50-418: Ram Aur Shyam ( English : Ram And Shyam ) is a 1967 Indian Hindi -language comedy-drama film directed by Tapi Chanakya . The film is a remake of Chanakya's 1964 Telugu film Ramudu Bheemudu . It stars Dilip Kumar in a double role as twin brothers, alongside Waheeda Rehman , Mumtaz , Nirupa Roy , Pran . The music was composed by Naushad , with lyrics written by Shakeel Badayuni . Ram Aur Shyam
100-535: A foothold on the Indian subcontinent with the granting of the East India Company charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 and the subsequent establishment of trading ports in coastal cities such as Surat , Mumbai (called Bombay before 1995), Chennai (called Madras before 1996), and Kolkata (called Calcutta before 2001). English-language public instruction began in the subcontinent in the 1830s during
150-635: A large number of specific lexical items. The Macmillan publishing company also produced a range of synchronic general dictionaries for the Indian market, such as the Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary (2006). The most recent dictionary is Carls A Dictionary of Indian English, with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns (2017). Misplaced Pages's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users
200-611: A love-hate relationship with Shanta. Shyam escapes to the city, after a mischievous conflict with Ganga, and meets Anjana, who is impressed by his personality. Anjana and her father confuse Shyam with Ram. Ram meets Shanta, who thinks he is Shyam and takes him forcefully to his mother. Ram and Shanta develop feelings for each other. Meanwhile, Shyam decides to take the place of Ram to face Gajendra. Shyam refuses to sign his property over, after which angry Gajendra attacks him. Shyam retaliates and whips Gajendra hard, shocking everybody. Sulakshana stops her brother to protect her husband. Gajendra
250-457: A sentence or phrase are stressed) are important features of Received Pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually syllable-timed languages , like French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm. Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch, whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put
300-617: A subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used: ( arab and kharab are not commonly used today) Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one trillion ). Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such as dharna , hartal , eve-teasing , vote bank , swaraj , swadeshi , scheduled caste , scheduled tribe , and NRI . It incorporates some Anglo-Indian words such as tiffin , hill station , gymkhana , along with slang. Indian English, like some other World Englishes ,
350-430: A village fair. They also learn about the true colour of Gajendra. Shyam escapes from police custody and battles Gajendra and his henchmen. Gajendra tries to shoot them, but both the brothers and Shanta manage to defeat him. At the end, the twin brothers are happily married and the family reunited. Dilip Kumar, who was known as "Tragedy-King" surprised the audience with his comic performance, which won him Best Actor at
400-514: Is a ghar jamai who looks after his factories and controls his property with an iron grip. Ram is shy and cowardly in nature and so he is always abused and brutally beaten by Gajendra. Sulakshana and Kuku try to protect Ram from Gajendra whenever he whips Ram. Everybody decides to get Ram married for his well being. Gajendra finds a rich girl Anjana with the aim of getting a huge dowry. Anjana dislikes Ram after he spills tea over her due to nervousness. Gajendra, angry at Ram's behaviour, conspires with
450-533: Is a 1967 Indian Hindi film directed by Manoj Kumar . Set in the backdrop of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 , Upkar celebrates village life and the contributions of farmers and soldiers to India. The film was inspired by Indian prime minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri , who suggested that Kumar make a film based on his motto for India, " Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " ( transl. Hail the Soldier, Hail
500-589: Is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora . English is used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined in the Constitution of India . English is also an official language in seven states and seven union territories of India, and the additional official language in seven other states and one union territory. Furthermore, English
550-672: Is equivalent to ₹5.8 billion ( $ 85 million ) in 2016. Dilip Kumar stated in an interview "The script of Ram Aur Shyam (1967) offered me endless stimulation. Each scene was sharply written to highlight the contrast between the characters and their predicaments." According to Rediff.com , the most famous twin act in India, remains to be Dilip Kumar's turn in Ram Aur Shyam. The film is also included in their list of "Landmark Film of 60s". Lyrics were written by Shakeel Badayuni . Indian English Indian English ( IndE , IE )
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#1732787533424600-465: Is notable for its treatment of English mass and count nouns . Words that are treated as mass nouns in native forms of English, such as evidence , equipment , or training , are frequently treated as count nouns in Indian English. Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include: Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow
650-407: Is now primarily associated with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite, because of inadequate education to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by
700-426: Is startled after being beaten up by Shyam, whom everybody believes as Ram. Shanta and Anjana meet and both claim the picture of Ram as their fiancé. Gajendra learns that Shyam has taken the place of Ram. He abducts Ram and Shanta, and plans to kill Ram. He frames Shyam for the murder of Ram though Ram is alive. Shyam is arrested by police. Anjana and her father learn from Ganga that Ram and Shyam are twin brothers lost in
750-472: Is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few million are English speakers. Upkar Upkar ( transl. Favour )
800-679: Is the language of India's Supreme Court and of all the high courts of India . However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used in courts in Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , and Rajasthan by virtue of special presidential approval. As of 2018 , the high courts of Punjab and Haryana were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English, and the Madras High Court has been taking steps to use Tamil alongside English. The first occurrence of
850-641: Is the sole official language of the Judiciary of India , unless the state governor or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the President of India has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts. Before the dissolution of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent , the term Indian English broadly referred to South Asian English , also known as British Indian English . After gaining independence from
900-726: Is viewed as a single language called Hindustani , the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code-mixed tongue , where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in Pakistan . Other macaronic hybrids such as Minglish ( Marathi and English), Banglish ( Bengali and English), Manglish ( Malayalam and English), Kanglish ( Kannada and English), Tenglish ( Telugu and English), and Tanglish or Tamglish ( Tamil and English) exist in South India. In general, Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than
950-504: The 15th Filmfare Awards . At the domestic Indian box office , Ram Aur Shyam grossed ₹ 27.5 million ( $ 3.7 million ) nett. Adjusted for inflation, the film's domestic nett gross is equivalent to $ 34 million ( ₹1.84 billion ) in 2016. It was 1967's second highest-grossing film in India, after Upkar . Overseas at the Soviet box office , Ram Aur Shyam was released with 1,160 prints and sold 33.4 million tickets in 1972. At
1000-437: The 2011 Census , 129 million Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 259,678 (0.02%) Indians spoke English as their first language. It concluded that approximately 83 million Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 46 million (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India. India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 EF English Proficiency Index published by
1050-462: The British Raj (1858 to 1947), English-language penetration increased throughout the subcontinent. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the civil services . At the time of Indian independence in 1947, English was the only functional lingua franca in the region. After the independence and Partition of British India , Modern Standard Hindi was declared
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#17327875334241100-405: The British Raj in 1947, English remained an official language of the new Dominion of India and later the Republic of India . After the partition of India , Pakistani English and Bangladeshi English were considered separate from Indian English. Today , only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, speak English as their first language, and around 30% of
1150-588: The British style , e.g., using travelling , litre , practise (as a verb), anaesthesia , fulfil , catalogue , realise and colour , rather than the American style. The most famous dictionary of Indian English is Yule and Brunell 's Hobson-Jobson , originally published in 1886 with an expanded edition edited by William Crooke in 1903, widely available in reprint since the 1960s. Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for
1200-470: The EF Education First . The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index. As a multilingual country, English is the lingua franca among different regions of India. Writing for The New York Times , journalist Manu Joseph stated in 2011 that, due to the prominence and usage of the language and
1250-811: The Indian population can speak English to some extent. According to the 2001 Census , 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 200,000 reported that it was their first language, 86 million reported that it was their second, and 39 million reported that it was their third. According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey , of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently. According to statistics from
1300-405: The macaronic hybrid use of Hindustani and English. It is often the growing preferred language of the urban and semi-urban educated Indian youth, as well as the Indian diaspora abroad. The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as Bollywood , incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well. Many internet platforms and voice commands on Google also recognise Hinglish. When Hindi – Urdu
1350-620: The rule of the British East India Company . In 1835, English replaced Persian as the official language of the East India Company. Lord Macaulay played a major role in introducing English and Western concepts into educational institutions in British-India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and
1400-690: The District Information System for Education (DISE) of the National University of Educational Planning and Administration under the Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India , enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14. According to
1450-622: The English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has not yet occurred, and English is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states. The view of the English language among many Indians has changed over time. It used to be associated primarily with colonialism; it
1500-546: The Farmer ). It stars Kumar, Prem Chopra , Asha Parekh , Kamini Kaushal , Pran , and Madan Puri . It was Kumar's directorial debut film. The film held the top spot at the box office in 1967 and was the highest-grossing Indian film of the year . Upkar was highly acclaimed, winning seven Filmfare Awards including Best Film . It also won the National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film . The film
1550-708: The Roman Character (1852), Carnegy Kutcherry Technicalities (1853) and its second edition Kachahri Technicalities (1877), Wilson Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms (1855), Giles A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East (1878), Whitworth Anglo-Indian Dictionary (1885), Temple A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land (1897), and Crooke Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India (1906). The first dictionary of Indian English to be published after independence
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1600-440: The authors of many guidebooks disadvantage students who rely on these books, giving India only a moderate proficiency in English. In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into Bhutan due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s. The term Hinglish is a portmanteau of the languages English and Hindi . This typically refers to
1650-530: The average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks at the time, the film grossed 8.35 million Rbls ( $ 10.1 million ), ₹76.8 million ). Adjusted for inflation, the film's overseas Soviet gross is equivalent to $ 74 million ( ₹3.96 billion ) in 2016. It was the second highest-grossing 1967 Indian film in the Soviet Union , after Hamraaz . Worldwide, the film grossed ₹104.3 million ( $ 13.8 million ) by 1972. Adjusted for inflation, its worldwide gross
1700-647: The consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel phoneme system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers: The following are some variations in Indian English resulting from not distinguishing a few vowels: The following are the standard variations in Indian English: The following are variations in Indian English due to language contact with Indian languages: A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "
1750-473: The desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth." In his book, In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation , Ranjan Kumar Auddy shows that the history of the rise of Indian nationalism and the history of the emergence of Indian English are deeply inter-related. Under the Indian Constitution, English
1800-526: The field where the " Mere Desh Ki Dharti " song was filmed. The cast and production stayed in Delhi while filming in Nangal Thakran, traveling to the village each morning. However, they stayed in Nangal Thakran during the filming of night sequences. The film was scored by Kalyanji Anandji . Qamar Jalalabadi , Indeevar , Gulshan Bawra , and Prem Dhawan wrote the lyrics for the songs. The music from
1850-461: The film. Prem Chopra replaced him. Some portions of Upkar were filmed at Rajkamal Kalamandir , Kamal Studio, Guru Dutt Films , and Mehboob Studio . However, the principal photography took place in the village of Nangal Thakran in Delhi . The film unit borrowed bullock carts and plows from the villagers for filming. Bharat's house and field were actual locations in Nangal Thakran, including
1900-433: The first official language in the new Indian Republic, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language. Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind,
1950-1035: The modern era, a range of colloquial portmanteau words for Indian English have been used. The earliest of these is Indlish (recorded from 1962), and others include Indiglish (1974), Indenglish (1979), Indglish (1984), Indish (1984), Inglish (1985) and Indianlish (2007). Indian English generally uses the Indian numbering system . Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English. Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh / crore for Indian currency and Western numbering for foreign currencies like dollars and pounds , although lakh and crore are also used to refer to other large numbers such as population sizes. These terms are not used by other English-speakers, who have to learn what they mean in order to read Indian English news articles. The English language established
2000-602: The most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically): Rousseau A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies (1804), Wilkins Glossary to the Fifth Report (1813), Stocqueler The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge (1844), Elliot A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A-J (1845), Brown The Zillah Dictionary in
2050-430: The property and transfers the disputed land to Puran's son. When the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 begins, Bharat joins the fight. With the help of his greedy uncle Charandas and some partners, Puran tries to profit by hoarding and selling grains on the black market. Puran eventually discovers Charandas' plan to separate the two brothers. Ridden with guilt and shame, Puran surrenders to the police. Bharat fights bravely in
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2100-548: The stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents possess a "sing-song" quality, a feature seen in a few English dialects of Britain, such as Scouse and Welsh English . The Indian numbering system is preferred for digit grouping. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in
2150-423: The support of his mother and cunning Munimji to kill Ram and take over his property. Ram overhears this and escapes to the city to save his life. Meanwhile, Ram's long lost twin brother Shyam lives in a village with his adopted mother Ganga, whom he believes to be his biological mother. No one other than Ganga knows the truth about the twin brothers. Shyam is strong, brave and mischievous, unlike his brother. He has
2200-414: The term Indian English dates from 1696, though the term did not become common until the 19th century. In the colonial era, the most common terms in use were Anglo-Indian English , or simply Anglo-Indian , both dating from 1860. Other less common terms in use were Indo-Anglian (dating from 1897) and Indo-English (1912). An item of Anglo-Indian English was known as an Anglo-Indianism from 1851. In
2250-580: The training of English-speaking Indians as teachers. Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary, middle, and high schools were opened in many districts of British India , with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of East India Company rule, universities that were modeled on the University of London and used English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During
2300-457: The vagaries of English spelling ". Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly phonetic spelling , so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from British English. This phenomenon is known as spelling pronunciation . English is a stress-timed language . Both syllable stress and word stress (where only certain words in
2350-497: The war but is captured by the enemy. He escapes but is badly injured and loses both hands. When Bharat returns home as a war hero, Puran apologizes to him. Reunited in the village, the two brothers farm the family fields together. According to an interview with Manoj Kumar, Rajesh Khanna was originally signed in a supporting role for the film. However, he won the All India Talent Contest and had to withdraw from
2400-604: Was Hawkins Common Indian Words in English (1984). Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs (1991), Muthiah Words in Indian English (1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1996) and Hankin Hanklyn-Janklin (2003). Nihalani et al. Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation (2004) delineates how Indian English differs from British English for
2450-459: Was remade in Telugu as Padipantalu in 1976. A village man from Atali village ( Ballabgarh , Haryana ), Bharat, sacrifices everything for his brother's education. The brother, Puran, goes to study in the city and becomes attracted to the high-society lifestyle. When Puran returns to the village, he is a selfish man and wants to sell his share of the family's property. Bharat is unwilling to divide
2500-647: Was the second highest-grossing Indian film of 1967, domestically in India and overseas. It was listed at number 15 in the "Top 50 Film of Last 50 years" list compiled by Box Office India magazine in 2011 which featured all-time highest-grossing Bollywood films by using gold -price inflation. The film received 3 nominations at the 15th Filmfare Awards , including Best Actress for Waheeda Rehman and Best Supporting Actress for Mumtaz and won Best Actor for Dilip Kumar . Ram lives with his sister Sulakshana and niece Kuku on his family estate. His brother-in-law Gajendra
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