Bros had made
1909-491: Is generally considered the locale where the term originated in the 19th century, where massive and rapid urbanization of the dockside and industrial areas led to intensive overcrowding in a warren of post-medieval streetscape. The suffering of the poor was described in popular fiction by moralist authors such as Charles Dickens – most famously Oliver Twist (1837-9) and echoed the Christian Socialist values of
1992-435: Is living off Seeta's late parents' money. Seeta's only consolations are her meek uncle, Badrinath ( Satyen Kappu ), and her elderly, wheelchair -bound grandmother ( Pratima Devi ). Meanwhile, Geeta grows up to be a feisty girl raised in a slum and works as a street performer along with Raka ( Dharmendra ), her friend and neighbour. One day, Seeta decides that life is not worthy and runs away from home to commit suicide. She
2075-433: Is low and living conditions are poor. While slums differ in size and other characteristics, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water , reliable electricity, law enforcement , and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built dwellings which, because of poor-quality construction or lack of basic maintenance, have deteriorated. Due to increasing urbanization of
2158-582: Is poor. Urban informal sector is between 20 and 60% of most developing economies' GDP; in Kenya, 78 per cent of non-agricultural employment is in the informal sector making up 42 per cent of GDP. In many cities the informal sector accounts for as much as 60 per cent of employment of the urban population. For example, in Benin, slum dwellers comprise 75 per cent of informal sector workers, while in Burkina Faso,
2241-488: Is rescued but misunderstood to be Geeta and taken to Geeta's home by Raka. Meanwhile, Badrinath and Kaushalya are frantically searching for Seeta and find Geeta. The two misunderstand her to be Seeta and attempt to force her to come with them, but using some of her clever tricks, Geeta escapes from them and the police who have been searching for her. She then meets Ravi ( Sanjeev Kumar ), Seeta's prospective groom, who believes her to be Seeta as well and takes her to his home. Ravi
2324-452: Is surprised by this "Seeta" and the Seeta he had met previously and falls in love with Geeta. Meanwhile, the real Seeta is living at Geeta's home, where Geeta's foster mother and Raka are surprised by the sudden gentle nature of "Geeta" and her desire to do the housework. When Raka attempts to coax Seeta into performing, she is unable to do so, however, Raka falls in love with Seeta. Elsewhere,
2407-400: Is that part of an economy that is neither registered as a business nor licensed, one that does not pay taxes and is not monitored by local, state, or federal government. Informal economy grows faster than formal economy when government laws and regulations are opaque and excessive, government bureaucracy is corrupt and abusive of entrepreneurs, labour laws are inflexible, or when law enforcement
2490-533: Is typhus, whose ventilation is cholera; in which swarms of huge and almost countless population, nominally at least, Catholic; haunts of filth, which no sewage committee can reach – dark corners, which no lighting board can brighten. This passage was widely quoted in the national press, leading to the popularization of the word slum to describe bad housing. In France as in most industrialised European capitals, slums were widespread in Paris and other urban areas in
2573-516: The Lebanese Civil War from 1975 to 1990. Similarly, in recent years, numerous slums have sprung around Kabul to accommodate rural Afghans escaping Taliban violence. Major natural disasters in poor nations often lead to migration of disaster-affected families from areas crippled by the disaster to unaffected areas, the creation of temporary tent city and slums, or expansion of existing slums. These slums tend to become permanent because
Seeta Aur Geeta - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-627: The Little Italy and Chinatown neighborhoods of New York City, through that city's campaign of massive urban renewal . Five Points was not the only slum in America. Jacob Riis , Walker Evans , Lewis Hine and others photographed many before World War II. Slums were found in every major urban region of the United States throughout most of the 20th century, long after the Great Depression. Most of these slums had been ignored by
2739-494: The Tamil film Vani Rani (1974), both starring Vanisri in the double roles. The subsequent Hindi remakes of the story have been made, including Geetaa Mera Naam (1974) starring Sadhana , Jaise Ko Taisa (1973) starring Jeetendra , Chaalbaaz (1989) starring Sridevi , Kishen Kanhaiya (1990) starring Anil Kapoor , Judwaa (1997) starring Salman Khan , and Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (1998) starring Kajol , in
2822-598: The 1940s, when the British government started slum clearance and built new council houses . There are still examples left of slum housing in the UK, but many have been removed by government initiative, redesigned and replaced with better public housing. In Europe, slums were common. By the 1920s it had become a common slang expression in England, meaning either various taverns and eating houses, "loose talk" or gypsy language, or
2905-442: The 19th century, many of which continued through first half of the 20th century. The first cholera epidemic of 1832 triggered a political debate, and Louis René Villermé study of various arrondissements of Paris demonstrated the differences and connection between slums, poverty and poor health. Melun Law first passed in 1849 and revised in 1851, followed by establishment of Paris Commission on Unhealthful Dwellings in 1852 began
2988-424: The 19th century, rich and poor people lived in the same districts, with the wealthy living on the high streets, and the poor in the service streets behind them. But in the 19th century, wealthy and upper-middle-class people began to move out of the central part of rapidly growing cities, leaving poorer residents behind. Slums were common in the United States and Europe before the early 20th century. London's East End
3071-490: The Central African Republic, Chad and Ethiopia, they make up 90 per cent of the informal labour force. Slums thus create an informal alternate economic ecosystem, that demands low paid flexible workers, something impoverished residents of slums deliver. In other words, countries where starting, registering and running a formal business is difficult, tend to encourage informal businesses and slums. Without
3154-434: The bottom of flood prone valleys, often hidden from the plain view of downtown but close to some natural water source. In cities located near lagoons, marshlands and rivers, they start on banks or on stilts above water or the dry river bed; in flat terrain, slums begin on lands unsuitable for agriculture, near city trash dumps, next to railway tracks, and other shunned undesirable locations. These strategies shield slums from
3237-678: The cities and states which encompassed them until the 1960s' War on Poverty was undertaken by the Federal government of the United States. A type of slum housing, sometimes called poorhouses, crowded Boston Common , later at the fringes of the city. Rio de Janeiro documented its first slum in 1920 census. By the 1960s, over 33% of population of Rio lived in slums, 45% of Mexico City and Ankara , 65% of Algiers , 35% of Caracas , 25% of Lima and Santiago , 15% of Singapore . By 1980, in various cities and towns of Latin America alone, there were about 25,000 slums. Slums sprout and continue for
3320-625: The creation of charitable trusts such as the Peabody Trust founded in 1862 and Joseph Rowntree Foundation (1904) which still operate to provide decent housing today. Slums are often associated with Victorian Britain , particularly in industrial English towns, lowland Scottish towns and Dublin City in Ireland. Friedrich Engels described these British neighborhoods as "cattle-sheds for human beings". These were generally still inhabited until
3403-402: The double roles. The story is about twin girls, Seeta and Geeta ( Hema Malini in a dual role ), who were both separated at birth. Seeta, the long-suffering heiress , is treated worse than a servant by her abusive, money-grubbing aunt, Kaushalya ( Manorama ), her spoilt daughter, Sheela ( Honey Irani ), and her equally cruel brother, Ranjeet ( Roopesh Kumar ), despite the fact that the family
Seeta Aur Geeta - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-696: The dwellers don't have property rights . Informal land tenure also includes occupation of land belonging to someone else. According to Flood, 51 percent of slums are based on invasion of private land in sub-Saharan Africa , 39 percent in North Africa and West Asia , 10 percent in South Asia, 40 percent in East Asia , and 40 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean . In some cases, once
3569-411: The existence of transport costs implies that the best locations for a firm will be those with easy access to markets, and the best locations for workers, those with easy access to goods. The concentration is the result of a self-reinforcing process of agglomeration. Concentration is a common trend of the distribution of population. Urban growth is dramatically intense in the less developed countries, where
3652-422: The existing urban slums. According to Ali and Toran, social networks might also explain rural–urban migration and people's ultimate settlement in slums. In addition to migration for jobs, a portion of people migrate to cities because of their connection with relatives or families. Once their family support in urban areas is in slums, those rural migrants intend to live with them in slums The formation of slums
3735-444: The film was inspired by the 1967 blockbuster Ram Aur Shyam , which inspired Salim-Javed to write Seeta Aur Geeta . Ram Aur Shyam is itself a remake of the 1964 Telugu film Ramudu Bheemudu . The film subverted the formula by having the heroine eventually become the "hero" while the male lead is in a mostly supporting role. An earlier film with a similar theme was Muqabala (1942), starring Fearless Nadia . The film became
3818-462: The film's budget cost ₹400,000 ( $ 53,000 ). All the songs were composed by Rahul Dev Burman and lyrics were penned by Anand Bakshi . Domestically in India, the film grossed ₹ 3.5 crore ( US$ 4.61 million ) in 1972. Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to ₹465 crore in 2017. Overseas in the Soviet Union , the film grossed 13.8 million SUR (US$ 18.21 million, ₹ 16.03 crore) in 1976. Adjusted for inflation, this
3901-437: The firm level, transport costs and the mobility of the industrial labour force. The increase in returns of scale will mean that the production of each good will take place in a single location. And even though an agglomerated economy benefits these cities by bringing in specialization and multiple competing suppliers, the conditions of slums continue to lag behind in terms of quality and adequate housing. Alonso-Villar argues that
3984-423: The foreign owned tanneries and other polluting industries near Dharavi. To live, the poor built shanty towns within easy commute to work. By 1947, the year India became an independent nation of the commonwealth, Dharavi had blossomed into Bombay's largest slum. Similarly, some of the slums of Lagos , Nigeria sprouted because of neglect and policies of the colonial era. During apartheid era of South Africa , under
4067-440: The form of political parties or social activists, inside slums seek to maintain their economic, social and political power. These social and political groups have vested interests to encourage migration by ethnic groups that will help maintain the slums, and reject alternate housing options even if the alternate options are better in every aspect than the slums they seek to replace. Millions of Lebanese people formed slums during
4150-407: The formula with twin female sisters. Seeta Aur Geeta subverted the formula by having the heroine Hema Malini eventually become the "hero" while male lead Dharmendra is in a mostly supporting role. Ramesh Sippy initially wanted Nutan as Seeta and Geeta because he "saw the heroine as a mature woman with a child" but he was advised against casting a heroine who was "at a mature phase of her career when
4233-860: The general populace, slums became common in the 19th to late 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. Slums are still predominantly found in urban regions of developing countries , but are also still found in developed economies. The world's largest slum city is found in Orangi in Karachi , Pakistan. Slums form and grow in different parts of the world for many different reasons. Causes include rapid rural-to-urban migration , economic stagnation and depression, high unemployment, poverty, informal economy, forced or manipulated ghettoization, poor planning, politics, natural disasters, and social conflicts. Strategies tried to reduce and transform slums in different countries, with varying degrees of success, include
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#17327869834674316-492: The government expenditure. The problem can also lie on the failure in coordination among different departments in charge of economic development, urban planning , and land allocation. In some cities, governments assume that the housing market will adjust the supply of housing with a change in demand. However, with little economic incentive, the housing market is more likely to develop middle-income housing rather than low-cost housing. The urban poor gradually become marginalized in
4399-479: The hero, too, was getting along in age." The film was also offered to popular actress Mumtaz , who ironically starred in Ram Aur Shyam , but she refused the offer as she wasn't paid enough. Mumtaz stated in an interview that at the time, the film was offered to her, she was charging Rs 8-8.5 lakhs/film, but she was offered only Rs 2 lakhs for Seeta Aur Geeta . So she had to refuse the film. According to Sippy,
4482-400: The high land price forces some people to look for and construct cheap informal settlements , which are known as slums in urban areas. The transformation of agricultural land also provides surplus labour , as peasants have to seek jobs in urban areas as rural-urban migrant workers . Many slums are part of economies of agglomeration in which there is an emergence of economies of scale at
4565-633: The housing market where few houses are built to sell to them. Some of the slums in today's world are a product of urbanization brought by colonialism . For instance, the Europeans arrived in Kenya in the nineteenth century and created urban centers such as Nairobi mainly to serve their financial interests. They regarded the Africans as temporary migrants and needed them only for supply of labour . The housing policy aiming to accommodate these workers
4648-433: The increasingly competitive job markets, which leads to their financial shortage. Many cities, on the other hand, do not provide enough low-cost housing for a large number of rural-urban migrant workers. Some rural–urban migrant workers cannot afford housing in cities and eventually settle down in only affordable slums. Further, rural migrants, mainly lured by higher incomes, continue to flood into cities. They thus expand
4731-733: The land where slums occupied as undeveloped land. Another type of urbanization does not involve economic growth but economic stagnation or low growth, mainly contributing to slum growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia . This type of urbanization involves a high rate of unemployment , insufficient financial resources and inconsistent urban planning policy. In these areas, an increase of 1% in urban population will result in an increase of 1.84% in slum prevalence. Urbanization might also force some people to live in slums when it influences land use by transforming agricultural land into urban areas and increases land value. During
4814-613: The largest slums in India , used to be a village referred to as Koliwadas, and Mumbai used to be referred as Bombay. In 1887, the British colonial government expelled all tanneries, other noxious industry and poor natives who worked in the peninsular part of the city and colonial housing area, to what was back then the northern fringe of the city – a settlement now called Dharavi. This settlement attracted no colonial supervision or investment in terms of road infrastructure, sanitation , public services or housing. The poor moved into Dharavi, found work as servants in colonial offices and homes and in
4897-493: The last 50 years, while global population has increased by 250%. Many people move to urban areas primarily because cities promise more jobs, better schools for poor's children, and diverse income opportunities than subsistence farming in rural areas . For example, in 1995, 95.8% of migrants to Surabaya , Indonesia reported that jobs were their primary motivation for moving to the city. However, some rural migrants may not find jobs immediately because of their lack of skills and
4980-639: The local governments sometimes are unable to manage this transition. This incapacity can be attributed to insufficient funds and inexperience to handle and organize problems brought by migration and urbanization. In some cases, local governments ignore the flux of immigrants during the process of urbanization. Such examples can be found in many African countries. In the early 1950s, many African governments believed that slums would finally disappear with economic growth in urban areas. They neglected rapidly spreading slums due to increased rural-urban migration caused by urbanization. Some governments, moreover, mapped
5063-405: The necessity to find a job in the city. The same observation was noticed on the new migrants who contribute to the consolidation and growth of the slum. Also, the choice of the terrain for the construction of the favela (the margins of a lagoon) followed the rationale that it could offer conditions to provide them means of work. Circa 80% of residents living in that community live from the fishery of
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#17327869834675146-424: The only option for the urban poor. Many local and national governments have, for political interests, subverted efforts to remove, reduce or upgrade slums into better housing options for the poor. Throughout the second half of the 19th century, for example, French political parties relied on votes from slum population and had vested interests in maintaining that voting block. Removal and replacement of slum created
5229-415: The original slums valuable property, densely populated with many conveniences attractive to the poor. At their start, slums are typically located in the least desirable lands near the town or city, that are state owned, are part of a philanthropic trust, possessed by a religious entity, or have no clear land title. In cities located in mountainous terrain, slums begin on difficult to reach slopes or start at
5312-469: The police arrest them all for their crimes. In the end, in the presence of Seeta and Geeta's grandmother, Badrinath and the reformed Kaushalya and Sheela, the real Seeta marries Raka while the real Geeta marries Ravi. According to Salim Khan , one half of screenwriting duo Salim–Javed , the concept of Seeta Aur Geeta was inspired by the Dilip Kumar starrer Ram Aur Shyam (1967), but they altered
5395-497: The poor rely on. Established old slums, surrounded by the formal city infrastructure, cannot expand horizontally; therefore, they grow vertically by stacking additional rooms, sometimes for a growing family and sometimes as a source of rent from new arrivals in slums. Some slums name themselves after founders of political parties, locally respected historical figures, current politicians or a politician's spouse to garner political backing against eviction. Informality of land tenure
5478-495: The poor, encouraging people to stay in the slums. Economic stagnation in a nation with a growing population reduces per capita disposal income in urban and rural areas, increasing urban and rural poverty. Rising rural poverty also encourages migration to urban areas. A poorly performing economy, in other words, increases poverty and rural-to-urban migration, thereby increasing slums. Many slums grow because of growing informal economy which creates demand for workers. Informal economy
5561-448: The poor, rural people leaving farms for opportunity, and the persecuted people from Europe pouring into New York City. Bars, bordellos, squalid and lightless tenements lined its streets. Violence and crime were commonplace. Politicians and social elite discussed it with derision. Slums like Five Points triggered discussions of affordable housing and slum removal. As of the start of the 21st century, Five Points slum had been transformed into
5644-439: The pretext of sanitation and plague epidemic prevention, racial and ethnic group segregation was pursued, people of colour were moved to the fringes of the city, policies that created Soweto and other slums – officially called townships. Large slums started at the fringes of segregation-conscious colonial city centers of Latin America. Marcuse suggests ghettoes in the United States, and elsewhere, have been created and maintained by
5727-431: The process of urbanization, some agricultural land is used for additional urban activities. More investment will come into these areas, which increases the land value. Before some land is completely urbanized, there is a period when the land can be used for neither urban activities nor agriculture. The income from the land will decline, which decreases the people's incomes in that area. The gap between people's low income and
5810-405: The real Geeta is living at Seeta's home where she realises the cruelty that Seeta has been living under. She vows to teach Kaushalya and Ranjeet a lesson and begins to set everything on a proper course. In the process, Geeta resumes control of the money and restores her grandmother to the head of the household where she belongs. However, things take a drastic turn when Ranjeet sees the real Seeta in
5893-536: The residents do not want to leave, as in the case of slums near Port-au-Prince after the 2010 Haiti earthquake , and slums near Dhaka after 2007 Bangladesh Cyclone Sidr . Slums typically begin at the outskirts of a city. Over time, the city may expand past the original slums, enclosing the slums inside the urban perimeter. New slums sprout at the new boundaries of the expanding city, usually on publicly owned lands, thereby creating an urban sprawl mix of formal settlements, industry, retail zones and slums. This makes
5976-585: The risk of being noticed and removed when they are small and most vulnerable to local government officials. Initial homes tend to be tents and shacks that are quick to install, but as a slum grows, becomes established and newcomers pay the informal association or gang for the right to live in the slum, the construction materials for the slums switches to more durable materials such as bricks and concrete, suitable for slum's topography. The original slums, over time, get established next to centers of economic activity, schools, hospitals, and sources of employment, which
6059-503: The segregationist policies of the state and regionally dominant group. Social exclusion and poor infrastructure forces the poor to adapt to conditions beyond his or her control. Poor families that cannot afford transportation, or those who simply lack any form of affordable public transportation, generally end up in squat settlements within walking distance or close enough to the place of their formal or informal employment. Ben Arimah cites this social exclusion and poor infrastructure as
6142-487: The slum has many residents, the early residents form a social group, an informal association or a gang that controls newcomers, charges a fee for the right to live in the slums, and dictates where and how new homes get built within the slum. The newcomers, having paid for the right, feel they have commercial right to the home in that slum. The slum dwellings, built as the slum grows, are constructed without checking land ownership rights or building codes, are not registered with
6225-425: The slum where they originally lived, which was in turn faced by residents by self-constructing spaces to shelter the work originally performed in the slum, in the formal housing units. Similar observations were made in other slums. Residents also reported that their work constitutes their dignity, citizenship, and self-esteem in the underprivileged settings in which they live. The reflection of this recent research
6308-653: The social process of identifying the worst housing inside slums, but did not remove or replace slums. After World War II , French people started mass migration from rural to urban areas of France. This demographic and economic trend rapidly raised rents of existing housing as well as expanded slums. French government passed laws to block increase in the rent of housing, which inadvertently made many housing projects unprofitable and increased slums. In 1950, France launched its Habitation à Loyer Modéré initiative to finance and build public housing and remove slums, managed by techniciens – urban technocrats., and financed by Livret A –
6391-581: The time, which soon found legal expression in the Public Health Act of 1848 . As the slum clearance movement gathered pace, deprived areas such as Old Nichol were fictionalised to raise awareness in the middle classes in the form of moralist novels such as A Child of the Jago (1896) resulting in slum clearance and reconstruction programmes such as the Boundary Estate (1893-1900) and
6474-422: The world total slum dwellers may remain in the poorly housed settlements by 2020. Choguill claims that the large number of slum dwellers indicates a deficiency of practical housing policy. Whenever there is a significant gap in growing demand for housing and insufficient supply of affordable housing, this gap is typically met in part by slums. The Economist has observed that "good housing is obviously better than
6557-462: Was composed by R. D. Burman . The story is about identical twins (portrayed by Hema Malini ) who are separated at birth and grow up with different temperaments. After they meet each other as adults, they swap places (like The Prince and the Pauper ). The two sisters' lovers in the film are portrayed by Dharmendra and Sanjeev Kumar , while Manorama portrays the villainous aunt. The theme of
6640-435: Was named for a lake named Collect . which, by the late 1700s, was surrounded by slaughterhouses and tanneries which emptied their waste directly into its waters. Trash piled up as well and by the early 1800s the lake was filled up and dry. On this foundation was built Five Points, the United States' first slum. Five Points was occupied by successive waves of freed slaves, Irish, then Italian, then Chinese, immigrants. It housed
6723-446: Was not well enforced and the government built settlements in the form of single-occupancy bedspaces. Due to the cost of time and money in their movement back and forth between rural and urban areas, their families gradually migrated to the urban centre. As they could not afford to buy houses, slums were thus formed. Others were created because of segregation imposed by the colonialists. For example, Dharavi slum of Mumbai – now one of
6806-519: Was possible due to participatory observations and the fact that the author of the research has lived in a slum to verify the socioeconomic practices which were prone to shape, plan and govern space in slums. Urban poverty encourages the formation and demand for slums. With rapid shift from rural to urban life, poverty migrates to urban areas. The urban poor arrives with hope, and very little of anything else. They typically have no access to shelter, basic urban services and social amenities. Slums are often
6889-589: Was used as alternative expression for rookeries . In 1850 the Catholic Cardinal Wiseman described the area known as Devil's Acre in Westminster , London as follows: Close under the Abbey of Westminster there lie concealed labyrinths of lanes and potty and alleys and slums, nests of ignorance, vice, depravity, and crime, as well as of squalor, wretchedness, and disease; whose atmosphere
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